(6169,6169,1,'Kaonde Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:07','2022-08-11 01:44:07','731f6fc7-b0b8-4495-a92c-3907bf2a84a8','<h2>Kaonde interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kaonde interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kaonde language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kaonde language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kaonde language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kaonde language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kaonde people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>Kaonde Language</h2>\nThe Kaonde language is a Bantu language spoken primarily in Zambia, although it is also spoken in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Kaonde is one of the seven official local languages of Zambia. As of 2010, there were 240,000 people who spoke Kaonde. In Kambia, the language is spoken in northwest and central regions. Those who speak Kaonde in the Congo are known as Luba. The other language spoken in Chikaonde. Kaonde is also known as Kahonde or Bakahonde.\n\nHistorically speaking, there are three different cultural groups known as the Kaonde. They all have different histories, however. it is believed that the three groups came from the Luba people, thus forming the Democratic Republic of Congo. When they settled in what is now the Congo around the 1500s and 1600s, the Kaonde people had recognized the greatness of the chief of the Lunda empire as their overlord. In the 1700s, many Kaonde chief positions came about. Around the 1800s, many Kaonde chiefs became more prominent. During this time, there were several battles with the Lozi.\n\nThe Kaonde people observe matrilineal descent. They also have a tradition to live with or near the family of the husband, typically in large villages. The main crop that is grow by the Kaonde people is corn, cassava, millet, sorghum, yams, squash and beans. The Kaonde people have traditionally burned fallen trees and then planted their crops. The Kaonde people also gather several wild fruits. Additionally, men hunt small game such as rats, bushbuck and duiker, typically in June and July when it is available.\n\nLike several other Central Bantu speakers, the Kaonde people have an interesting culture. The Kaonde celebrate the first harvest with a traditional ceremony called Juba ja Nsomo. During this ceremony, held on July 6<sup>th</sup>, the chief is given the first harvest and blesses it.',NULL,'Professional Kaonde language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6170,6170,1,'Kashubian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:07','2022-08-11 01:44:07','475cedac-7b88-46ff-bcd1-6fcae1461f2e','<h2>Kashubian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kashubian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kashubian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kashubian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kashubian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kashubian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kashubian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kashubian Language</h2>\nThe Kashubian language is part of the West Slavic group found within the Slavic languages. About 200,000 people speak Kashubian, also known as Cassubian, Cashubian or Kaszubski. Of these speakers, only about 25% of these speakers speak it on a daily basis. Those who speak the Kashubian language typically live in the northern part of central Poland, in a region called Pomerania, which is located on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea and between the Vistula and Oder rivers. Additionally, there are those who speak Kashubian in Canada. Because so few people speak the language and few schools teach it, the Kashubian language is  in the category of a “threatened” language.\n\nThe Kashubian language first came to be in the 1300s. However, it was only up until recently that many linguists categorized Kashubian to be part of Polish simply as another dialect. There are multiple dialects within the language such as Kashubian proper and Slovincian, with heavy German and Polish influences. The Kashubian language has several works of literature as well. The earliest known published pieces of Kashubian literature are in the 16<sup>th</sup> century. The spiritual songs, <em>Duchowne Piesnie</em> by Szymon Krofei was published in 1586 while the <em>Maly Catechism</em> by Michal Pontanus was published in 1643.\n\nThe written Kashubian language that is used today was developed by Florian Ceynowa in his Outline of the Grammar of Kashubian-Slovincian Language, which was published in 1879 in Poznan. There are less than 100 schools where the children learn the Kashubian language. Some media such as radio and TV are available in the Kashubian language currently. The language itself is written in Latin script.',NULL,'Professional Kashubian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6171,6171,1,'Kashubian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:07','2022-08-11 01:44:07','9d126dd7-db1c-445a-bf39-51e8a64473d6','<h2>Kashubian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kashubian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kashubian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kashubian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kashubian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kashubian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kashubian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kashubian Language</h2>\nThe Kashubian language is part of the West Slavic group found within the Slavic languages. About 200,000 people speak Kashubian, also known as Cassubian, Cashubian or Kaszubski. Of these speakers, only about 25% of these speakers speak it on a daily basis. Those who speak the Kashubian language typically live in the northern part of central Poland, in a region called Pomerania, which is located on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea and between the Vistula and Oder rivers. Additionally, there are those who speak Kashubian in Canada. Because so few people speak the language and few schools teach it, the Kashubian language is  in the category of a “threatened” language.\n\nThe Kashubian language first came to be in the 1300s. However, it was only up until recently that many linguists categorized Kashubian to be part of Polish simply as another dialect. There are multiple dialects within the language such as Kashubian proper and Slovincian, with heavy German and Polish influences. The Kashubian language has several works of literature as well. The earliest known published pieces of Kashubian literature are in the 16<sup>th</sup> century. The spiritual songs, <em>Duchowne Piesnie</em> by Szymon Krofei was published in 1586 while the <em>Maly Catechism</em> by Michal Pontanus was published in 1643.\n\nThe written Kashubian language that is used today was developed by Florian Ceynowa in his Outline of the Grammar of Kashubian-Slovincian Language, which was published in 1879 in Poznan. There are less than 100 schools where the children learn the Kashubian language. Some media such as radio and TV are available in the Kashubian language currently. The language itself is written in Latin script.',NULL,'Professional Kashubian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6172,6172,1,'Kazakh Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:07','2022-08-11 01:44:07','78ba4fdf-5c1c-4c66-a0b0-5c64b94102af','<h2>Kazakh interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kazakh interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kazakh language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kazakh language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kazakh language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kazakh language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kazakh people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kazakh Language</h2>\nThe Kazakh language is part of the Turkic language family of language, more specifically the Kipchak branch. Other names for the Kazakh language include Qazak, Kazak, Kaisak, Kosach, Kazax, Gazaqi, Kazakhi and Qazaqi. Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is derived from the Chagatai, which is an old and extinct Turkic language, which was once the first language of many areas in Central Asia. Chagatai refers to the Chagatai Khanate, the western area of the Mongolian empire. The Kazakhs, a group that were similar to the Uzbeks, became part of the Soviet Union in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, in 1917.\n\nAfter the Soviet Union fell in 1991, Kazakhstan became its own country. The word <em>Kazakh</em> comes form the Turkish word,<em> gaz</em>, which means <em>to wander.</em> The word “cossack” also comes from this root. The language is currently spoken in Kazakhstan, China, Uzbekistan, Iran, Mongolia and Turkey among others. There are approximately 13 million Kazakh speakers worldwide. 10 million are approximated to live in Kazakhstan, 1.25 million in China, 1 million in Uzbekistan and 100,000 speakers living in Mongolia.\n\nThe Kazakh language is spoken in the Gansu and Qinghai provinces of China and in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. In Uzbekistan, it is spoken in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic and in Mongolia, in the Bayan-Olgly and Hovd provinces. Kazakh is the official language of Kazakhstan and in the Altai Republic of Russia.\n\nThe Kazakh language was initially written in Arabic in the 1800s. There were many poets were had received Islamic education and had rebelled in Russia. In response to such revolts, Russia set up secular schools and derived a Kazakh script with the Cyrillic alphabet. It was not accepted and by 1917, Arabic script is used for the language, including in schools and with local government. In 1927 due to the Kazakh nationalist movement, the Arabic script was no longer used and the Latin alphabet was imposed. Soon after, in 1940, the Cyrillic alphabet replaced the Latin script.\n\nIn 1927, Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up but was soon suppressed. At the same time the Arabic script was banned and the Latin alphabet was imposed for writing Kazakh. The Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940. In 2006, in an attempt to modernize the language, the Latin alphabet took over once more. As of October 2017, the switch began to the Latin alphabet and should be done by 2025.\n\nThe three main dialects of the Kazakh language are Northeastern, Southern and Western Kazakh. The Northeastern Kazakh dialect is the standard dialect of the Kazakh language. In Kazakh, there are 9 vowels. They are either long or short and can make a difference in the meaning of a word.\n\nThe structure of the Kazakh language follows that of other Turkic languages in that there is vowel harmony. There are many consonants in Kazakh, including velar and uvular consonants. Consonants can be bilabial, labio-dental, dental/alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular or glottal. The stress of words in Kazakh is usually on the last syllable of a word. Grammatically speaking, Kazakh is an agglutinative language, meaning the grammatical relations are determined by adding suffixes to the roots of words. Nouns can be found in either singular or plural.\n\nThere are seven cases of nouns in Kazakh. They include: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative and instrumental. There is no gender in the Kazakh grammar. Kazakh follows the subject-object- verb word order. Verbs must agree with their subjects. There are singular and plural verbs, three persons, three tenses, five moods and two voices. Many words in the vocabulary of the language come from Russian, Arabic and Farsi.',NULL,'Professional Kazakh language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6173,6173,1,'Kazakh Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:07','2022-08-11 01:44:07','71be798b-be27-4161-9c35-8d72988bcfb6','<h2>Kazakh interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kazakh interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kazakh language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kazakh language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kazakh language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kazakh language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kazakh people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kazakh Language</h2>\nThe Kazakh language is part of the Turkic language family of language, more specifically the Kipchak branch. Other names for the Kazakh language include Qazak, Kazak, Kaisak, Kosach, Kazax, Gazaqi, Kazakhi and Qazaqi. Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is derived from the Chagatai, which is an old and extinct Turkic language, which was once the first language of many areas in Central Asia. Chagatai refers to the Chagatai Khanate, the western area of the Mongolian empire. The Kazakhs, a group that were similar to the Uzbeks, became part of the Soviet Union in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, in 1917.\n\nAfter the Soviet Union fell in 1991, Kazakhstan became its own country. The word <em>Kazakh</em> comes form the Turkish word,<em> gaz</em>, which means <em>to wander.</em> The word “cossack” also comes from this root. The language is currently spoken in Kazakhstan, China, Uzbekistan, Iran, Mongolia and Turkey among others. There are approximately 13 million Kazakh speakers worldwide. 10 million are approximated to live in Kazakhstan, 1.25 million in China, 1 million in Uzbekistan and 100,000 speakers living in Mongolia.\n\nThe Kazakh language is spoken in the Gansu and Qinghai provinces of China and in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. In Uzbekistan, it is spoken in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic and in Mongolia, in the Bayan-Olgly and Hovd provinces. Kazakh is the official language of Kazakhstan and in the Altai Republic of Russia.\n\nThe Kazakh language was initially written in Arabic in the 1800s. There were many poets were had received Islamic education and had rebelled in Russia. In response to such revolts, Russia set up secular schools and derived a Kazakh script with the Cyrillic alphabet. It was not accepted and by 1917, Arabic script is used for the language, including in schools and with local government. In 1927 due to the Kazakh nationalist movement, the Arabic script was no longer used and the Latin alphabet was imposed. Soon after, in 1940, the Cyrillic alphabet replaced the Latin script.\n\nIn 1927, Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up but was soon suppressed. At the same time the Arabic script was banned and the Latin alphabet was imposed for writing Kazakh. The Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940. In 2006, in an attempt to modernize the language, the Latin alphabet took over once more. As of October 2017, the switch began to the Latin alphabet and should be done by 2025.\n\nThe three main dialects of the Kazakh language are Northeastern, Southern and Western Kazakh. The Northeastern Kazakh dialect is the standard dialect of the Kazakh language. In Kazakh, there are 9 vowels. They are either long or short and can make a difference in the meaning of a word.\n\nThe structure of the Kazakh language follows that of other Turkic languages in that there is vowel harmony. There are many consonants in Kazakh, including velar and uvular consonants. Consonants can be bilabial, labio-dental, dental/alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular or glottal. The stress of words in Kazakh is usually on the last syllable of a word. Grammatically speaking, Kazakh is an agglutinative language, meaning the grammatical relations are determined by adding suffixes to the roots of words. Nouns can be found in either singular or plural.\n\nThere are seven cases of nouns in Kazakh. They include: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative and instrumental. There is no gender in the Kazakh grammar. Kazakh follows the subject-object- verb word order. Verbs must agree with their subjects. There are singular and plural verbs, three persons, three tenses, five moods and two voices. Many words in the vocabulary of the language come from Russian, Arabic and Farsi.',NULL,'Professional Kazakh language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6174,6174,1,'Kinyarwanda Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:07','2022-08-11 01:44:07','248bfae1-62d3-48d7-9cf3-f180bf79d745','<h2>Kinyarwanda interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kinyarwanda interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kinyarwanda language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kinyarwanda language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kinyarwanda language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kinyarwanda language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kinyarwanda people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kinyarwanda Language</h2>\nThe language of Kinyarwanda, also known as Rwanda or Ruanda, is a Bantu language that comes from the Niger-Congo languages, more specifically the Bantu-Congo branch. About 6.5 million people speak Kinyarwanda in the Republic of Rwanda. This is about 90% of the country’s population. It is approximated that another 25,000 people speak Kinyarwanda in the Congo and another half a million or so speak the language in Burundi and Southern Uganda, known as Fumbira. It is estimated that about 7.3 million people worldwide speak Kinyarwanda. Those who speak Rundi are typically able to understand and speak Kinyarwanda as well.\n\nKinyarwanda, along with English and French, is an official language of the Republic of Rwanda. Typically, childhood education is taught in Kinyarwanda. Secondary education is taught in either English or French. There are several dialects of the language. They are: Bufumbwa, Gitwa, Hutu, Igikiga, Kiga, Ikinyanduga and Rutwa. The Kinyarwanda language is very similar to other Bantu languages; especially in its use of tones. There are five vowels and 24 consonants. The tones in the language play a very large role in the language, similar to other Niger-Congo languages as it belongs in the same familial group.\n\nThe grammar is also similar to other Bantu languages. There are ten classes of nouns, leading to a lot of randomness to determine what class the noun belongs in. In the language, each verb has a root that can be changed by adding certain prefixes that can show subject agreement. There are tenses as well such as present progressive, future and continuous progressive. The language follows the Subject-Verb-Object word order. Additionally, the vocabulary has many loan words from English, French and Swahili. The writing has been standardized since the 1940s.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about Rwanda</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Rwanda is surrounded by only land in all its borders.</li>\n 	<li>More than 12 million people live in Rwanda as of January 2017</li>\n 	<li>It is the 145<sup>th</sup> largest country in the world</li>\n 	<li>Rwanda has 4 official languages: English, French, Kinyarwanda and Swahili</li>\n 	<li>Kigali is the largest city and capital of the country</li>\n 	<li>Volcanoes National Park is located in the Northwestern part of Rwanda</li>\n 	<li>Akagera National Park was founded in 1934 to protect animals. It is named after the Kagera River</li>\n 	<li>There is a genocide museum, called the Kigali Genocide Museum which commemorates the genocide against the Tutsi people in 1994. The remains of 225,000 people are in this museum.</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Kinyarwanda language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6175,6175,1,'Kinyarwanda Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:07','2022-08-11 01:44:07','595ba831-c656-45c4-8938-15ea60f4c834','<h2>Kinyarwanda interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kinyarwanda interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kinyarwanda language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kinyarwanda language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kinyarwanda language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kinyarwanda language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kinyarwanda people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kinyarwanda Language</h2>\nThe language of Kinyarwanda, also known as Rwanda or Ruanda, is a Bantu language that comes from the Niger-Congo languages, more specifically the Bantu-Congo branch. About 6.5 million people speak Kinyarwanda in the Republic of Rwanda. This is about 90% of the country’s population. It is approximated that another 25,000 people speak Kinyarwanda in the Congo and another half a million or so speak the language in Burundi and Southern Uganda, known as Fumbira. It is estimated that about 7.3 million people worldwide speak Kinyarwanda. Those who speak Rundi are typically able to understand and speak Kinyarwanda as well.\n\nKinyarwanda, along with English and French, is an official language of the Republic of Rwanda. Typically, childhood education is taught in Kinyarwanda. Secondary education is taught in either English or French. There are several dialects of the language. They are: Bufumbwa, Gitwa, Hutu, Igikiga, Kiga, Ikinyanduga and Rutwa. The Kinyarwanda language is very similar to other Bantu languages; especially in its use of tones. There are five vowels and 24 consonants. The tones in the language play a very large role in the language, similar to other Niger-Congo languages as it belongs in the same familial group.\n\nThe grammar is also similar to other Bantu languages. There are ten classes of nouns, leading to a lot of randomness to determine what class the noun belongs in. In the language, each verb has a root that can be changed by adding certain prefixes that can show subject agreement. There are tenses as well such as present progressive, future and continuous progressive. The language follows the Subject-Verb-Object word order. Additionally, the vocabulary has many loan words from English, French and Swahili. The writing has been standardized since the 1940s.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about Rwanda</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Rwanda is surrounded by only land in all its borders.</li>\n 	<li>More than 12 million people live in Rwanda as of January 2017</li>\n 	<li>It is the 145<sup>th</sup> largest country in the world</li>\n 	<li>Rwanda has 4 official languages: English, French, Kinyarwanda and Swahili</li>\n 	<li>Kigali is the largest city and capital of the country</li>\n 	<li>Volcanoes National Park is located in the Northwestern part of Rwanda</li>\n 	<li>Akagera National Park was founded in 1934 to protect animals. It is named after the Kagera River</li>\n 	<li>There is a genocide museum, called the Kigali Genocide Museum which commemorates the genocide against the Tutsi people in 1994. The remains of 225,000 people are in this museum.</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Kinyarwanda language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6176,6176,1,'Kiswahili Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2b5b50da-6b37-4547-9d7d-ea2684e6fbca','<h2>Kiswahili interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kiswahili interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kiswahili language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kiswahili language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kiswahili language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Kiswahili language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kiswahili people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kiswahili Language</h2>\nThe Kiswahili language, also know as Swhahili, is a Bantu language that is spoken either as a first or second language in various countries in Africa spanning from the Lamu Island in Kenya to the southern border of Tanzania. The people that speak Swahili as their native and sole tongue are called the Waswahili. This refers to the language only and does not indicate any ethnic or tribal affiliation. There are several countries that use Swahili as their mother tongue. Tanzania uses Swahili as its language of administration and primary education. In Kenya, Swahili is used for the same purposes but only after the English language. In the Congo, it is also used as a language of administration among three other languages. Lastly, in Uganda, it is also used but the main language is English.\n\nArabic has largely influenced the language of Swahili. There are many Arabic loanwords in Swahili. In fact, the word <em>Swahili</em> means “of the coast” in Arabic. It is said that the Swahili language has been so influenced because of the contact between the Arab traders with those who lived on the eastern coast of the African continent for hundreds of years. With this Arab influence, Swahili became the mother tongue, or the lingua franca, and was used by tribes who used other Bantu languages. In the early 1800s, there was a great push for Swahili to become the language of those who live more inland and not just on the coast. Not long after, European colonialists began using Swahili, particularly the Germans, as they used it as the main language of the administration n Tanganyika. It, therefore, became the foundation for when it was adapted as the national language of Tanzania. During colonial times, other languages were encouraged to become official in Kenya and Uganda but not with much success. Swahili is now emphasized.\n\nKiswahili is believed to have literature that dates back as early as the 1700s. It was written in Arabic, even though modern Swahili is written in the Roman alphabet. In the Swahili language, there are 15 dialects. The main ones are Kiunguia, which is spoken in Zanzibar and in Tanzania. The next popular dialect is Kimvita, which was spoken in Mombara and other places in Kenya. Lastly, is the Kiamu dialect, which is spoken on an island, Lamu. The standard Swahili language is spoken using the Kiunguia dialect. Like other Bantu languages, Swahili has a similar grammar and a large vocabulary related to these languages. There are noun classes in the Swahili language as well such as singular and plural.\n<h2>Kiswahili and Swahili Interpreting &amp; Translation Services</h2>\nSwahili is steeped in culture. Gaining access to an interpreter or translator with cultural relevance is important. Learn more about why CIT is your best choice for a Swahili interpreter or translation service in more detail.',NULL,'Professional Kiswahili language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','kiswahili interpreting & translation services'),(6177,6177,1,'Kiswahili Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2126cbc2-e515-4d9e-862e-5b618cb1c4fd','<h2>Kiswahili interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kiswahili interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kiswahili language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kiswahili language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kiswahili language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Kiswahili language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kiswahili people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kiswahili Language</h2>\nThe Kiswahili language, also know as Swhahili, is a Bantu language that is spoken either as a first or second language in various countries in Africa spanning from the Lamu Island in Kenya to the southern border of Tanzania. The people that speak Swahili as their native and sole tongue are called the Waswahili. This refers to the language only and does not indicate any ethnic or tribal affiliation. There are several countries that use Swahili as their mother tongue. Tanzania uses Swahili as its language of administration and primary education. In Kenya, Swahili is used for the same purposes but only after the English language. In the Congo, it is also used as a language of administration among three other languages. Lastly, in Uganda, it is also used but the main language is English.\n\nArabic has largely influenced the language of Swahili. There are many Arabic loanwords in Swahili. In fact, the word <em>Swahili</em> means “of the coast” in Arabic. It is said that the Swahili language has been so influenced because of the contact between the Arab traders with those who lived on the eastern coast of the African continent for hundreds of years. With this Arab influence, Swahili became the mother tongue, or the lingua franca, and was used by tribes who used other Bantu languages. In the early 1800s, there was a great push for Swahili to become the language of those who live more inland and not just on the coast. Not long after, European colonialists began using Swahili, particularly the Germans, as they used it as the main language of the administration n Tanganyika. It, therefore, became the foundation for when it was adapted as the national language of Tanzania. During colonial times, other languages were encouraged to become official in Kenya and Uganda but not with much success. Swahili is now emphasized.\n\nKiswahili is believed to have literature that dates back as early as the 1700s. It was written in Arabic, even though modern Swahili is written in the Roman alphabet. In the Swahili language, there are 15 dialects. The main ones are Kiunguia, which is spoken in Zanzibar and in Tanzania. The next popular dialect is Kimvita, which was spoken in Mombara and other places in Kenya. Lastly, is the Kiamu dialect, which is spoken on an island, Lamu. The standard Swahili language is spoken using the Kiunguia dialect. Like other Bantu languages, Swahili has a similar grammar and a large vocabulary related to these languages. There are noun classes in the Swahili language as well such as singular and plural.\n<h2>Kiswahili and Swahili Interpreting &amp; Translation Services</h2>\nSwahili is steeped in culture. Gaining access to an interpreter or translator with cultural relevance is important. Learn more about why CIT is your best choice for a Swahili interpreter or translation service in more detail.',NULL,'Professional Kiswahili language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','kiswahili interpreting & translation services'),(6178,6178,1,'Korean Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','de9603fe-9a50-4535-afca-7a04bef3fb67','<h2>Korean Language Interpretation Services</h2>\nNeed Korean interpreting to English in a rush? CIT staffs native speaking Korean language interpreters.\n\nThere are approximately 75 million Korean speakers worldwide. About two-thirds of the speakers reside in South Korea and the other third reside in North Korea. Korea is spoken by almost 3 million people outside of Korea in China, Japan, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, and the US.\n<h2>Korean interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Korean interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Korean language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Korean language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Korean language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Korean language, as well as of the culture and history of the Korean people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Korean Language</h2>\nThe Korean language is the primary language of the Korean peninsula. The ancestors of the Korean people came to the Korean peninsula and Manchuria around 4,000 BC. There are several theories regarding the beginnings of the Korean language.\n\nBecause of its many years of contact with Chinese and Japanese languages, it became difficult to isolate the origins of Korean. One theory, the Southern theory, indicates that the Korean language is part of the Austronesian family of languages. According to the Northern theory, Korean is part of the Altaic language family. Because of the many similarities between Korean and Japanese, many linguists believe that Korean might be part of the Japonic group of languages. Because there are discrepancies as to which group the language belongs to, many linguists classify the language as its own.\n\nFrom 1910-1945, when Japan occupied Korea, the official language was Japanese. The Korean language was banned and the Koreans were forced to change their Korean last names to Japanese ones. In 1945, after the end of the Japanese occupation, the Korean language reassumed the role of the official language in Korea. The same year, when Korea was divided into north and south, each of the Koreas established their own standard language. Today, the Modern Korean dialect is used in both North and South Korea.\n\nAncient Korean had two dialects: Puyo and Han. Puyo had previously been spoken in Manchuria and northern Korea, as opposed to Han which was spoken in southern Korea. In the 600s the Han dialect was more dominant. Presently, the standard Korean spoken in South Korea is based on the Seoul dialect whereas the standard Korean spoken in North Korea is based on the P’yongyang dialect.\n<h2>Grammar and Writing</h2>\nThere are ten vowels in the Korean language. When a vowel is emphasized, it can change the meaning of a word entirely. There are 21 consonants. Just like the vowels, the consonant sounds can make a difference in a word meaning. Korean grammar is known to be quite complex. Unlike in many other languages, nouns are not specified for gender or number nor are there any articles. Verbs do not agree in number, person or gender according to their subjects. Politeness is what indicates the conjugation of a verb.\n\nThere are several levels of politeness, or deference. They are high, middle and low and each level has sublevels, for a total of seven levels. In the Korean language, the level spoken is indicative of the respect the speaker has towards the listener or one who is reading.\n\nKorean follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order. Considering that the Korean language had many Chinese characters, there are many Chinese loanwords as part of the vocabulary. Even though the Japanese had occupied Korea, there are not many Japanese loanwords. Additionally, there are loanwords from English.','Korean Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Korean language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Korean Translator & Interpreter'),(6179,6179,1,'Korean Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','00b6c78c-2acd-48bf-a9d5-c03092268da0','<h2>Korean Language Interpretation Services</h2>\nNeed Korean interpreting to English in a rush? CIT staffs native speaking Korean language interpreters.\n\nThere are approximately 75 million Korean speakers worldwide. About two-thirds of the speakers reside in South Korea and the other third reside in North Korea. Korea is spoken by almost 3 million people outside of Korea in China, Japan, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, and the US.\n<h2>Korean interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Korean interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Korean language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Korean language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Korean language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Korean language, as well as of the culture and history of the Korean people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Korean Language</h2>\nThe Korean language is the primary language of the Korean peninsula. The ancestors of the Korean people came to the Korean peninsula and Manchuria around 4,000 BC. There are several theories regarding the beginnings of the Korean language.\n\nBecause of its many years of contact with Chinese and Japanese languages, it became difficult to isolate the origins of Korean. One theory, the Southern theory, indicates that the Korean language is part of the Austronesian family of languages. According to the Northern theory, Korean is part of the Altaic language family. Because of the many similarities between Korean and Japanese, many linguists believe that Korean might be part of the Japonic group of languages. Because there are discrepancies as to which group the language belongs to, many linguists classify the language as its own.\n\nFrom 1910-1945, when Japan occupied Korea, the official language was Japanese. The Korean language was banned and the Koreans were forced to change their Korean last names to Japanese ones. In 1945, after the end of the Japanese occupation, the Korean language reassumed the role of the official language in Korea. The same year, when Korea was divided into north and south, each of the Koreas established their own standard language. Today, the Modern Korean dialect is used in both North and South Korea.\n\nAncient Korean had two dialects: Puyo and Han. Puyo had previously been spoken in Manchuria and northern Korea, as opposed to Han which was spoken in southern Korea. In the 600s the Han dialect was more dominant. Presently, the standard Korean spoken in South Korea is based on the Seoul dialect whereas the standard Korean spoken in North Korea is based on the P’yongyang dialect.\n<h2>Grammar and Writing</h2>\nThere are ten vowels in the Korean language. When a vowel is emphasized, it can change the meaning of a word entirely. There are 21 consonants. Just like the vowels, the consonant sounds can make a difference in a word meaning. Korean grammar is known to be quite complex. Unlike in many other languages, nouns are not specified for gender or number nor are there any articles. Verbs do not agree in number, person or gender according to their subjects. Politeness is what indicates the conjugation of a verb.\n\nThere are several levels of politeness, or deference. They are high, middle and low and each level has sublevels, for a total of seven levels. In the Korean language, the level spoken is indicative of the respect the speaker has towards the listener or one who is reading.\n\nKorean follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order. Considering that the Korean language had many Chinese characters, there are many Chinese loanwords as part of the vocabulary. Even though the Japanese had occupied Korea, there are not many Japanese loanwords. Additionally, there are loanwords from English.','Korean Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Korean language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Korean Translator & Interpreter'),(6180,6180,1,'Korowai Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','477e5f17-fb24-4015-8ed9-84ed14c424af','<h2>Korowai interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Korowai interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Korowai language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Korowai language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Korowai language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Korowai language, as well as of the culture and history of the Korowai people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Korowai Language</h2>\nThe Korowai Language, a native language of the Papua New Guinea region, is one of the various languages in the region. Papua New Guinea has over 800 languages spoken in the country. Because of this, it is considered to be one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. The Korowai tribe derives from the Awyu-Dumut family and the Trans-New Guinea group of languages. As other tribal languages, the Korowai language is highly combined with the style of living of the tribe. The Korowai people call  themselves bolu-aup, meaning “place language.” People and objects get referred to whether or not they are familiar with the area.\n\nAs with other tribal languages, the language of the Korowai tribe is very much connected with the spiritual beliefs of the tribe. For example, the Korowai people believe that words have spiritual power. An example of this would be the belief that speaking a person’s name can have effects on this person, both physically and spiritually. Because of this, the Korowai people use what has been deemed by anthropologists to be called “joking avoidance,” where Korowai people will refer to each other using a word that refers to an experience. An instance of this would be in two people from the Korowai tribe share food, they will refer to each other as the food they shared.\n\nRecently, there have been many instances where the Korowai people have been introduced and exposed to Christian missionaries, naturally shifting their beliefs to be more Christian. An example of this is that more people now are naming their children Christian names. This is a sign that the Korowai people may be fading away from their traditional and tribal beliefs, although they still have much respect and awe for the spirits. Additionally, because Indonesia has colonized West Papua, the Korowai language has been impacted. As a result, many Korowai people now speak both Korowai and Indonesian, whereas Korowai used to be the only language spoken by the tribe. Even with this, the language is quite integral. Now, considering that school-aged children are now being put through an Indonesian educational system, there is a fear that the language may lose its status and sooner rather than later.\n\nAn interesting fact about the Korowai people is that they used to believe that people who were not from their tribe were demons.',NULL,'Professional Korowai language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6181,6181,1,'Korowai Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','46eb00ac-81fd-4c57-b544-c8f8e7904c2a','<h2>Korowai interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Korowai interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Korowai language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Korowai language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Korowai language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Korowai language, as well as of the culture and history of the Korowai people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Korowai Language</h2>\nThe Korowai Language, a native language of the Papua New Guinea region, is one of the various languages in the region. Papua New Guinea has over 800 languages spoken in the country. Because of this, it is considered to be one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. The Korowai tribe derives from the Awyu-Dumut family and the Trans-New Guinea group of languages. As other tribal languages, the Korowai language is highly combined with the style of living of the tribe. The Korowai people call  themselves bolu-aup, meaning “place language.” People and objects get referred to whether or not they are familiar with the area.\n\nAs with other tribal languages, the language of the Korowai tribe is very much connected with the spiritual beliefs of the tribe. For example, the Korowai people believe that words have spiritual power. An example of this would be the belief that speaking a person’s name can have effects on this person, both physically and spiritually. Because of this, the Korowai people use what has been deemed by anthropologists to be called “joking avoidance,” where Korowai people will refer to each other using a word that refers to an experience. An instance of this would be in two people from the Korowai tribe share food, they will refer to each other as the food they shared.\n\nRecently, there have been many instances where the Korowai people have been introduced and exposed to Christian missionaries, naturally shifting their beliefs to be more Christian. An example of this is that more people now are naming their children Christian names. This is a sign that the Korowai people may be fading away from their traditional and tribal beliefs, although they still have much respect and awe for the spirits. Additionally, because Indonesia has colonized West Papua, the Korowai language has been impacted. As a result, many Korowai people now speak both Korowai and Indonesian, whereas Korowai used to be the only language spoken by the tribe. Even with this, the language is quite integral. Now, considering that school-aged children are now being put through an Indonesian educational system, there is a fear that the language may lose its status and sooner rather than later.\n\nAn interesting fact about the Korowai people is that they used to believe that people who were not from their tribe were demons.',NULL,'Professional Korowai language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6182,6182,1,'Kurdish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','77a8786b-e7fc-4720-af4b-71948e843e29','<h2>Kurdish interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kurdish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kurdish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kurdish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kurdish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Kurdish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kurdish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kurdish Language</h2>\nThe Kurdish language is part of the Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European languages. About 4,000 years ago, the first Indo-European language speakers migrated to modern-day Kurdistan. The original language of the Kurds had evolved completelty to what is known as modern-day Kurdish. Kurdish is very similar to other languages from lands in the area such as Turkey, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijani.\n\nCurrently, the Kurdish language had official language status in Kurdistan. Even though the Kurdish language is spoken heavily in Turkey and Syria, it still does not have official status in these countries. In Iran, the Kurds live in villages and many are nomadic as well. The Iranian Kurds speak Kurdish at home and the language is also spoken in many Kurdish areas. Additionally, there is media such as newspapers, magazines and radio shows in Kurdish. Kurdish speakers also speak Farsi.\n\nIn Iraq, the Kurdish language has official status in the Iraqi region of Kurdistan. Since the early 1900s, Kurdish has been the language of public schools. The history of the Kurdish language is a little different in Turkey, where it had been banned in 1938 resulting in diminished bilingualism of Kurdish and Turkish languages. In the early 1960s, as a new Turkish constitution was developed, the Kurdish language reappeared but would be banned almost immediately. In 1991, it became legal to reuse the Kurdish language and in 2006, Turkey granted permission to allow Turkish shows to appear in Kurdish.\n\nAlthough a rather small group, the Kurdish community in Armenia was protected and had state support from the 1930s to the 1980s. However, now that the Soviet Union no longer stands, there is an uncertain future for the Kurdish in Armenia. In Syria, the Kurdish language is spoken only at home as the Syrian government has opposed the use of the Kurdish language.\n\nAccording to the Kurdish Academy of Language, the Kurdish language is divided into three dialects, including central Kurdish, northern Kurdish and Southern Kurdish. Central Kurdish, known as Kurdi or Sorani is spoken by about 6.8 million people in various countries such as Iraq, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Turkmenistan. Within the Central Kurdish dialect, there are about 10 varieties. Northern Kurdish, known as Kermanci, Kirmanci, Kurdi, Kurmanci or Kurmanji, is spoken by about 15 million people in Turkey but is also spoken in other countries, similar to Central Kurdish. Lastly, Southern Kurdish is spoken by about 3 million people in Iran and Iraq.\n\nKurdish has ten vowels that can be either short or long. The length of a vowel can indicate a different word meaning. The Kurdish language is inflected, meaning that prefixes and suffixes are added to root words to give them meaning. Nouns are either simple or compound, there are no grammatical genders, there is adjective agreement and verbs agree with their subject, either in person or number. Verbs can be either present or past, simple or secondary. There are three tenses (present, past and future), two voices (active and passive), two aspects (perfect and imperfect) and four moods (indicative, conditional, imperative and potential). The Kurdish language follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order.\n\nThe Kurdish language shares much of its vocabulary with other Indo-Iranian languages. Due to the fact that Kurdish is spoken in many countries, each country has influenced the vocabulary somewhat but adding loanwords. Even recently, the English language has had its influence on the Kurdish language in technological, political and military vocabulary.',NULL,'Professional Kurdish language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6183,6183,1,'Kurdish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','f705cd90-11c1-4a8b-9de2-3796f6fbcccc','<h2>Kurdish interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kurdish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kurdish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kurdish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kurdish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Kurdish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kurdish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kurdish Language</h2>\nThe Kurdish language is part of the Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European languages. About 4,000 years ago, the first Indo-European language speakers migrated to modern-day Kurdistan. The original language of the Kurds had evolved completelty to what is known as modern-day Kurdish. Kurdish is very similar to other languages from lands in the area such as Turkey, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijani.\n\nCurrently, the Kurdish language had official language status in Kurdistan. Even though the Kurdish language is spoken heavily in Turkey and Syria, it still does not have official status in these countries. In Iran, the Kurds live in villages and many are nomadic as well. The Iranian Kurds speak Kurdish at home and the language is also spoken in many Kurdish areas. Additionally, there is media such as newspapers, magazines and radio shows in Kurdish. Kurdish speakers also speak Farsi.\n\nIn Iraq, the Kurdish language has official status in the Iraqi region of Kurdistan. Since the early 1900s, Kurdish has been the language of public schools. The history of the Kurdish language is a little different in Turkey, where it had been banned in 1938 resulting in diminished bilingualism of Kurdish and Turkish languages. In the early 1960s, as a new Turkish constitution was developed, the Kurdish language reappeared but would be banned almost immediately. In 1991, it became legal to reuse the Kurdish language and in 2006, Turkey granted permission to allow Turkish shows to appear in Kurdish.\n\nAlthough a rather small group, the Kurdish community in Armenia was protected and had state support from the 1930s to the 1980s. However, now that the Soviet Union no longer stands, there is an uncertain future for the Kurdish in Armenia. In Syria, the Kurdish language is spoken only at home as the Syrian government has opposed the use of the Kurdish language.\n\nAccording to the Kurdish Academy of Language, the Kurdish language is divided into three dialects, including central Kurdish, northern Kurdish and Southern Kurdish. Central Kurdish, known as Kurdi or Sorani is spoken by about 6.8 million people in various countries such as Iraq, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Turkmenistan. Within the Central Kurdish dialect, there are about 10 varieties. Northern Kurdish, known as Kermanci, Kirmanci, Kurdi, Kurmanci or Kurmanji, is spoken by about 15 million people in Turkey but is also spoken in other countries, similar to Central Kurdish. Lastly, Southern Kurdish is spoken by about 3 million people in Iran and Iraq.\n\nKurdish has ten vowels that can be either short or long. The length of a vowel can indicate a different word meaning. The Kurdish language is inflected, meaning that prefixes and suffixes are added to root words to give them meaning. Nouns are either simple or compound, there are no grammatical genders, there is adjective agreement and verbs agree with their subject, either in person or number. Verbs can be either present or past, simple or secondary. There are three tenses (present, past and future), two voices (active and passive), two aspects (perfect and imperfect) and four moods (indicative, conditional, imperative and potential). The Kurdish language follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order.\n\nThe Kurdish language shares much of its vocabulary with other Indo-Iranian languages. Due to the fact that Kurdish is spoken in many countries, each country has influenced the vocabulary somewhat but adding loanwords. Even recently, the English language has had its influence on the Kurdish language in technological, political and military vocabulary.',NULL,'Professional Kurdish language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6184,6184,1,'Kyrgyz Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','9233484b-89d9-40fb-a827-d9c2c4662ee9','<h2>Kyrgyz Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nDespite being in the language industry for over 10 years, CIT’s methods continue to move with the times. As such, we can easily monitor our quality assurance processes and minimize turnaround times. Our linguists stay in the loop with developments so that they can provide comprehensive services using modern language tools. We never rely on machine translators or interpreters because they often yield inaccuracies that damage the integrity of the communication. With CIT, we will bring you a talented Kyrgyz interpreter or translator no matter the assignment.\n<h2>History of Kyrgyz</h2>\nThe Kyrgyz language, part of the Turkic languages within the Altaic family of languages, refers to the Kyrgyz people from northern Mongolia. It is spoken by around 2.5 million people in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, as it is the national language. The language was discovered around the late 1800s, using Orkhon inscription from about the 800s. Because the Mongolian empire spread around the 1200s, the Kyrgyz people also migrated, mainly south, and settled what is known today as Kyrgyzstan. Due to invasions by the Turks and Mongols, many Kyrgyz had migrated to Turkestan.\n\nAround the 1750s, the Kyrgyz people were under the rule of the Chinese. When Kyrgyzia became incorporated with the Russian Empire, some of the Kyrgyz speakers moved to Afghanistan. It was in 1936 that Kyrgyzia became part of the USSR and later became the Republic of Kyrgyzstan after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1990.\n\nMany Kyrgyz speakers also speak Russian. Kyrgyz is spoken in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, China, Uzbekistan, Turkey, and Tajikistan. It is approximated that about 3 million people worldwide speak Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz had not been standard until it was part of the Soviet Union. The language had also no press before 1917 but slowly started to have publications and by the 1980s, there were many newspapers, magazines, and television and radio programs available in Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz is taught in secondary schools as the main language and also at the Kyrgyz National University, but only for some courses.\n<h2>Kyrgyz Dialects</h2>\nThere are two dialects in the Kyrgyz language. The northern dialect has many Kazakh loanwords and is similar to Mongolian languages. This is what Standard Kyrgyz is based on. The southern dialect of Kyrgyz is based similar to Uzbek, Tajik, and Persian. Understanding the differences between Kyrgyz, its dialects, and these other languages are essential for the average interpreter or translator. Contact us today to work with an expert.\n<h2>Kyrgyz Grammar</h2>\nThere are eight vowels in Kyrgyz, and vowels are similar to other Turkic language systems. The Kyrgyz language also has vowel harmony, with front/back and rounded/unrounded. There are nineteen consonants and they are sounds that differentiate meanings. The emphasis usually falls on the last syllable in Kyrgyz words. Like all other Turkic languages, the Kyrgyz language is agglutinative, meanings that suffixes added to root words are what are going to indicate grammatical relations. There are prefixes in Kyrgyz. Nouns are marked for singular and plural but not for gender.\n\nThere are seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and ablative). Additionally, there are no articles. Verbs, on the other hand, can be described by singular or plural, three persons, five moods (indicative, dubitative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive), two voices (active and passive), and three tenses (past, present, and future). Kyrgyz follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order but it is possible to have other word orders. Vocabulary in Kyrgyz is based mainly on the Turkic languages but with loanwords from Arabic, Persian, and Russian.\n\nThe Kyrgyz language has been written in different scripts in its history. It was written in Arabic up until 1923. In 1924, it was still written in Arabic but was modified after the language was standardized. In 1936, a Cyrillic script was used and is still used today. However, this alphabet does not properly highlight the pronunciation of the Kyrgyz language. Today, there are many that are advocating that the script should be shifted to a Latin script. Some material is written in the Turkish version of the Latin alphabet.\n<h2>Hire a Kyrgyz Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Kyrgyz interpreter or Kyrgyz translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Kyrgyz interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Kyrgyz interpreting assignment, or request a Kyrgyz translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.',NULL,'Professional Kyrgyz language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6185,6185,1,'Kyrgyz Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','a3f030a3-ccc2-46b7-95db-64e680b02ccc','<h2>Kyrgyz Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nDespite being in the language industry for over 10 years, CIT’s methods continue to move with the times. As such, we can easily monitor our quality assurance processes and minimize turnaround times. Our linguists stay in the loop with developments so that they can provide comprehensive services using modern language tools. We never rely on machine translators or interpreters because they often yield inaccuracies that damage the integrity of the communication. With CIT, we will bring you a talented Kyrgyz interpreter or translator no matter the assignment.\n<h2>History of Kyrgyz</h2>\nThe Kyrgyz language, part of the Turkic languages within the Altaic family of languages, refers to the Kyrgyz people from northern Mongolia. It is spoken by around 2.5 million people in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, as it is the national language. The language was discovered around the late 1800s, using Orkhon inscription from about the 800s. Because the Mongolian empire spread around the 1200s, the Kyrgyz people also migrated, mainly south, and settled what is known today as Kyrgyzstan. Due to invasions by the Turks and Mongols, many Kyrgyz had migrated to Turkestan.\n\nAround the 1750s, the Kyrgyz people were under the rule of the Chinese. When Kyrgyzia became incorporated with the Russian Empire, some of the Kyrgyz speakers moved to Afghanistan. It was in 1936 that Kyrgyzia became part of the USSR and later became the Republic of Kyrgyzstan after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1990.\n\nMany Kyrgyz speakers also speak Russian. Kyrgyz is spoken in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, China, Uzbekistan, Turkey, and Tajikistan. It is approximated that about 3 million people worldwide speak Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz had not been standard until it was part of the Soviet Union. The language had also no press before 1917 but slowly started to have publications and by the 1980s, there were many newspapers, magazines, and television and radio programs available in Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz is taught in secondary schools as the main language and also at the Kyrgyz National University, but only for some courses.\n<h2>Kyrgyz Dialects</h2>\nThere are two dialects in the Kyrgyz language. The northern dialect has many Kazakh loanwords and is similar to Mongolian languages. This is what Standard Kyrgyz is based on. The southern dialect of Kyrgyz is based similar to Uzbek, Tajik, and Persian. Understanding the differences between Kyrgyz, its dialects, and these other languages are essential for the average interpreter or translator. Contact us today to work with an expert.\n<h2>Kyrgyz Grammar</h2>\nThere are eight vowels in Kyrgyz, and vowels are similar to other Turkic language systems. The Kyrgyz language also has vowel harmony, with front/back and rounded/unrounded. There are nineteen consonants and they are sounds that differentiate meanings. The emphasis usually falls on the last syllable in Kyrgyz words. Like all other Turkic languages, the Kyrgyz language is agglutinative, meanings that suffixes added to root words are what are going to indicate grammatical relations. There are prefixes in Kyrgyz. Nouns are marked for singular and plural but not for gender.\n\nThere are seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and ablative). Additionally, there are no articles. Verbs, on the other hand, can be described by singular or plural, three persons, five moods (indicative, dubitative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive), two voices (active and passive), and three tenses (past, present, and future). Kyrgyz follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order but it is possible to have other word orders. Vocabulary in Kyrgyz is based mainly on the Turkic languages but with loanwords from Arabic, Persian, and Russian.\n\nThe Kyrgyz language has been written in different scripts in its history. It was written in Arabic up until 1923. In 1924, it was still written in Arabic but was modified after the language was standardized. In 1936, a Cyrillic script was used and is still used today. However, this alphabet does not properly highlight the pronunciation of the Kyrgyz language. Today, there are many that are advocating that the script should be shifted to a Latin script. Some material is written in the Turkish version of the Latin alphabet.\n<h2>Hire a Kyrgyz Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Kyrgyz interpreter or Kyrgyz translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Kyrgyz interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Kyrgyz interpreting assignment, or request a Kyrgyz translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.',NULL,'Professional Kyrgyz language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6186,6186,1,'Ladin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','acb3852e-d829-4694-9841-6b21a0e8e71d','<h2>Ladin interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Ladin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ladin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ladin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ladin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ladin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ladin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Ladin Language</h2>\nThe Ladin languages, spoken in the Dolomite Mountains and the Non-Valley, is native to Italy, particularly in the Trentino region. It is part of the Indo-European language family and is spoken by approximately only 40,000 people.\n\nThe Ladin language dates back to Roman times. Roman Emperor Drusus had conquered the Alpine region in 15 BC. Between the Rhaetian and the Roman civilizations came the Ladin language. Many believe that Ladin was established during it’s few centuries of existence, as opposed to other languages, such as Italian, had developed many centuries later.\n\nLadin had mainly been used over the Alps. It was used within the land that spanned between the Danube to Lake Garda and between the Gotthard Pass to the Trieste. The Ladin language initially was mostly widely used in the Alps. With the invasion of the Bajuwars in the 500s, the area that connected the Dolomite valleys and the Rhaeto-Romanesque lands were no longer connected. Only some places in Italy and Switzerland were now preserving their languages. These areas included the Val Gardena, Val Badia, Val di Eassa, Valle d’Ampezzo valleys, and the Livinallongo, which are in the Dolomite valleys along with some Italian regions, such as Friuli and the Canton of Grisons.\n\nAt the end of the first World War when South Tyrol was separated and added to Italy, certain areas that were once part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, such as Val Badia and Val Gardena were moved to the Italian Monarchy. Previously, Ladin had been through to be an Italian dialect. However, nowadays, it is thought to be part of the Rhaeto-Romantic languages. Ladin is the third official language of South Tyrol and is considered a minority language in Italy.\n\nThe Ladin Culture Institute, known as Micura de Ru, is located in the Val Badia valley. Its aim is to promote and preserve the language and its culture while the Museum Ladin Ciastel de Tor’s intention is to preserve the history of the Ladin people and the Ladin language.\n\nThere are seven subdivisions of Ladin and within each subdivision are different dialects. The following are the subdivisions of Ladin and each subdivision’s dialects: Athesian (Gherdëina and Badiot and Maro), Trentinian (Moenat, Brach and Cazet), Agordino (Fodom and Rochessano), Ampezzan, Cadorino, Nones and Solandro and Lager.\n\nThere are six consonant phonemes and four vowel phonemes.',NULL,'Professional Ladin language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6187,6187,1,'Ladin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','31d1be65-5d2b-4c3a-b1be-07022c59ce44','<h2>Ladin interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Ladin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ladin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ladin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ladin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ladin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ladin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Ladin Language</h2>\nThe Ladin languages, spoken in the Dolomite Mountains and the Non-Valley, is native to Italy, particularly in the Trentino region. It is part of the Indo-European language family and is spoken by approximately only 40,000 people.\n\nThe Ladin language dates back to Roman times. Roman Emperor Drusus had conquered the Alpine region in 15 BC. Between the Rhaetian and the Roman civilizations came the Ladin language. Many believe that Ladin was established during it’s few centuries of existence, as opposed to other languages, such as Italian, had developed many centuries later.\n\nLadin had mainly been used over the Alps. It was used within the land that spanned between the Danube to Lake Garda and between the Gotthard Pass to the Trieste. The Ladin language initially was mostly widely used in the Alps. With the invasion of the Bajuwars in the 500s, the area that connected the Dolomite valleys and the Rhaeto-Romanesque lands were no longer connected. Only some places in Italy and Switzerland were now preserving their languages. These areas included the Val Gardena, Val Badia, Val di Eassa, Valle d’Ampezzo valleys, and the Livinallongo, which are in the Dolomite valleys along with some Italian regions, such as Friuli and the Canton of Grisons.\n\nAt the end of the first World War when South Tyrol was separated and added to Italy, certain areas that were once part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, such as Val Badia and Val Gardena were moved to the Italian Monarchy. Previously, Ladin had been through to be an Italian dialect. However, nowadays, it is thought to be part of the Rhaeto-Romantic languages. Ladin is the third official language of South Tyrol and is considered a minority language in Italy.\n\nThe Ladin Culture Institute, known as Micura de Ru, is located in the Val Badia valley. Its aim is to promote and preserve the language and its culture while the Museum Ladin Ciastel de Tor’s intention is to preserve the history of the Ladin people and the Ladin language.\n\nThere are seven subdivisions of Ladin and within each subdivision are different dialects. The following are the subdivisions of Ladin and each subdivision’s dialects: Athesian (Gherdëina and Badiot and Maro), Trentinian (Moenat, Brach and Cazet), Agordino (Fodom and Rochessano), Ampezzan, Cadorino, Nones and Solandro and Lager.\n\nThere are six consonant phonemes and four vowel phonemes.',NULL,'Professional Ladin language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6188,6188,1,'Lakhota','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','39b203cb-37e9-47e8-9a2c-b5d39346332c','<h2>Lakota Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nAt CIT, the client is always number one. We dedicate the same amount of time and effort to <em>Fortune 500</em> companies, local businesses, and individuals. The unrivaled perfection of our methods does not discriminate between the type of size of the job. In addition, we give you the same access to our brilliant support staff. We make them available 24/7, so you can ask all of your questions without hesitation. Our services come in many forms, each with its virtues. We utilize traditional processes and combine them with the latest technological developments. Through this, we can bring you a translator or interpreter in a hard to find language, like Lakota, quickly.\n\nWith regards to interpreting, our telephonic and video remote options give you an alternative to in-person. This way, you can get the same exact expertise from the comfort of your home. With CIT, there’s never a compromise. We offer our top-of-the-line services at competitive rates. When it comes to our translations, we proof and edit each document over multiple stages to ensure that you get an unrivaled final product. We never use machine translators, so you can rest easy that we do our work with integrity.\n<h2>The Lakota Language</h2>\nLakota, along with Dakota and Nakota, represents one of the three dialects of the Siouan languages. While many of its speakers saw Lakota as its own unique language, it is mutually intelligible with its other dialects. To this day, the Lakota make up the largest Native American speaking group in the world with a few thousand speakers.\n\nMany organizations continue to make efforts to keep the language alive through various programs. These initiatives focus their efforts in North and South Dakota, where the majority of its speakers reside. Settlers in the new world made it into a written language. The Lakota people feel the pressures of society each and every single day. Between gentrification and alcoholism, they struggle to cope with the changes we force upon them.\n\nTheir grammar uses a subject-object-verb form. It also uses 5 vowels. Lakota includes a number of nasal vowels as well as postpositions. With every single assignment, CIT keeps these incredible parts of Lakota alive by training every interpreter and translator properly. In addition to that, our interest in keeping the traditions of the Lakota people alive goes far beyond our services. Every CIT linguist understands the importance of keeping cultural elements and modern social developments in mind. This way, we can treasure the contributions of the Lakota people to the world.\n<h2>Hire a Lakota Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Lakota interpreter or Lakota translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Lakota interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Lakota interpreting assignment, or request a Lakota translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.',NULL,'Professional Lakhota language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6189,6189,1,'Lakhota','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','36342a79-b8b9-460d-bc43-05e8c25d4268','<h2>Lakota Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nAt CIT, the client is always number one. We dedicate the same amount of time and effort to <em>Fortune 500</em> companies, local businesses, and individuals. The unrivaled perfection of our methods does not discriminate between the type of size of the job. In addition, we give you the same access to our brilliant support staff. We make them available 24/7, so you can ask all of your questions without hesitation. Our services come in many forms, each with its virtues. We utilize traditional processes and combine them with the latest technological developments. Through this, we can bring you a translator or interpreter in a hard to find language, like Lakota, quickly.\n\nWith regards to interpreting, our telephonic and video remote options give you an alternative to in-person. This way, you can get the same exact expertise from the comfort of your home. With CIT, there’s never a compromise. We offer our top-of-the-line services at competitive rates. When it comes to our translations, we proof and edit each document over multiple stages to ensure that you get an unrivaled final product. We never use machine translators, so you can rest easy that we do our work with integrity.\n<h2>The Lakota Language</h2>\nLakota, along with Dakota and Nakota, represents one of the three dialects of the Siouan languages. While many of its speakers saw Lakota as its own unique language, it is mutually intelligible with its other dialects. To this day, the Lakota make up the largest Native American speaking group in the world with a few thousand speakers.\n\nMany organizations continue to make efforts to keep the language alive through various programs. These initiatives focus their efforts in North and South Dakota, where the majority of its speakers reside. Settlers in the new world made it into a written language. The Lakota people feel the pressures of society each and every single day. Between gentrification and alcoholism, they struggle to cope with the changes we force upon them.\n\nTheir grammar uses a subject-object-verb form. It also uses 5 vowels. Lakota includes a number of nasal vowels as well as postpositions. With every single assignment, CIT keeps these incredible parts of Lakota alive by training every interpreter and translator properly. In addition to that, our interest in keeping the traditions of the Lakota people alive goes far beyond our services. Every CIT linguist understands the importance of keeping cultural elements and modern social developments in mind. This way, we can treasure the contributions of the Lakota people to the world.\n<h2>Hire a Lakota Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Lakota interpreter or Lakota translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Lakota interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Lakota interpreting assignment, or request a Lakota translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.',NULL,'Professional Lakhota language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6190,6190,1,'Lao Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','e961eb07-7a4a-494a-be32-17aeeee4d174','<h2>Lao interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lao interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lao language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lao language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lao language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Lao language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lao people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lao Language</h2>\nThe Lao language, also known as Laotian is part of the Tai-Kadai languages. About 3 million people in Laos and Thailand speak the language. It is also spoken in Cambodia, Australia, Canada, France and the US. Collectively, about 3.2 million people speak Lao. The history of Tai-Kadai language speaking people dates back 2,000 years to China and northern Vietnam. It is estimated that people moved to the Mekong valley around the 1100s.\n\nLao is the official language of Laos and is spoken by a little over half the population. It is the lingua franca of the country, although over 80 languages from the Mon-Khmer, Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan language and Ta-Kadai families are spoken in Lao. Because of previous French colonialism, people in Laos speak French as well. Laos does remarkably well with French, far better than any other Asian country. About a third of students in Laos are taught in French, although English is becoming more popular.\n\nAlthough there are several dialects of Lao, linguists do not agree on the number of dialects. Some dialects may include Vientiane, Luang Phrabang, Swanakhet, Pakse, Lao-Kao and Lao-Khrang. Standard Laotian is based on Vientiane. It is spoken in the capital and is understood by most of the country. The written Laotian language is also based on the Vientiane dialect.\n\nThere are 10 vowel phonemes, 23 consonants and three diphthongs in Laotian. Lao is a tonal language, meaning that the tone on a syllable is derived by the combination of vowels, consonants and whether a syllable is open or closed. The grammar of Lao is very closely related to Thai grammar. Nouns are not distinguished through number, gender or case. In Laotian, there are classifiers by numbers that come before the noun. For example, “elephant three-body” would mean “three elephants.” There are several pronouns in Lao, such as first, second (adult and children) and third-person pronouns, depending on who is speaking to whom. For example, if children are speaking to adults or if one is speaking to a person of authority, their pronouns will be different. Additionally, when talking about royalty, different pronouns will be used.\n\nIn Laotian, there are three classes of particles that are present at the end of sentences. They are politeness particles, which express a difference in status to the person they are spoken to. The mood particles express attitude and different question particles are used when someone asks a “yes/no” question. Lao follows a Subject-Verb-Object word order. Vocabulary in Lao has many loanwords from Saksrit and Pali, especially with religious words. There is a big influence of French on Laotian along with Thai and English. Additionally, writing in Lao can go back to the 1500s. It originally was Old Khmer but has now evolved to Brahmi script.',NULL,'Professional Lao language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Lao'),(6191,6191,1,'Lao Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','7281871b-95d3-44a5-b91c-89a59dd52e2a','<h2>Lao interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lao interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lao language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lao language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lao language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Lao language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lao people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lao Language</h2>\nThe Lao language, also known as Laotian is part of the Tai-Kadai languages. About 3 million people in Laos and Thailand speak the language. It is also spoken in Cambodia, Australia, Canada, France and the US. Collectively, about 3.2 million people speak Lao. The history of Tai-Kadai language speaking people dates back 2,000 years to China and northern Vietnam. It is estimated that people moved to the Mekong valley around the 1100s.\n\nLao is the official language of Laos and is spoken by a little over half the population. It is the lingua franca of the country, although over 80 languages from the Mon-Khmer, Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan language and Ta-Kadai families are spoken in Lao. Because of previous French colonialism, people in Laos speak French as well. Laos does remarkably well with French, far better than any other Asian country. About a third of students in Laos are taught in French, although English is becoming more popular.\n\nAlthough there are several dialects of Lao, linguists do not agree on the number of dialects. Some dialects may include Vientiane, Luang Phrabang, Swanakhet, Pakse, Lao-Kao and Lao-Khrang. Standard Laotian is based on Vientiane. It is spoken in the capital and is understood by most of the country. The written Laotian language is also based on the Vientiane dialect.\n\nThere are 10 vowel phonemes, 23 consonants and three diphthongs in Laotian. Lao is a tonal language, meaning that the tone on a syllable is derived by the combination of vowels, consonants and whether a syllable is open or closed. The grammar of Lao is very closely related to Thai grammar. Nouns are not distinguished through number, gender or case. In Laotian, there are classifiers by numbers that come before the noun. For example, “elephant three-body” would mean “three elephants.” There are several pronouns in Lao, such as first, second (adult and children) and third-person pronouns, depending on who is speaking to whom. For example, if children are speaking to adults or if one is speaking to a person of authority, their pronouns will be different. Additionally, when talking about royalty, different pronouns will be used.\n\nIn Laotian, there are three classes of particles that are present at the end of sentences. They are politeness particles, which express a difference in status to the person they are spoken to. The mood particles express attitude and different question particles are used when someone asks a “yes/no” question. Lao follows a Subject-Verb-Object word order. Vocabulary in Lao has many loanwords from Saksrit and Pali, especially with religious words. There is a big influence of French on Laotian along with Thai and English. Additionally, writing in Lao can go back to the 1500s. It originally was Old Khmer but has now evolved to Brahmi script.',NULL,'Professional Lao language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Lao'),(6192,6192,1,'Lithuanian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','bfb50cce-dd0b-4401-a315-7e5e5e0c9f0e','<h2>Lithuanian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lithuanian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lithuanian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lithuanian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lithuanian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lithuanian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lithuanian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lithuanian Language</h2>\nThe Lithuanian language is also known as Lietuvskai, Lietuviu, Litauische, Litweski or Litovskiy. It is an East Baltic language and the closest language to Latvian.  About 2.8 million people in Lithuania speak the language. Additionally, another 200,000 people in Estonia and Latvia speak the language. Lithuanian is the national language of Lithuania and has been since 1918. Lithuanian is also the oldest Indo-European language that is still spoken today. It falls under the Indo-European classification of languages. There are several dialects of the language, such as Highland Lithuanian, Dzuku, and Aukstaiciai.\n\nThe Lithuanian literary language came into existence in the 1500s. The Lord’s Prayer, which is a creed, and the Ave Maria, which is a prayer to the Virgin Mary used in Catholic prayers, were the first documents translated around the year 1525. This version of Lithuanian was used only for religious writings and is quite different than the Lithuanian spoken today. For example, the older Lithuanian has much longer forms of endings than the Lithuanian spoken today. It also has more cases and appears to be more influenced by Slavic languages.\n\nIn the 1800s, there were three known dialects. They were the Low Lithuanian, the East High Lithuanian dialect (used mainly for poetic purposes) and the West High Lithuanian dialect, which was used mainly on the border of East Prussia. Modern-day Lithuanian has a 32-letter alphabet written in Latin and is closes to the West High Lithuanian, which was founded by Jonas Jablonsis (1861-1930).\n<h2>Facts about Lithuania</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>By the 14<sup>th</sup> century, Lithuania was the biggest country in Europe</li>\n 	<li>91% of Lithuanian Jews were killed in the Holocaust, one of largest percentages of any nation.</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania has over 61 miles of coast</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania joined the European Union in 2004</li>\n 	<li>Iceland was the first nation to recognized Lithuania in 1991.</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania was the last European country to be converted to Christianity</li>\n 	<li>There was only ever one king in Lithuanian, King Mindaugas</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Lithuanian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6193,6193,1,'Lithuanian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','7650af02-b496-4475-b0fb-6d352b647bf2','<h2>Lithuanian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lithuanian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lithuanian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lithuanian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lithuanian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lithuanian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lithuanian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lithuanian Language</h2>\nThe Lithuanian language is also known as Lietuvskai, Lietuviu, Litauische, Litweski or Litovskiy. It is an East Baltic language and the closest language to Latvian.  About 2.8 million people in Lithuania speak the language. Additionally, another 200,000 people in Estonia and Latvia speak the language. Lithuanian is the national language of Lithuania and has been since 1918. Lithuanian is also the oldest Indo-European language that is still spoken today. It falls under the Indo-European classification of languages. There are several dialects of the language, such as Highland Lithuanian, Dzuku, and Aukstaiciai.\n\nThe Lithuanian literary language came into existence in the 1500s. The Lord’s Prayer, which is a creed, and the Ave Maria, which is a prayer to the Virgin Mary used in Catholic prayers, were the first documents translated around the year 1525. This version of Lithuanian was used only for religious writings and is quite different than the Lithuanian spoken today. For example, the older Lithuanian has much longer forms of endings than the Lithuanian spoken today. It also has more cases and appears to be more influenced by Slavic languages.\n\nIn the 1800s, there were three known dialects. They were the Low Lithuanian, the East High Lithuanian dialect (used mainly for poetic purposes) and the West High Lithuanian dialect, which was used mainly on the border of East Prussia. Modern-day Lithuanian has a 32-letter alphabet written in Latin and is closes to the West High Lithuanian, which was founded by Jonas Jablonsis (1861-1930).\n<h2>Facts about Lithuania</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>By the 14<sup>th</sup> century, Lithuania was the biggest country in Europe</li>\n 	<li>91% of Lithuanian Jews were killed in the Holocaust, one of largest percentages of any nation.</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania has over 61 miles of coast</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania joined the European Union in 2004</li>\n 	<li>Iceland was the first nation to recognized Lithuania in 1991.</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania was the last European country to be converted to Christianity</li>\n 	<li>There was only ever one king in Lithuanian, King Mindaugas</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Lithuanian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6194,6194,1,'languages-offered','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','87d89072-4532-40ea-bcbb-b0017e69d724',NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL),(6195,6195,1,'languages-offered','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','bce19af0-43b5-4274-a0c5-76f1c00b93c8',NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL),(6196,6196,1,'Lozi Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','a7d2805a-378a-41fd-b464-a80055da6ab8','<h2>Lozi interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lozi interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lozi language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lozi language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lozi language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lozi language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lozi people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lozi Language</h2>\nThe Lozi language is spoken by approximately 730,000 people worldwide. Of those people, about 612,000 of them live in Zambia. Lozi is also known as Kololo, Kolololo, Rotse, Rozi, Rutse, Silozi or Tovzi. It is spoken primarily in the Southern province, the Linvingstone area and the Western province of Barotseland. Lozi is also spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe along with Zambia. Lozi is used in education, home, church and community. It is taught in both primary and secondary schools and is used for media such as newspapers and the radio and is recognized for administrative and educational reasons. The Lozi language falls under the Niger-Congo language family and further, under the classification of Bantu languages. Its script is written in Latin, introduced by missionaries, and has a Zambian Braille system as well.\n\nThe history of the Lozi language indicates that Lozi came about as a compilation based on two languages: Luyana and Kololo. It is believed that the Luyana people had traveled south from both the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda in the Katanga region of the Congo River basin around the late 1600s or early 1700s. Because of this influence from the Luba and Lunda kingdoms, their language was heavily influenced and quite similar to theirs. After much travel, they settled in the upper Zambezi floodplains. Today, this area is known as Zambia. They established their own kingdom, known as Barotseland and named this area the Barotse Floodplain, also known as Bulozi.\n\nOn the other hand, the Kololo people were Sotho people who used to live in an area known today as Lesotho. The Kololo fled from Shaka Zulu in the beginning of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. Having learned war tactics from the Zulus, the Kololo people conquered the Luyana people, thus ruling them and forced their laws and language upon the Luyana. About 30 years after in 1864, the Luyana rebelled and ran out of the Kololo. In those thirty years, the native Luyana language had minimally been used. A new language, called Lozi or Silozi, was not the main language.\n\nThe Lozi people are very skilled in water, soil and grass conditions, making them excellent in agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing. The Lozi people consider themselves a separate people from Zambia and have their own flag.\n\nThe Lozi people have a hierarchy. The royalty is at the top and it goes all the way down to the slaves and serfs. Regarding the religion of the Lozi, the Nyambe cult is the most cardinal, indicating that all prayers are directed towards Nywambe. In the cult of Nyambe, the ‘priest’ is the oldest member of a family, whether it is a man or a woman, as there are no delegated priests in this cult. Nyambe had been worshipped only during special occasions and times of crises such as harvest time, war and drought. The second type of religion with the Lozi is the Royal Grave cult, where prayers are directed to spirits of the ancestor kings against Nyambe, which is the Supreme Being for the Lozi. It is believed, through royal descent, that the Royals came from Nyambe through the ancestress. Through royal descent, a person can be eligible for kingship.',NULL,'Professional Lozi language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6197,6197,1,'Lozi Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','f98b3e64-53d1-47ae-8e6c-1bc47417b639','<h2>Lozi interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lozi interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lozi language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lozi language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lozi language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lozi language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lozi people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lozi Language</h2>\nThe Lozi language is spoken by approximately 730,000 people worldwide. Of those people, about 612,000 of them live in Zambia. Lozi is also known as Kololo, Kolololo, Rotse, Rozi, Rutse, Silozi or Tovzi. It is spoken primarily in the Southern province, the Linvingstone area and the Western province of Barotseland. Lozi is also spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe along with Zambia. Lozi is used in education, home, church and community. It is taught in both primary and secondary schools and is used for media such as newspapers and the radio and is recognized for administrative and educational reasons. The Lozi language falls under the Niger-Congo language family and further, under the classification of Bantu languages. Its script is written in Latin, introduced by missionaries, and has a Zambian Braille system as well.\n\nThe history of the Lozi language indicates that Lozi came about as a compilation based on two languages: Luyana and Kololo. It is believed that the Luyana people had traveled south from both the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda in the Katanga region of the Congo River basin around the late 1600s or early 1700s. Because of this influence from the Luba and Lunda kingdoms, their language was heavily influenced and quite similar to theirs. After much travel, they settled in the upper Zambezi floodplains. Today, this area is known as Zambia. They established their own kingdom, known as Barotseland and named this area the Barotse Floodplain, also known as Bulozi.\n\nOn the other hand, the Kololo people were Sotho people who used to live in an area known today as Lesotho. The Kololo fled from Shaka Zulu in the beginning of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. Having learned war tactics from the Zulus, the Kololo people conquered the Luyana people, thus ruling them and forced their laws and language upon the Luyana. About 30 years after in 1864, the Luyana rebelled and ran out of the Kololo. In those thirty years, the native Luyana language had minimally been used. A new language, called Lozi or Silozi, was not the main language.\n\nThe Lozi people are very skilled in water, soil and grass conditions, making them excellent in agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing. The Lozi people consider themselves a separate people from Zambia and have their own flag.\n\nThe Lozi people have a hierarchy. The royalty is at the top and it goes all the way down to the slaves and serfs. Regarding the religion of the Lozi, the Nyambe cult is the most cardinal, indicating that all prayers are directed towards Nywambe. In the cult of Nyambe, the ‘priest’ is the oldest member of a family, whether it is a man or a woman, as there are no delegated priests in this cult. Nyambe had been worshipped only during special occasions and times of crises such as harvest time, war and drought. The second type of religion with the Lozi is the Royal Grave cult, where prayers are directed to spirits of the ancestor kings against Nyambe, which is the Supreme Being for the Lozi. It is believed, through royal descent, that the Royals came from Nyambe through the ancestress. Through royal descent, a person can be eligible for kingship.',NULL,'Professional Lozi language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6198,6198,1,'Lunda Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','770bb545-9c00-4030-8910-76fbce47011e','<h2>Lunda interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lunda interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lunda language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lunda language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lunda language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lunda language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lunda people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lunda Language</h2>\nThe Lunda Language, also known as the Chilunda language, is spoken main in Zambia. Approximately 403,000 people worldwide speak the language. Lunda is also spoken in Angola and even a little in the Republic of Congo. Lunda is spoken primarily in the Northwestern province of Zambia.\n\nLunda is part of the Niger-Congo language family and is a Bantu language. There are four dialacts of Lunda: Humbu, Kawiku, Kosa (also known as Koosa) and Ndembu. It is written in Latin. The main vocabulary of Lunda can be understood mutually between dialects and geographical locations. However, as one moves further away from the central point, the level of understanding Lunda decreases. Certain groups, for example, the Luapula Lunda, have essentially adopted the language of people where they settled.\n\nThe word “Lunda” is used to refer to hundreds of social groups who have a very similar oral history. Their histories connect them all to an empire that controlled trade around a vast majority of Central Africa from around the 1500s to the 1800s. When the Lunda has another name, it is usually given by locals in order to reflect the geographical or topographical position or can be named after local ruling dynasties.\n\nA lot of the Lunda land has high plateaus, between 1,200 and 1,500 meters above sea level. The vegetation soil can be described as Northern Brachystegia woodlands. The landscape can include thick forest with low stunted trees, plains and shrublands. The rainy season can run between September and April. Between August and September, it can be a hot/dry season.\n\nUnfortunately, there are no credible sources to indicate the census of the Lunda people and who considers themselves to be Lunda. Considering the land and the population, it is calculated that there are about .8 people per square kilometer, There are much higher numbers in Angola, Zaire and Zambia.\n\nThe Lunda people have a history that goes back many centuries. The Lunda people operated by segmentary matrilineage, where each segment had its own small territory, called <em>mpat</em>. The Lunda matrilineal. However, there is only an emphasis to remember the lineage of chiefs or certain headmen. Regarding kinship terminology, there are certain distinctions made between a father and a mother’s side of the family.  There is also a preference for cross-cousin marriage. The Lunda raised several crop, including maize, bananas, pumpkin, groundnuts, tomatoes and cabbage but fishing was their main activity. Crops were planted along the riverbank. This system led to a very productive and resourceful group. After 1600, traders from the Atlantic and Indian oceans were attracted to the region. The capital was in modern-day Zaire, known as Musumba. With the establishment of colonialism in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the Lunda people were divided among three main powers: England, Portugal and Belgium (which was later France).',NULL,'Professional Lunda language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6199,6199,1,'Lunda Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','5ec53958-f0cc-4874-bbe5-90680ccc6d2d','<h2>Lunda interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lunda interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lunda language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lunda language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lunda language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lunda language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lunda people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lunda Language</h2>\nThe Lunda Language, also known as the Chilunda language, is spoken main in Zambia. Approximately 403,000 people worldwide speak the language. Lunda is also spoken in Angola and even a little in the Republic of Congo. Lunda is spoken primarily in the Northwestern province of Zambia.\n\nLunda is part of the Niger-Congo language family and is a Bantu language. There are four dialacts of Lunda: Humbu, Kawiku, Kosa (also known as Koosa) and Ndembu. It is written in Latin. The main vocabulary of Lunda can be understood mutually between dialects and geographical locations. However, as one moves further away from the central point, the level of understanding Lunda decreases. Certain groups, for example, the Luapula Lunda, have essentially adopted the language of people where they settled.\n\nThe word “Lunda” is used to refer to hundreds of social groups who have a very similar oral history. Their histories connect them all to an empire that controlled trade around a vast majority of Central Africa from around the 1500s to the 1800s. When the Lunda has another name, it is usually given by locals in order to reflect the geographical or topographical position or can be named after local ruling dynasties.\n\nA lot of the Lunda land has high plateaus, between 1,200 and 1,500 meters above sea level. The vegetation soil can be described as Northern Brachystegia woodlands. The landscape can include thick forest with low stunted trees, plains and shrublands. The rainy season can run between September and April. Between August and September, it can be a hot/dry season.\n\nUnfortunately, there are no credible sources to indicate the census of the Lunda people and who considers themselves to be Lunda. Considering the land and the population, it is calculated that there are about .8 people per square kilometer, There are much higher numbers in Angola, Zaire and Zambia.\n\nThe Lunda people have a history that goes back many centuries. The Lunda people operated by segmentary matrilineage, where each segment had its own small territory, called <em>mpat</em>. The Lunda matrilineal. However, there is only an emphasis to remember the lineage of chiefs or certain headmen. Regarding kinship terminology, there are certain distinctions made between a father and a mother’s side of the family.  There is also a preference for cross-cousin marriage. The Lunda raised several crop, including maize, bananas, pumpkin, groundnuts, tomatoes and cabbage but fishing was their main activity. Crops were planted along the riverbank. This system led to a very productive and resourceful group. After 1600, traders from the Atlantic and Indian oceans were attracted to the region. The capital was in modern-day Zaire, known as Musumba. With the establishment of colonialism in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the Lunda people were divided among three main powers: England, Portugal and Belgium (which was later France).',NULL,'Professional Lunda language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6200,6200,1,'Lovale Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','703c3a2a-2db2-4e08-b711-d21cb3f0918e','<h2>Lovale interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lovale interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lovale language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lovale language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lovale language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lovale language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lovale people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Luvale Language</h2>\nThe Luvale language, also known as Lubale, Lovale and Lwena or Luena, is a Bantu language. It is spoken in Angola (in Moxico Province) and Zambia (in North-west and western provinces). There are eight official Zambian languages, including Luvale. In 2010, it was calculated that there are approximately 635,000 Lovale speakers worldwide with about 171,000 of those speakers living in Zambia. Today, the Lovale language is used in many facets, such as education, administration and media, including television and radio. The language is written in a Latin script.\n\nThe Luvale language is close to the Lunda and Ndembu people in many categories such as history, materials, religion and language. Culturally, they are very close to the Kaonde, Chokwe and Luchazi, which are prominent and important groups in East Angola. However, the Luvale have made a clear distinction between themselves and the Lunda, particularly because of ethnic politics that led the groups to have poor relations ever since the mid 20<sup>th</sup> century. What they both have in common is their dislike of the Lozi, their southern neighbors. Some of the biggest parts of their conflict are due to agricultural issues.\n\nWhile en route to get slaves for the Portuguese, Mdundu traders originating from Angola met the Luvale people in the late 1700s. For a trade of guns, cloth, beads and other materials, the Luvale obtained slaves for the Mbundu. This was later stopped in the early 1900s by the British.\n\nThe Luvale are different from other Zambians as they have strong lineage and clans. Although there are Luvale chiefs, lineage groups play different roles. According to Luvale, matrilineal descent is followed and it is preferred that cross-cousin marriage occurs. Additionally, there is a very important male initiation into manhood, called <em>mukanda</em>, and is a significant rite of passage that bestows manhood and further responsibilities.\n\nThe Luvale people are known to be great fishermen and they are particularly known for their export of dry catfish. Another Luvale tradition is that of hunting; however, the game is becoming rare in the area. Some of their most important crops include yams, peanuts and corn.',NULL,'Professional Lovale language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6201,6201,1,'Lovale Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','c06b399a-100e-4a41-997b-3e4a3da4a3fb','<h2>Lovale interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lovale interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lovale language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lovale language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lovale language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lovale language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lovale people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Luvale Language</h2>\nThe Luvale language, also known as Lubale, Lovale and Lwena or Luena, is a Bantu language. It is spoken in Angola (in Moxico Province) and Zambia (in North-west and western provinces). There are eight official Zambian languages, including Luvale. In 2010, it was calculated that there are approximately 635,000 Lovale speakers worldwide with about 171,000 of those speakers living in Zambia. Today, the Lovale language is used in many facets, such as education, administration and media, including television and radio. The language is written in a Latin script.\n\nThe Luvale language is close to the Lunda and Ndembu people in many categories such as history, materials, religion and language. Culturally, they are very close to the Kaonde, Chokwe and Luchazi, which are prominent and important groups in East Angola. However, the Luvale have made a clear distinction between themselves and the Lunda, particularly because of ethnic politics that led the groups to have poor relations ever since the mid 20<sup>th</sup> century. What they both have in common is their dislike of the Lozi, their southern neighbors. Some of the biggest parts of their conflict are due to agricultural issues.\n\nWhile en route to get slaves for the Portuguese, Mdundu traders originating from Angola met the Luvale people in the late 1700s. For a trade of guns, cloth, beads and other materials, the Luvale obtained slaves for the Mbundu. This was later stopped in the early 1900s by the British.\n\nThe Luvale are different from other Zambians as they have strong lineage and clans. Although there are Luvale chiefs, lineage groups play different roles. According to Luvale, matrilineal descent is followed and it is preferred that cross-cousin marriage occurs. Additionally, there is a very important male initiation into manhood, called <em>mukanda</em>, and is a significant rite of passage that bestows manhood and further responsibilities.\n\nThe Luvale people are known to be great fishermen and they are particularly known for their export of dry catfish. Another Luvale tradition is that of hunting; however, the game is becoming rare in the area. Some of their most important crops include yams, peanuts and corn.',NULL,'Professional Lovale language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6202,6202,1,'Makassar Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','e7652019-f43d-4a91-8b86-b2fd2c6e7c97','<h2>Makassar interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Makassar interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Makassar language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Makassar language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\nCIT’s Makassar language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Makassar language, as well as of the culture and history of the Makassar people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Makassar Language</h2>\nThe Makassar language, spoken by approximately 2.1 million people, is native to Indonesia. In Indonesia, it is particular to the South Sulawesi region. Makassar is part of the Austronesian language family. The language is closely related to Buginese. In the Makassar language, there are three dialects: Gowa, Maros-Pangkep and Jeneponto.\n\nMakassar is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi and is about 2,473 square kilometers. As of 2013, 1.6 million people lived in the 15 districts of Makassar. The 15 districts are: Biringkanaya, Bontoala, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangkarang_Islands\">Sangkarang Islands</a>, Makassar, Mamajang, Manggala, Mariso, Panakkukang, Rappocini, Tallo, Tamalanrea, Tamalate, Ujung Pandang, Land Edge, and Wajo.\n\nHistorically, Makassar has been known for its ports and its spice trading. There had always been struggles between the foreign powers and the natives over who would control the trade, considering how much money the trade was bringing in. The history of Makassar has been recorded and dates back to the 1200s. In 1945, Makassar declared its independence from the Netherlands. It became the capital of the State of East Indonesia. Because the country grew so much after its independence, many historical sites were destroyed in order to make room for more development. Today, one must dig deep to find the few historical landmarks that remain.\n\nThe main economy of Makassar is its ports, indicating domestic and international shipping. It is particularly known for docking pinisi boats, the last of their kind to ship long distances in trade. Because it is the biggest city in Sulawesi Island, a lot of its economy is based on services, such as restaurants and hotels. After that in popularity comes transportation and communication. The Makassar transportation system is called <em>pete-pete</em>, which are light blue mini busses that carry passengers. The city of Makassar is governed by a major.\n\nMakassar is a very warm area. It is categorized as having a tropical monsoon climate. There are five universities. They are: State University of Makassar, Hasanuddin University, Alauddin Islamic State University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar and Universitas Muslim Indonesia. As of 2007, all schoolgirls in Makassar must wear skirts below their knees.\n\nMakassar is known for its traditional foods. Its most famous is Coto Makasar, a stew made of nuts, spices, beef brain, tongue and intestine. Another famous food is <em>pisang epe</em>, which is a pressed banana that is grilled and covered with palm sugar.',NULL,'Professional Makassar language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6203,6203,1,'Makassar Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:08','2022-08-11 01:44:08','b23dc7cf-ce04-4074-bb74-083d1e5b309f','<h2>Makassar interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Makassar interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Makassar language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Makassar language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\nCIT’s Makassar language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Makassar language, as well as of the culture and history of the Makassar people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Makassar Language</h2>\nThe Makassar language, spoken by approximately 2.1 million people, is native to Indonesia. In Indonesia, it is particular to the South Sulawesi region. Makassar is part of the Austronesian language family. The language is closely related to Buginese. In the Makassar language, there are three dialects: Gowa, Maros-Pangkep and Jeneponto.\n\nMakassar is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi and is about 2,473 square kilometers. As of 2013, 1.6 million people lived in the 15 districts of Makassar. The 15 districts are: Biringkanaya, Bontoala, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangkarang_Islands\">Sangkarang Islands</a>, Makassar, Mamajang, Manggala, Mariso, Panakkukang, Rappocini, Tallo, Tamalanrea, Tamalate, Ujung Pandang, Land Edge, and Wajo.\n\nHistorically, Makassar has been known for its ports and its spice trading. There had always been struggles between the foreign powers and the natives over who would control the trade, considering how much money the trade was bringing in. The history of Makassar has been recorded and dates back to the 1200s. In 1945, Makassar declared its independence from the Netherlands. It became the capital of the State of East Indonesia. Because the country grew so much after its independence, many historical sites were destroyed in order to make room for more development. Today, one must dig deep to find the few historical landmarks that remain.\n\nThe main economy of Makassar is its ports, indicating domestic and international shipping. It is particularly known for docking pinisi boats, the last of their kind to ship long distances in trade. Because it is the biggest city in Sulawesi Island, a lot of its economy is based on services, such as restaurants and hotels. After that in popularity comes transportation and communication. The Makassar transportation system is called <em>pete-pete</em>, which are light blue mini busses that carry passengers. The city of Makassar is governed by a major.\n\nMakassar is a very warm area. It is categorized as having a tropical monsoon climate. There are five universities. They are: State University of Makassar, Hasanuddin University, Alauddin Islamic State University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar and Universitas Muslim Indonesia. As of 2007, all schoolgirls in Makassar must wear skirts below their knees.\n\nMakassar is known for its traditional foods. Its most famous is Coto Makasar, a stew made of nuts, spices, beef brain, tongue and intestine. Another famous food is <em>pisang epe</em>, which is a pressed banana that is grilled and covered with palm sugar.',NULL,'Professional Makassar language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6204,6204,1,'Malagasy Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','53469fad-33c0-4863-8f02-a860f6de56c3','<h2>Malagasy interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Malagasy interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Malagasy language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Malagasy language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Malagasy language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Malagasy language, as well as of the culture and history of the Malagasy people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Malagasy Language</h2>\nThe Malagasy language is part of the Malayo-Polynesiona language family, particularly the East Barito branch. It is spoken in Madagascar as the national and official language of the country. It is also spoken in Comoros, Reunion and Mayotte. There are approximately 18 million Malagasy speakers worldwide. Some additional communities that speak the language are located in Franch, Quebec (Canada), Belgium and Washington, D.C. (USA).\n\nSince Malagasy is part of the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages, it is closely related to other languages of the same family located in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. It is particularly close to a Southeast Barito language called Ma’anyan.\n\nThe Malagasy language was first recorded in the 1400s. It is written in the Sorabe and Latin scripts. In Malagasy, there are loanwords from Swahili and Arabic. Additionally, because French is the former colonial language, there are some loanwords from French as well. Because of 18<sup>th</sup> century pirates who came to the area, there are some loanwords in English as well.\n\nThere are many dialects of Malagasy. These include Antankarana, Bara, Masikoro, Northern Betsimisaraka, Merina, Sakalava, Tanosy, Tesaka and Tsimihety. The standard form of Malagasy is the Merina dialect which is spoken in the capital of Antananarivo and in the highlands. Merina can go by other names such as Plateau Malagasy, Ambaniandro, Borizany, Fiteny Malagasy, Hova, Malgache, Official Malagasy, Standard Malagasy or Teny ofisiealy. In Madagascar, Malagasy is the language used in primary and secondary schools. French is also used.\n\nIn the 1600s, as the French build Fort-Dauphin, which is now known as Tolanaro, located in the south of Madagascar, it came to their attention that the Malagasy people were using Sorabe, which is a form of Arabic letters, to write Malagasy. This seemed odd to them considering that Sorabe had previously only been used for magical text and astronomy. In 1658, the first Malagasy language dictionary was published by Eitenne de Flacourt. Later, in 1885, an English-Malagasy dictionary was published by James Richardson. A Welsh missionary, David Jones, came up with a way to write Malagasy using the Latin alphabet. This occurred in 1823. Working with another missionary named David Griffiths, Jones wrote the Bible in Malagasy. They then brought over the London Missionary Society to help build churches and schools in Madagascar.',NULL,'Professional Malagasy language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6205,6205,1,'Malagasy Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','706f48a9-4dc7-4967-930b-3c3ae1340176','<h2>Malagasy interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Malagasy interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Malagasy language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Malagasy language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Malagasy language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Malagasy language, as well as of the culture and history of the Malagasy people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Malagasy Language</h2>\nThe Malagasy language is part of the Malayo-Polynesiona language family, particularly the East Barito branch. It is spoken in Madagascar as the national and official language of the country. It is also spoken in Comoros, Reunion and Mayotte. There are approximately 18 million Malagasy speakers worldwide. Some additional communities that speak the language are located in Franch, Quebec (Canada), Belgium and Washington, D.C. (USA).\n\nSince Malagasy is part of the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages, it is closely related to other languages of the same family located in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. It is particularly close to a Southeast Barito language called Ma’anyan.\n\nThe Malagasy language was first recorded in the 1400s. It is written in the Sorabe and Latin scripts. In Malagasy, there are loanwords from Swahili and Arabic. Additionally, because French is the former colonial language, there are some loanwords from French as well. Because of 18<sup>th</sup> century pirates who came to the area, there are some loanwords in English as well.\n\nThere are many dialects of Malagasy. These include Antankarana, Bara, Masikoro, Northern Betsimisaraka, Merina, Sakalava, Tanosy, Tesaka and Tsimihety. The standard form of Malagasy is the Merina dialect which is spoken in the capital of Antananarivo and in the highlands. Merina can go by other names such as Plateau Malagasy, Ambaniandro, Borizany, Fiteny Malagasy, Hova, Malgache, Official Malagasy, Standard Malagasy or Teny ofisiealy. In Madagascar, Malagasy is the language used in primary and secondary schools. French is also used.\n\nIn the 1600s, as the French build Fort-Dauphin, which is now known as Tolanaro, located in the south of Madagascar, it came to their attention that the Malagasy people were using Sorabe, which is a form of Arabic letters, to write Malagasy. This seemed odd to them considering that Sorabe had previously only been used for magical text and astronomy. In 1658, the first Malagasy language dictionary was published by Eitenne de Flacourt. Later, in 1885, an English-Malagasy dictionary was published by James Richardson. A Welsh missionary, David Jones, came up with a way to write Malagasy using the Latin alphabet. This occurred in 1823. Working with another missionary named David Griffiths, Jones wrote the Bible in Malagasy. They then brought over the London Missionary Society to help build churches and schools in Madagascar.',NULL,'Professional Malagasy language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6206,6206,1,'Malayalam Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','8dd895bc-68ab-45b6-b1ec-cd24b9911f68','<h2>Malayalam interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Malayalam interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Malayalam language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Malayalam language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Malayalam language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Malayalam language, as well as of the culture and history of the Malayalam people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Malayalam Language</h2>\nThe Malayalam language is spoken by 36 million people worldwide. Malayalam is spoken in southwest India, specifically in Kerala, the Laccadive Islands along with Bahrain, Fiji, Israel, Malaysia, Qatar, Singapore, the UAE and the UK.\n\nMalayalam was initially written in the Vatteluttu alphabet, which was developed from the Brahmi script. Vatteluttu is written in ‘round writing.’ The oldest text known to be recorded in Malayalam was from 830 and is known as the Vazhappalli. As for the oldest and still surviving text of Malayalam, the Ramacharitam, is a poem written around the turn of the 13<sup>th</sup> century.\n\nAround the 8<sup>th</sup> century, the Grangtha alphabet, which had been previously used in the Chola Kingdom, was used to write the Malayalam and Tulu languages. Around the early 1200s, many believed that a systematic Malayalam alphabet was being used. Over the future centuries, there had been some changes to the alphabet and around the 1850s, the alphabet became more solid and is what is currently used today.\n\nDue to the difficulty of printing the Malayalam language, a much more simplified version was introduced in the 1970s and 1980s. The Malayalam script also has an Arabic version. It is used by Muslims in Singapore and Malaysia and sometimes by Muslims in Kerala. However, Christians in Kerala were accustomed to writing Malayalam with the Syriac script. They use Suriyani Malayalam in their worship.\n\nMalayalam is the 8<sup>th</sup> most spoken language in India out of the 18 popular languages. There are three main dialects of the Malayalam language, although there are smaller ones as well. The language has diglossia, which is a difference between the formal, literary and colloquial language. The Malayalam language has developed from the Tamil dialect of from a Proto-Dravidian language that Tamil is thought to be from as well. Malayalam has several retroflex consonants; meaning one pronounces them but curling the tongue to the roof of the mouth. The word order of Malayalam is subject-object-verb. Additionally, there is a “natural” gender, which means  that the form indicates gender of humans as masculine or feminine and any inanimate nouns are neutral.',NULL,'Professional Malayalam language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6207,6207,1,'Malayalam Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','a5bd02ae-64cd-4dd9-b333-88cb093a0f64','<h2>Malayalam interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Malayalam interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Malayalam language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Malayalam language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Malayalam language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Malayalam language, as well as of the culture and history of the Malayalam people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Malayalam Language</h2>\nThe Malayalam language is spoken by 36 million people worldwide. Malayalam is spoken in southwest India, specifically in Kerala, the Laccadive Islands along with Bahrain, Fiji, Israel, Malaysia, Qatar, Singapore, the UAE and the UK.\n\nMalayalam was initially written in the Vatteluttu alphabet, which was developed from the Brahmi script. Vatteluttu is written in ‘round writing.’ The oldest text known to be recorded in Malayalam was from 830 and is known as the Vazhappalli. As for the oldest and still surviving text of Malayalam, the Ramacharitam, is a poem written around the turn of the 13<sup>th</sup> century.\n\nAround the 8<sup>th</sup> century, the Grangtha alphabet, which had been previously used in the Chola Kingdom, was used to write the Malayalam and Tulu languages. Around the early 1200s, many believed that a systematic Malayalam alphabet was being used. Over the future centuries, there had been some changes to the alphabet and around the 1850s, the alphabet became more solid and is what is currently used today.\n\nDue to the difficulty of printing the Malayalam language, a much more simplified version was introduced in the 1970s and 1980s. The Malayalam script also has an Arabic version. It is used by Muslims in Singapore and Malaysia and sometimes by Muslims in Kerala. However, Christians in Kerala were accustomed to writing Malayalam with the Syriac script. They use Suriyani Malayalam in their worship.\n\nMalayalam is the 8<sup>th</sup> most spoken language in India out of the 18 popular languages. There are three main dialects of the Malayalam language, although there are smaller ones as well. The language has diglossia, which is a difference between the formal, literary and colloquial language. The Malayalam language has developed from the Tamil dialect of from a Proto-Dravidian language that Tamil is thought to be from as well. Malayalam has several retroflex consonants; meaning one pronounces them but curling the tongue to the roof of the mouth. The word order of Malayalam is subject-object-verb. Additionally, there is a “natural” gender, which means  that the form indicates gender of humans as masculine or feminine and any inanimate nouns are neutral.',NULL,'Professional Malayalam language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6208,6208,1,'Maltese Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','97ee836e-02b4-4291-a9f7-f2e8fb987945','<h2>Maltese interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Maltese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Maltese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Maltese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Maltese language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Maltese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Maltese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Maltese Language</h2>\nThe Maltese language is spoken by about 420,000 speakers in Malta, Gozo and Comino. It is a Central Semitic language and comes from the Siculo-Arabic, which was developed in both Sicility and Malta between 800-1300. The first recording of Malta having its own language is from 1364. The first recorded text in Maltese was from 1485. It was written by Pietro Caxaro. In Malta, there are two official languages: Maltese and English. The alphabet used today was established in 1924 and is written in a Latin script.\n\nThere are six recorded dialects of Maltese, besides Maltese. They are Gozo, Port Maltese, Rural Central Maltese, Rural East Maltese, Rural West Maltese and Zurrieq. There are five short vowels, six long vowels and seven diphthongs. The stress of a word is usually on the second to the last syllable.\n<h2>History of Malta and Maltese</h2>\nA prominent theory of the origination of the Maltese language is that it came from Carthaginian or Punic, which was languages of Carthage and a form of Phoenician. In a book written between 1594 and 1602 by Giacomo Bosio titled, “The History of the Sacred Religion and Illustrious Militia of St. John of Jerusalem,” this theory is discussed. In 1649, the first Maltese dictionary was published.\n\nMalta had been occupied by the Norman starting in 1090. Before that, the Arab had begun settling Malta starting in 870 AD. Between 1530 and 1798, the Knights Hospitaller of St. John had occupied Malta. They spoke French, Italian, Latin, German, Portuguese and Spanish. When Malta became a British colony in 1800, the British tried to have English as a local language in place of Italian. Because of this, about 20% of the Maltese vocabulary comes from English whereas about 50% of the vocabulary comes from Sicilian and Italian. There are also several words in Norman and French.\n\nWhen Malta gained its independence in 1964, English and Maltese both reach official status and are the official languages of Malta today. Both languages are used for public life including lawmaking, religion such as church, media and conversation. English is the preferred language to be used in schools, particularly in higher education.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about Malta</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Calypso Cave in Malta is said to be the cave Homer wrote about in The Odyssey</li>\n 	<li>On Gazo, an island of Malta, its capital, Victoria is also known as Rabat.</li>\n 	<li>The size of Malta is about 121 square miles</li>\n 	<li>The capital of Malta, Valetta is one of the most historical areas of the world</li>\n 	<li>Maltese sounds very close to Arabic</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Maltese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6209,6209,1,'Maltese Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','3d7d5f3d-4edf-43f2-a901-821ddc453b39','<h2>Maltese interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Maltese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Maltese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Maltese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Maltese language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Maltese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Maltese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Maltese Language</h2>\nThe Maltese language is spoken by about 420,000 speakers in Malta, Gozo and Comino. It is a Central Semitic language and comes from the Siculo-Arabic, which was developed in both Sicility and Malta between 800-1300. The first recording of Malta having its own language is from 1364. The first recorded text in Maltese was from 1485. It was written by Pietro Caxaro. In Malta, there are two official languages: Maltese and English. The alphabet used today was established in 1924 and is written in a Latin script.\n\nThere are six recorded dialects of Maltese, besides Maltese. They are Gozo, Port Maltese, Rural Central Maltese, Rural East Maltese, Rural West Maltese and Zurrieq. There are five short vowels, six long vowels and seven diphthongs. The stress of a word is usually on the second to the last syllable.\n<h2>History of Malta and Maltese</h2>\nA prominent theory of the origination of the Maltese language is that it came from Carthaginian or Punic, which was languages of Carthage and a form of Phoenician. In a book written between 1594 and 1602 by Giacomo Bosio titled, “The History of the Sacred Religion and Illustrious Militia of St. John of Jerusalem,” this theory is discussed. In 1649, the first Maltese dictionary was published.\n\nMalta had been occupied by the Norman starting in 1090. Before that, the Arab had begun settling Malta starting in 870 AD. Between 1530 and 1798, the Knights Hospitaller of St. John had occupied Malta. They spoke French, Italian, Latin, German, Portuguese and Spanish. When Malta became a British colony in 1800, the British tried to have English as a local language in place of Italian. Because of this, about 20% of the Maltese vocabulary comes from English whereas about 50% of the vocabulary comes from Sicilian and Italian. There are also several words in Norman and French.\n\nWhen Malta gained its independence in 1964, English and Maltese both reach official status and are the official languages of Malta today. Both languages are used for public life including lawmaking, religion such as church, media and conversation. English is the preferred language to be used in schools, particularly in higher education.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about Malta</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Calypso Cave in Malta is said to be the cave Homer wrote about in The Odyssey</li>\n 	<li>On Gazo, an island of Malta, its capital, Victoria is also known as Rabat.</li>\n 	<li>The size of Malta is about 121 square miles</li>\n 	<li>The capital of Malta, Valetta is one of the most historical areas of the world</li>\n 	<li>Maltese sounds very close to Arabic</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Maltese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6210,6210,1,'Manchu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','3d6a95e6-7b9f-4451-bf6c-566beed3c1e9','<h2>Manchu interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Manchu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Manchu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Manchu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Manchu language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Manchu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Manchu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Manchu Language</h2>\nManchu, also known as Man, is a highly endangered language. It is part of the Manchu-Tungus languages from the Altaic family. It had been spoken by the Manchu people of Manchuria but now, there are only about 20 people who speak the language natively. They are all above the age of 70 years olf as well. There are thousands of people, however, who speak Manchu as a second language. Additionally, many people (thousands as well), speak Sibo (or Xibe), which is very closely related to Manchu and is found spoken in the Yili region of Xinjiang.\n<h2>Manchu Grammar and Vocabulary</h2>\nIn Manchu, there is vowel harmony, indicating that the vowels are broken up into two or three classes. There are certain restrictions in the words, particularly that additional suffixes must all be in the same vowel class. This is often seen in Altaic languages but is not as strict as it might be in other Altaic languages, for example, Mongol. When referring to verbs in Manchu, there is no difference between person or number. Since the 1600s, Manchu has been a written language and uses Mongol alphabetic script, althought the phonetics of the language are based on Jurchen, an earlier version of Manchu writing. Jurchen is the name of the empire the Manchu people formed on their own. In 1599, the Manchu alphabet was developed by a Manchu leader named Nurhaci. He was the founded of the Manchu state and lived between 1559-1626. In 1632, slight changes were made to the Manchu alphabet.\n<h2>Manchurian History</h2>\nBetween 1644 to 1911, the Ch’ing dynasty had ruled China. Between the 17<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries during the Ch’ing dynasty, Manchu was the official language of the Chinese government. The Manchu people would later invade China to form the Ch’ing dynasty. Even with a treaty between China and Russia, the Russian annexed the part of land near the Pacific ocean. Japan attacked the Russians to seize control of this part of the land. Japan later attacked the Chinese part of Manchuria, which led to their involvement in World War II. In the mid 1800s, the Manchus began using Chinese as their first language but several materials were still produced in Manchu.\n\nThe Manchu languages uses an alphabetic system of writing and is written from left to right in columns from top to bottom. A majority of the letters have several forms. For example, initial, medial and final letters which would be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of words.\n\nManchuria is located in northeast China and in the Russian Far East.',NULL,'Professional Manchu language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6211,6211,1,'Manchu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','80de52bc-c5e5-4ccf-b935-0ba2cb81cc52','<h2>Manchu interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Manchu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Manchu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Manchu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Manchu language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Manchu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Manchu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Manchu Language</h2>\nManchu, also known as Man, is a highly endangered language. It is part of the Manchu-Tungus languages from the Altaic family. It had been spoken by the Manchu people of Manchuria but now, there are only about 20 people who speak the language natively. They are all above the age of 70 years olf as well. There are thousands of people, however, who speak Manchu as a second language. Additionally, many people (thousands as well), speak Sibo (or Xibe), which is very closely related to Manchu and is found spoken in the Yili region of Xinjiang.\n<h2>Manchu Grammar and Vocabulary</h2>\nIn Manchu, there is vowel harmony, indicating that the vowels are broken up into two or three classes. There are certain restrictions in the words, particularly that additional suffixes must all be in the same vowel class. This is often seen in Altaic languages but is not as strict as it might be in other Altaic languages, for example, Mongol. When referring to verbs in Manchu, there is no difference between person or number. Since the 1600s, Manchu has been a written language and uses Mongol alphabetic script, althought the phonetics of the language are based on Jurchen, an earlier version of Manchu writing. Jurchen is the name of the empire the Manchu people formed on their own. In 1599, the Manchu alphabet was developed by a Manchu leader named Nurhaci. He was the founded of the Manchu state and lived between 1559-1626. In 1632, slight changes were made to the Manchu alphabet.\n<h2>Manchurian History</h2>\nBetween 1644 to 1911, the Ch’ing dynasty had ruled China. Between the 17<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries during the Ch’ing dynasty, Manchu was the official language of the Chinese government. The Manchu people would later invade China to form the Ch’ing dynasty. Even with a treaty between China and Russia, the Russian annexed the part of land near the Pacific ocean. Japan attacked the Russians to seize control of this part of the land. Japan later attacked the Chinese part of Manchuria, which led to their involvement in World War II. In the mid 1800s, the Manchus began using Chinese as their first language but several materials were still produced in Manchu.\n\nThe Manchu languages uses an alphabetic system of writing and is written from left to right in columns from top to bottom. A majority of the letters have several forms. For example, initial, medial and final letters which would be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of words.\n\nManchuria is located in northeast China and in the Russian Far East.',NULL,'Professional Manchu language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6212,6212,1,'Mandarin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','7d30e3d0-0238-461f-b743-286d21710772','<h2>Mandarin interpreters and translators</h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Mandarin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mandarin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mandarin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mandarin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Mandarin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mandarin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>The Mandarin Language</h2>		\n		<p>The Mandarin language is mainly known a Chinese, or Northern Chinese. It is a Sino-Tibetan language and the most popular form of the Chinese language among the five most popular languages spoken in China. It is spoken in all parts of China that are north of the Yangtze River and is the most popular language in the world. About 66% of China speaks Mandarin as a native language. Mandarin is spoken in China, Eastern Central Myanmar, Northern Myanmar, Mongolia and Taiwan. Over 1 billion people in China speak Mandarin and close to 1.2 billion people worldwide speak Mandarin.</p><p>Mandarin Chinese has 4 subgroups. They are: Northern Mandarin (centered around Beijing, northern China and Manchuria), Northern Mandarin (spoken between Baoji and most of northwestern China), Southwestern Mandarin (Chongqing and Sichuan) and Southern (Nanjing). Mandarin Chinese is based around Beijing. It is the national language of China, referred to as <em>putonghua</em>. Modern Standard Chinese is the official language of Taiwan.</p><p>There are four tones in the Mandarin language. They are: level, rising, falling and high-rising. These tones are used in order to differentiate between words or syllables that are similar. As with other Chinese languages, Mandarin has primarily monosyllabic words.</p><p>Mandarin follows the subject-verb-object word order. There are six complete word classes, eight vowels, 24 consonants and 6 diphthongs. Mandarin is used in a variety of subjects such as academic, religious text, media related and government. 91% of the Chinese are literate and Mandarin is considered a fully developed language.</p><p>The Mandarin writing system is written in Bopomofo script and has been used since 1913. It was revised in 1920 and again in 1932. Han script has been used officially since 1956 in Mainland China along with Singapore. Mandarin text is written in vertical columns and are written from top to bottom, right to left. The first column is on the right side of the page and the last is on the left. Mandarin characters are written in an art form, where each part of a word can be its own character. For example, with the word <em>yesterday</em>, the part <em>yester</em> would be one character as for the part <em>day</em> would be another character. Characters are written in an imaginary box as they are written in columns, making each character the same size.</p><p>Traditionally, the main religions of China are Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Daoism and Islam.</p>',NULL,NULL,NULL),(6213,6213,1,'Mandarin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','17880a74-e53f-4198-960d-007bb39102c4','<h2>Mandarin interpreters and translators</h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Mandarin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mandarin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mandarin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mandarin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Mandarin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mandarin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>The Mandarin Language</h2>		\n		<p>The Mandarin language is mainly known a Chinese, or Northern Chinese. It is a Sino-Tibetan language and the most popular form of the Chinese language among the five most popular languages spoken in China. It is spoken in all parts of China that are north of the Yangtze River and is the most popular language in the world. About 66% of China speaks Mandarin as a native language. Mandarin is spoken in China, Eastern Central Myanmar, Northern Myanmar, Mongolia and Taiwan. Over 1 billion people in China speak Mandarin and close to 1.2 billion people worldwide speak Mandarin.</p><p>Mandarin Chinese has 4 subgroups. They are: Northern Mandarin (centered around Beijing, northern China and Manchuria), Northern Mandarin (spoken between Baoji and most of northwestern China), Southwestern Mandarin (Chongqing and Sichuan) and Southern (Nanjing). Mandarin Chinese is based around Beijing. It is the national language of China, referred to as <em>putonghua</em>. Modern Standard Chinese is the official language of Taiwan.</p><p>There are four tones in the Mandarin language. They are: level, rising, falling and high-rising. These tones are used in order to differentiate between words or syllables that are similar. As with other Chinese languages, Mandarin has primarily monosyllabic words.</p><p>Mandarin follows the subject-verb-object word order. There are six complete word classes, eight vowels, 24 consonants and 6 diphthongs. Mandarin is used in a variety of subjects such as academic, religious text, media related and government. 91% of the Chinese are literate and Mandarin is considered a fully developed language.</p><p>The Mandarin writing system is written in Bopomofo script and has been used since 1913. It was revised in 1920 and again in 1932. Han script has been used officially since 1956 in Mainland China along with Singapore. Mandarin text is written in vertical columns and are written from top to bottom, right to left. The first column is on the right side of the page and the last is on the left. Mandarin characters are written in an art form, where each part of a word can be its own character. For example, with the word <em>yesterday</em>, the part <em>yester</em> would be one character as for the part <em>day</em> would be another character. Characters are written in an imaginary box as they are written in columns, making each character the same size.</p><p>Traditionally, the main religions of China are Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Daoism and Islam.</p>',NULL,NULL,NULL),(6214,6214,1,'Maori Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','8702156b-be6c-4e17-a112-4f84aea42d1a','<h2>Maori interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Maori interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Maori language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Maori language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Maori language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Maori language, as well as of the culture and history of the Maori people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Maori Language</h2>\nThe Maori language, spoken in the North Island of New Zealand, is spoken by about 125,000 people. Maori, along with English, is an official language of New Zealand. It is believed that about 50,000 people speak Maori very well or fluently and that most Maori speakers are 65 years old or older. Prior to the 19<sup>th </sup>century, another language, Moriori, was spoken in the Chatham Islands, which is to the east of New Zealand. At this time, Maori was the only language spoken through the North and South Island of New Zealand. Currently, Moriori no longer exists. There have not been any native speakers recorded since the 1930s. However, the language has been recorded in written form quite elaborately.\n\nOne language that is quite similar to Maori is Cook Islands Maori, or Rarotongan. It is spoken in the Cook Islands. Maori is considered to be part of the East Polynesian languages within the Polynesian language group. Linguists are unable to give a concrete answer regarding the number of dialects there currently are in the Maori language. However, it has been agreed upon that there are three major dialect divisions.\n\nThese dialect divisions are Eastern North Island, Western North Island and South Island, although South Island has no native Maori speakers. There are not that many differences but the differences that do occur between dialects are those in pronunciation, vocabulary and idiom. If someone were fluent in Maori, they would be able to understand all dialects of the Maori language.\n\nIn New Zealand, the Maori language has influenced the English spoken in the country. There are some nature terms, such as for birds and tress that are referred to only by their Maori names. On the flipside, the English language has also highly influenced Maori. There are hundreds of words in the Maori language that have roots in English. The Maori that is spoken specifically by the younger population is more influenced by the English language, specifically in grammatical word order. Other languages that have influenced Maori are French, Hebrew and Latin. Thousands of people speak Maori as a second language to English.\n\nMaori is currently taught at the pre-school level. As a child grows, it is taught more as a subject for Maori immersion education. As of 2017, about 18,000 children learned Maori in school as part of a bilingual immersion program. Maori is written in Roman script.\n\nThe first book written in the Maori language dates back to 1815. In 1842, the first Maori newspaper was published. Later, an additional 39 Maori newspapers would appear. The Maori bible had been revised several times up until the middle of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. In recent times, only short stories have been published in Maori.',NULL,'Professional Maori language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6215,6215,1,'Maori Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','d4ee97ea-e60c-4d15-b8bf-667b8d0336f3','<h2>Maori interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Maori interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Maori language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Maori language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Maori language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Maori language, as well as of the culture and history of the Maori people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Maori Language</h2>\nThe Maori language, spoken in the North Island of New Zealand, is spoken by about 125,000 people. Maori, along with English, is an official language of New Zealand. It is believed that about 50,000 people speak Maori very well or fluently and that most Maori speakers are 65 years old or older. Prior to the 19<sup>th </sup>century, another language, Moriori, was spoken in the Chatham Islands, which is to the east of New Zealand. At this time, Maori was the only language spoken through the North and South Island of New Zealand. Currently, Moriori no longer exists. There have not been any native speakers recorded since the 1930s. However, the language has been recorded in written form quite elaborately.\n\nOne language that is quite similar to Maori is Cook Islands Maori, or Rarotongan. It is spoken in the Cook Islands. Maori is considered to be part of the East Polynesian languages within the Polynesian language group. Linguists are unable to give a concrete answer regarding the number of dialects there currently are in the Maori language. However, it has been agreed upon that there are three major dialect divisions.\n\nThese dialect divisions are Eastern North Island, Western North Island and South Island, although South Island has no native Maori speakers. There are not that many differences but the differences that do occur between dialects are those in pronunciation, vocabulary and idiom. If someone were fluent in Maori, they would be able to understand all dialects of the Maori language.\n\nIn New Zealand, the Maori language has influenced the English spoken in the country. There are some nature terms, such as for birds and tress that are referred to only by their Maori names. On the flipside, the English language has also highly influenced Maori. There are hundreds of words in the Maori language that have roots in English. The Maori that is spoken specifically by the younger population is more influenced by the English language, specifically in grammatical word order. Other languages that have influenced Maori are French, Hebrew and Latin. Thousands of people speak Maori as a second language to English.\n\nMaori is currently taught at the pre-school level. As a child grows, it is taught more as a subject for Maori immersion education. As of 2017, about 18,000 children learned Maori in school as part of a bilingual immersion program. Maori is written in Roman script.\n\nThe first book written in the Maori language dates back to 1815. In 1842, the first Maori newspaper was published. Later, an additional 39 Maori newspapers would appear. The Maori bible had been revised several times up until the middle of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. In recent times, only short stories have been published in Maori.',NULL,'Professional Maori language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6216,6216,1,'Mayan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','fb4dab28-deba-4952-865d-12ea5d7a1610','<h2>Mayan interpreters and translators</h2>		\n		<p>CIT provides interpreters and translators for Mayan languages including<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/language-services/qanjobal/\"> Q’anjob’al</a> for various needs such as legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more. If you\'re in need of us right away, call <a href=\"tel:208887379009\">888.737.900</a>.</p><p>You may ask, how can a California-based language translation company help Mayans in Palm Beach County,  Jupiter, and Lake Worth in Florida?</p><p>Our network of comprehensive Mayan language services includes interpreters from around the US and the globe. Our translation and transcription service is provided, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mayan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mayan language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Mayan language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mayan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>The Mayan Family of Languages</h2>		\n		<p>Over 6 million people, mainly in Central America, speak Mayan. There are approximately 69 languages that compose the Mayan language family. The Mayan language is believed to have originated about 5000 years ago from the Proto-Mayan family of languages. The primary speakers of Proto-Mayan were those who lived in the Mayan empire, many of which their remains can be found in modern day Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador and southern Mexico. The Mayan empire was quite powerful and successful for many centuries from 1500 BC but came to a downfall around the 9<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries AD.</p><p>Today, the largest bodies of Mayan speaking people are found in Mexico, specifically in the Yucatan, Campeche, Quitana Roo, Tabasco and Chiapas states. Historically speaking, Mayan has been well documented and the language classifications have been widely accepted by the Mayan people. The 69 language groups that Mayan is divided into are based widely on the ancestors who spoke the language. The first language to split from the Mayan languages was the Huastecan branch of languages, composed of Huastec and Chicomuceltec, which are now extinct languages. The next language to branch off was Yucatecan family, comprosed of Yucatec Maya, Lacandon, Itzaj and Mopan. </p><p>The largest branch of Mayan, known as Core Mayan, broke into several other languages. They include Greater Tzeltana, Greater <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/language-services/qanjobal/\">Q’anjob’alan</a>, and Eastern Mayan. Greater Tzeltalan broke into Ch’olan and Tzeltan. Ch’olan Langues include Chontoa, Ch’ol, Ch’orti, and Cholti, which is extinct. Tzeltanan includes Tzeltan and Tzolzil. Greater Q’anjob’alan is comprised of Q’anjob’alan (made up of Mocho’, Tuzantec, Q’anjob’al, Akateko, Jakalteko) and Chujean (Chuj and Tojolabal). Eastern Mayan has two branches: K’ichean (K’iche’, Kaqchike, Tz’utujil, Sakapulteko, Sipakepeno, Poqomam, Poqomchi’ Uspanteko, Q’eqchi’). Mamean languages include Mam, Teco, Awakateko, and Ixil.</p><p>In the 4<sup>th</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> centuries BC up until the 1600s, the Mayan languages were written in a complex hieroglyphic writing system. It had not been accurately deciphered until the mid-1900s. Since the language was deciphered, historians were much better able to understand Mayan history. It has been noted that the main speakers of the Classic Maya languages were the Ch’olan language speakers. They had a large influence on those who spoke Mayan and their non-speaking Mayan neighbors.</p>		\n															<img width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https://calinterpreting.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/QANJOBAL-MAYAN-LANGUAGE-INTERPRETING-AND-TRANSLATIONS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Q’anjob’al (pronounced kan-jo-bal) is an indigenous Mayan language to theQ’anjob’al’s in the Huehuetenango region of Guatemala.\" />															\n			<h2>Interesting Facts about the Mayan</h2>		\n		<ul><li>Mayan temples and pyramids are still being discovered today!</li><li>Their writing as in a very complex form on hieroglyphics</li><li>The Mayan calendar did not actually predict the end of the world</li><li>The Maya people invited the tooth grill!</li><li>Children would have their skulls bound to elongate their skulls, most probably to indicate social status</li><li>They engaged in heavy sports</li></ul>',NULL,'Helpful Mayan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','mayan interpreters'),(6217,6217,1,'Mayan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','0c8ddb8d-a294-4b82-a61b-962c7f3939fe','<h2>Mayan interpreters and translators</h2>		\n		<p>CIT provides interpreters and translators for Mayan languages including<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/language-services/qanjobal/\"> Q’anjob’al</a> for various needs such as legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more. If you\'re in need of us right away, call <a href=\"tel:208887379009\">888.737.900</a>.</p><p>You may ask, how can a California-based language translation company help Mayans in Palm Beach County,  Jupiter, and Lake Worth in Florida?</p><p>Our network of comprehensive Mayan language services includes interpreters from around the US and the globe. Our translation and transcription service is provided, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mayan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mayan language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Mayan language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mayan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>The Mayan Family of Languages</h2>		\n		<p>Over 6 million people, mainly in Central America, speak Mayan. There are approximately 69 languages that compose the Mayan language family. The Mayan language is believed to have originated about 5000 years ago from the Proto-Mayan family of languages. The primary speakers of Proto-Mayan were those who lived in the Mayan empire, many of which their remains can be found in modern day Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador and southern Mexico. The Mayan empire was quite powerful and successful for many centuries from 1500 BC but came to a downfall around the 9<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries AD.</p><p>Today, the largest bodies of Mayan speaking people are found in Mexico, specifically in the Yucatan, Campeche, Quitana Roo, Tabasco and Chiapas states. Historically speaking, Mayan has been well documented and the language classifications have been widely accepted by the Mayan people. The 69 language groups that Mayan is divided into are based widely on the ancestors who spoke the language. The first language to split from the Mayan languages was the Huastecan branch of languages, composed of Huastec and Chicomuceltec, which are now extinct languages. The next language to branch off was Yucatecan family, comprosed of Yucatec Maya, Lacandon, Itzaj and Mopan. </p><p>The largest branch of Mayan, known as Core Mayan, broke into several other languages. They include Greater Tzeltana, Greater <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/language-services/qanjobal/\">Q’anjob’alan</a>, and Eastern Mayan. Greater Tzeltalan broke into Ch’olan and Tzeltan. Ch’olan Langues include Chontoa, Ch’ol, Ch’orti, and Cholti, which is extinct. Tzeltanan includes Tzeltan and Tzolzil. Greater Q’anjob’alan is comprised of Q’anjob’alan (made up of Mocho’, Tuzantec, Q’anjob’al, Akateko, Jakalteko) and Chujean (Chuj and Tojolabal). Eastern Mayan has two branches: K’ichean (K’iche’, Kaqchike, Tz’utujil, Sakapulteko, Sipakepeno, Poqomam, Poqomchi’ Uspanteko, Q’eqchi’). Mamean languages include Mam, Teco, Awakateko, and Ixil.</p><p>In the 4<sup>th</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> centuries BC up until the 1600s, the Mayan languages were written in a complex hieroglyphic writing system. It had not been accurately deciphered until the mid-1900s. Since the language was deciphered, historians were much better able to understand Mayan history. It has been noted that the main speakers of the Classic Maya languages were the Ch’olan language speakers. They had a large influence on those who spoke Mayan and their non-speaking Mayan neighbors.</p>		\n															<img width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https://calinterpreting.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/QANJOBAL-MAYAN-LANGUAGE-INTERPRETING-AND-TRANSLATIONS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Q’anjob’al (pronounced kan-jo-bal) is an indigenous Mayan language to theQ’anjob’al’s in the Huehuetenango region of Guatemala.\" />															\n			<h2>Interesting Facts about the Mayan</h2>		\n		<ul><li>Mayan temples and pyramids are still being discovered today!</li><li>Their writing as in a very complex form on hieroglyphics</li><li>The Mayan calendar did not actually predict the end of the world</li><li>The Maya people invited the tooth grill!</li><li>Children would have their skulls bound to elongate their skulls, most probably to indicate social status</li><li>They engaged in heavy sports</li></ul>',NULL,'Helpful Mayan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','mayan interpreters'),(6218,6218,1,'Michif Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','ce54cae7-08c5-4ddf-aff7-c93db9345f74','<h2>Michif interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Michif interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Michif language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Michif language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Michif language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Michif language, as well as of the culture and history of the Michif people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Michif Language</h2>\nThe Michif language is spoken in certain parts of Canada, particulalry in Manitoba and Saskatchewan along with in North Dakota and Montana. Michif is spoken by the Metis people. It is a combination of Cree and French but has English and Indigenous language(such as Ojibwe) loanwords. As of 2016, Michif is considered an endangered language since only 1,170 people are reoirted to be Michif speakers. Even with its endangered status, it is the most commonly spoken Metish language among French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet.\n\nThe word Michif refers to the Metis people themselves and means “of mixed blood.” Michif came between Cree and Ojibwe speakers. Their offspring are the Metis and the language has been believed to be created in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century on the Plains. Historically speaking, Michif had been spoken only by bison hunters in the winter camps. It is said that most Metis people, such as the wealthy, fishers, farmers an ranchers, did not even speak Michif. Over the 1800s and 1900s, Michif became the language of the Metis people.\n\nMichif used to be thought of as poor French or a poor mixture of the language elements. However. Michif is quite complex and the complexity of the Michif language suggests to linguists and historians that Michif speakers spoke multiple languages, such as Cree, Ojibwe and French. However, today, not many Michif speakers can speak or even understand other languages fluently. In Michif, there are French nouns, numbers, articles and adjectives. The syntax and structure follows that of the French language. Unlike in French, Michif is written like it sounds to the people of a certain region. This means that there are several spellings for the same word based on the dialect of the area. Because Michif is considered to be an oral language, its spelling system is not very uniform. The first Michif spelling system created was the Turtle Mountain spelling system in North Dakota. The others were created by linguists named Rita Flamand, Robert Papan and Norman Fleury.\n\nToday, Michif is spoken where bison hunters used to spend their winters, specifically around the Assiniboine and Qu’Appelle rivers in Manitoba, the Qu’Appelle valley in Saskatchewan, and the Grand Coteau du Missouri in North Dakota. In 2016, Canadian statistics indicated that only 315 people reported Michif as their first language. In the schools, Michif is not spoken or taught; rather, English and French dominate. The fact that the language has lasted this long indicates a strong cultural tradition with the Metis people. Funding has been allocated in Canada to preserve the language through the production of dictionaries and language programs.\n\nOther Metis languages include French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet. French Cree is spoken in northern Saskatchewan, in the village of Ile-a-la-Crosse along with other communities such as Buffalo Narrows. It is the general consensus that French Cree is very different from Cree-Michif.\n\nFrench Michif, known as Metis French, is a variation of the French that helped create the Michif language. It originated from traders around the Great Lakes in the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries. It is still spoken in St. Lauren and St. Ambroise, located in Lake Manitoba.\n\nBungi, meaning “a little” is a mix of English, Ojibwe, Cree and Gaelic. It also has some French loanwords. It was spoken by the Metis who had Scottish ancestors but is almost now extinct as only a few elders speak the language.\n\nLastly, Brayet is another language that came to be as a mixture between Europeans and the Indigenous people. It includes French and Ojibwe words and has also been spoken around the Great Lakes. It is considered to be extinct.',NULL,'Professional Michif language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6219,6219,1,'Michif Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','223ed282-3b6e-4eae-b2eb-c542420595be','<h2>Michif interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Michif interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Michif language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Michif language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Michif language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Michif language, as well as of the culture and history of the Michif people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Michif Language</h2>\nThe Michif language is spoken in certain parts of Canada, particulalry in Manitoba and Saskatchewan along with in North Dakota and Montana. Michif is spoken by the Metis people. It is a combination of Cree and French but has English and Indigenous language(such as Ojibwe) loanwords. As of 2016, Michif is considered an endangered language since only 1,170 people are reoirted to be Michif speakers. Even with its endangered status, it is the most commonly spoken Metish language among French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet.\n\nThe word Michif refers to the Metis people themselves and means “of mixed blood.” Michif came between Cree and Ojibwe speakers. Their offspring are the Metis and the language has been believed to be created in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century on the Plains. Historically speaking, Michif had been spoken only by bison hunters in the winter camps. It is said that most Metis people, such as the wealthy, fishers, farmers an ranchers, did not even speak Michif. Over the 1800s and 1900s, Michif became the language of the Metis people.\n\nMichif used to be thought of as poor French or a poor mixture of the language elements. However. Michif is quite complex and the complexity of the Michif language suggests to linguists and historians that Michif speakers spoke multiple languages, such as Cree, Ojibwe and French. However, today, not many Michif speakers can speak or even understand other languages fluently. In Michif, there are French nouns, numbers, articles and adjectives. The syntax and structure follows that of the French language. Unlike in French, Michif is written like it sounds to the people of a certain region. This means that there are several spellings for the same word based on the dialect of the area. Because Michif is considered to be an oral language, its spelling system is not very uniform. The first Michif spelling system created was the Turtle Mountain spelling system in North Dakota. The others were created by linguists named Rita Flamand, Robert Papan and Norman Fleury.\n\nToday, Michif is spoken where bison hunters used to spend their winters, specifically around the Assiniboine and Qu’Appelle rivers in Manitoba, the Qu’Appelle valley in Saskatchewan, and the Grand Coteau du Missouri in North Dakota. In 2016, Canadian statistics indicated that only 315 people reported Michif as their first language. In the schools, Michif is not spoken or taught; rather, English and French dominate. The fact that the language has lasted this long indicates a strong cultural tradition with the Metis people. Funding has been allocated in Canada to preserve the language through the production of dictionaries and language programs.\n\nOther Metis languages include French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet. French Cree is spoken in northern Saskatchewan, in the village of Ile-a-la-Crosse along with other communities such as Buffalo Narrows. It is the general consensus that French Cree is very different from Cree-Michif.\n\nFrench Michif, known as Metis French, is a variation of the French that helped create the Michif language. It originated from traders around the Great Lakes in the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries. It is still spoken in St. Lauren and St. Ambroise, located in Lake Manitoba.\n\nBungi, meaning “a little” is a mix of English, Ojibwe, Cree and Gaelic. It also has some French loanwords. It was spoken by the Metis who had Scottish ancestors but is almost now extinct as only a few elders speak the language.\n\nLastly, Brayet is another language that came to be as a mixture between Europeans and the Indigenous people. It includes French and Ojibwe words and has also been spoken around the Great Lakes. It is considered to be extinct.',NULL,'Professional Michif language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6220,6220,1,'Minangkabau Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','9bf3e300-2b3e-418f-9856-bcc3da873958','<h2>Minangkabau interpreters and translators</h2>\nAt CIT, the client is always number one. No matter what time of the day it is, you will always have an open line of communication with a brilliant representative. Our commitment goes beyond professionalism and availability, as we offer you premium services at extremely competitive rates.\n\nThe Minangkabau language is spoken by about 8.5 million people. The language is spoken in West and North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, Indonesia, and Malaysia. It is a Malayic language with several dialects. Because of this, it is extremely important to work with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator who knows the difference.\n\nMinangkabau means “People of the Plains”. The Minangkabau are the largest ethnic group in Sumatra. Historically, their homeland is in the west-central highlands. Minangkabau people have large fields and gardens where they are known for their crops such as rice, tobacco, cinnamon, and many fruits and vegetables. Along with this, they are known for their crafting such as woodcarving, metalwork, and weaving. The Minangkabau language is very similar to other Austronesian languages, particularly Malay.\n<h2>Minangkabau Traditions</h2>\nThe Minangkabau people are Muslim; however, they are matrilineal. When a man and woman wed, they live at the wife’s parents’ home and the husband is considered a guest who visits his wife at night. This domestic unit was called the rumah gadang, or the community house. It is under the control of the woman of the house, her sisters, daughters, and any female children. The boys would live in the house until they were circumcised, after which they would live in a local mosque. This community house was a rectangular-shaped building. Most of this building was the main room. There were then small living areas for each woman, her children, and her husband.\n\nAfter World War II, this structure was no longer considered so important and many of the families left in order to establish their own homes. Typically, people within a clan did not marry one another. Understanding the social background of a Minangkabau speaker is one of the main strengths of a CIT interpreter or translator.\n\nIn the late 1800s, some of the Minangkabau people moved to Malaya, which is now known as Peninsular Malaysia. They formed the Negri Sembilan or the Nine States. Minangkabau tribesmen left Sumatra in order to find more work across the Strait of Malacca. In the 1850s, due to Malayan tin mining growth, the Minangkabau people grew to become miners or petty merchants. In the early 1900s, the Minangkabau miners began pursuing agricultural jobs in river valleys. The Minangkabau people were able to gain land if they could claim it, clear it, plant it, and live in it.\n\nThe Minangkabau language is written using a Latin alphabet but had previously been written in Arabic.\n<h2>Hire a Minangkabau Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Minangkabau interpreter or Minangkabau translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Minangkabau interpreting assignment, or request a Minangkabau translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.',NULL,'Professional Minangkabau language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6221,6221,1,'Minangkabau Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','cb59efb1-e869-4ec1-84a8-5127cbc507fe','<h2>Minangkabau interpreters and translators</h2>\nAt CIT, the client is always number one. No matter what time of the day it is, you will always have an open line of communication with a brilliant representative. Our commitment goes beyond professionalism and availability, as we offer you premium services at extremely competitive rates.\n\nThe Minangkabau language is spoken by about 8.5 million people. The language is spoken in West and North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, Indonesia, and Malaysia. It is a Malayic language with several dialects. Because of this, it is extremely important to work with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator who knows the difference.\n\nMinangkabau means “People of the Plains”. The Minangkabau are the largest ethnic group in Sumatra. Historically, their homeland is in the west-central highlands. Minangkabau people have large fields and gardens where they are known for their crops such as rice, tobacco, cinnamon, and many fruits and vegetables. Along with this, they are known for their crafting such as woodcarving, metalwork, and weaving. The Minangkabau language is very similar to other Austronesian languages, particularly Malay.\n<h2>Minangkabau Traditions</h2>\nThe Minangkabau people are Muslim; however, they are matrilineal. When a man and woman wed, they live at the wife’s parents’ home and the husband is considered a guest who visits his wife at night. This domestic unit was called the rumah gadang, or the community house. It is under the control of the woman of the house, her sisters, daughters, and any female children. The boys would live in the house until they were circumcised, after which they would live in a local mosque. This community house was a rectangular-shaped building. Most of this building was the main room. There were then small living areas for each woman, her children, and her husband.\n\nAfter World War II, this structure was no longer considered so important and many of the families left in order to establish their own homes. Typically, people within a clan did not marry one another. Understanding the social background of a Minangkabau speaker is one of the main strengths of a CIT interpreter or translator.\n\nIn the late 1800s, some of the Minangkabau people moved to Malaya, which is now known as Peninsular Malaysia. They formed the Negri Sembilan or the Nine States. Minangkabau tribesmen left Sumatra in order to find more work across the Strait of Malacca. In the 1850s, due to Malayan tin mining growth, the Minangkabau people grew to become miners or petty merchants. In the early 1900s, the Minangkabau miners began pursuing agricultural jobs in river valleys. The Minangkabau people were able to gain land if they could claim it, clear it, plant it, and live in it.\n\nThe Minangkabau language is written using a Latin alphabet but had previously been written in Arabic.\n<h2>Hire a Minangkabau Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Minangkabau interpreter or Minangkabau translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Minangkabau interpreting assignment, or request a Minangkabau translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.',NULL,'Professional Minangkabau language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6222,6222,1,'Mon Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','4ee9b8ca-7029-4fb3-a78d-30b7c63a1df9','<h2>Mon interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Mon interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mon language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mon language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mon language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Mon language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mon people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Mon Language</h2>\nThe Mon language is an Austroasiatic language. Mon is also known as Talaing or Peguan. It is currently spoken by about 850,000 speakers in Myanmar, Burma and Thailand. More specifically, Mon is spoken in the Mon State, in the Tanintharyi Region and the Kayin State in South Myanmar. After Pagan fell, Mon was the lingua franca of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287-1539), which today, is known as Lower Myanmar. Up until the mid 1800s, Mon was spoken extensively in Burma. However, at this time, the British took over the area, causing a lot of people from India and China to move to the area. Then, Mon became less used. In the 6<sup>th</sup> century, Mon had first been written using two different scripts. These inscriptions can be found in central Thailand in older archaeological sires that have been associated with the Dvaravati Kingdom. The first script came from the Grantha script. Another script came from the Kadamba or Grantha script. The first time the Mon script appeared was in 1113 in Mayzedi inscriptions. In Mon, there are two types of consonants, clear and breathy (or chest). The Ancient Mon language was written in script that originally came from South India. It has evolved and is more similar to the Burmese writing system. Today, Mon is spoken mainly in Myanmar between Moulmein and Ye. Mon is known as “the bubble language” as it is written with several round letters.\n\nToday, Mon is considered a developing language. It is classified as an Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer and Monic language. There are several dialects of Mon, such as Martaban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Mon Tang, Northern Mon) and Ye (Mon Nya, Southern Mon).  There are varieties of Mon in Myanmar and Thailand but they are minimal. The Mon language follows the subject-verb-order typology. Mon and Burmese are basically the same but Mon has more consonants.  Unlike Thai and Burmese, Mon is not a tonal language. There are barely any classifiers or prepositions in Mon.\n\nCompared to those who consider themselves Mon people, the amount of people that speak the language is very small. Since 1948, when Burma declared independence, there has been a rapid decline of speakers. The older generation is somewhat literate in Mon, however, those under 40 are almost not literate in Mon. Today, Mon is taught in some monasteries in Myanmar and Thailand. Literarily speaking, Mon has some literature, a dictionary, grammar and a Mon translation of the Bible. Most of the Mon people are Buddhist. The first publication in Mon in Myanmar since 1962 was released in 2013 as part of a newspaper, the Thanlwin Times, which is based in Mawlamyine.',NULL,'Professional Mon language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6223,6223,1,'Mon Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','525a8d31-8a4f-45fb-8e32-d03d925c4300','<h2>Mon interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Mon interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mon language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mon language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mon language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Mon language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mon people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Mon Language</h2>\nThe Mon language is an Austroasiatic language. Mon is also known as Talaing or Peguan. It is currently spoken by about 850,000 speakers in Myanmar, Burma and Thailand. More specifically, Mon is spoken in the Mon State, in the Tanintharyi Region and the Kayin State in South Myanmar. After Pagan fell, Mon was the lingua franca of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287-1539), which today, is known as Lower Myanmar. Up until the mid 1800s, Mon was spoken extensively in Burma. However, at this time, the British took over the area, causing a lot of people from India and China to move to the area. Then, Mon became less used. In the 6<sup>th</sup> century, Mon had first been written using two different scripts. These inscriptions can be found in central Thailand in older archaeological sires that have been associated with the Dvaravati Kingdom. The first script came from the Grantha script. Another script came from the Kadamba or Grantha script. The first time the Mon script appeared was in 1113 in Mayzedi inscriptions. In Mon, there are two types of consonants, clear and breathy (or chest). The Ancient Mon language was written in script that originally came from South India. It has evolved and is more similar to the Burmese writing system. Today, Mon is spoken mainly in Myanmar between Moulmein and Ye. Mon is known as “the bubble language” as it is written with several round letters.\n\nToday, Mon is considered a developing language. It is classified as an Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer and Monic language. There are several dialects of Mon, such as Martaban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Mon Tang, Northern Mon) and Ye (Mon Nya, Southern Mon).  There are varieties of Mon in Myanmar and Thailand but they are minimal. The Mon language follows the subject-verb-order typology. Mon and Burmese are basically the same but Mon has more consonants.  Unlike Thai and Burmese, Mon is not a tonal language. There are barely any classifiers or prepositions in Mon.\n\nCompared to those who consider themselves Mon people, the amount of people that speak the language is very small. Since 1948, when Burma declared independence, there has been a rapid decline of speakers. The older generation is somewhat literate in Mon, however, those under 40 are almost not literate in Mon. Today, Mon is taught in some monasteries in Myanmar and Thailand. Literarily speaking, Mon has some literature, a dictionary, grammar and a Mon translation of the Bible. Most of the Mon people are Buddhist. The first publication in Mon in Myanmar since 1962 was released in 2013 as part of a newspaper, the Thanlwin Times, which is based in Mawlamyine.',NULL,'Professional Mon language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6224,6224,1,'Mongolian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','015aee47-8784-4c69-aebc-19f7145d6490','<h2>Mongolian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Mongolian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mongolian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mongolian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mongolian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Mongolian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mongolian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Mongolian Language</h2>\nThe Mongolian language is spoken by about 5 million people. The Altaic language is spoken in Mongolia, China. Afghanistan and Russia. There are several dialects, or varieties of Mongolian. They include Khalkha, which is the national language of Mongolia, along with Oirat, Chahar and Ordos, dialects of Mongolian that are spoken in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China. There are additional languages that are part of the Mongolian language family. They include Buryat and Kalmyk, which are spoken in Russia and Moghul (also known as Mogul), which is spoken in Afghanistan.\n<h2>History of the Mongols</h2>\nIn the early 13<sup>th</sup> century, Chinggis Khan had defeated the Naimas, which were a Turkic tribe occupying Central Asia. Khan captured the Uyghur scribe, Tatar-Tonga, who used the Old Uyghur alphabet to write the Mongolian script. This specific script is known as Uighurt/Uyghur Script and is the classical of traditional Mongol script. The traditional Mongolian script was not idyllic for writing the Mongolian language, and even less so for writing Chinese. During the 1200s, a Tibetan monk named Drogon Chogval Phagpa created the Phags-pa script. This script is known as the new Mongolian script and was based on Tibetan script. However, this script was never predominately used and when the Yuan dynasty fell in the mid 14<sup>th</sup> century, Phags-pa was used for Mongolian phonetic glosses in Chinese writings.\n\nA few centuries later, in the late 1600s, a Mongolian monk and scholar, Bogdo Zanabazar, created Soyombo, a new Mongolian script which was also used to write Chinese and Sanskrit. Its primary use was to translate Buddhist texts from temples into Mongolian. Zanabazar also made another script, Mongolian Square Script (aso known as Mongolian Horizontal Square Script). This script was revived in turn of the 19<sup>th</sup> century and was based on Tibetan script. Prior to this, however, in the mid 15<sup>th</sup> century, Ayuush Guush, a translator and scholar, added letters to the traditional Mongol script. This allowed loanwords from Tibetan, Sanskrit and Chinese to be written in Mongolian by emphasizing sound and pronounciation more appropriately.\n\nBetween February and March 1941, the Mongolain government got rid of the traditional Mongolian script and Mongolian was written in the Latin alphabet. After this brief time period, the Cyrillic alphabet was then used as the official writing system of Mongolian. Cyrillic was used because the Latin alphabet did not accurarely represent the sounds and pronounciations of Mongolian. However, many believe that the switch from Latin to Cyrillic may have been political.\n\nEver since 1994, many have wanted to reintroduce the Mongolian script. Currently, it is taught in some schools as more of a decorative subject, such as for art and calligraphy. In the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, Mongolian script is still used, although many in Mongolia known nothing about this traditional script.\n\nWhen writing in Mongolian, it is important to note some specific features of the script. For example, Mongolian script is a phonemic alphabet which used different letters for consonants and vowels. The script is written from left to right in vertical colums from top to bottom. Letters have several different shapes which depend on the position of the letter in a word and which letter it proceeds. Additionally, Mongolian script is usually taught in syllables as opposed to specific letters.',NULL,'Professional Mongolian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6225,6225,1,'Mongolian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','1aa93972-6868-4cc1-9ef7-10dbb03d8a18','<h2>Mongolian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Mongolian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mongolian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mongolian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mongolian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Mongolian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mongolian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Mongolian Language</h2>\nThe Mongolian language is spoken by about 5 million people. The Altaic language is spoken in Mongolia, China. Afghanistan and Russia. There are several dialects, or varieties of Mongolian. They include Khalkha, which is the national language of Mongolia, along with Oirat, Chahar and Ordos, dialects of Mongolian that are spoken in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China. There are additional languages that are part of the Mongolian language family. They include Buryat and Kalmyk, which are spoken in Russia and Moghul (also known as Mogul), which is spoken in Afghanistan.\n<h2>History of the Mongols</h2>\nIn the early 13<sup>th</sup> century, Chinggis Khan had defeated the Naimas, which were a Turkic tribe occupying Central Asia. Khan captured the Uyghur scribe, Tatar-Tonga, who used the Old Uyghur alphabet to write the Mongolian script. This specific script is known as Uighurt/Uyghur Script and is the classical of traditional Mongol script. The traditional Mongolian script was not idyllic for writing the Mongolian language, and even less so for writing Chinese. During the 1200s, a Tibetan monk named Drogon Chogval Phagpa created the Phags-pa script. This script is known as the new Mongolian script and was based on Tibetan script. However, this script was never predominately used and when the Yuan dynasty fell in the mid 14<sup>th</sup> century, Phags-pa was used for Mongolian phonetic glosses in Chinese writings.\n\nA few centuries later, in the late 1600s, a Mongolian monk and scholar, Bogdo Zanabazar, created Soyombo, a new Mongolian script which was also used to write Chinese and Sanskrit. Its primary use was to translate Buddhist texts from temples into Mongolian. Zanabazar also made another script, Mongolian Square Script (aso known as Mongolian Horizontal Square Script). This script was revived in turn of the 19<sup>th</sup> century and was based on Tibetan script. Prior to this, however, in the mid 15<sup>th</sup> century, Ayuush Guush, a translator and scholar, added letters to the traditional Mongol script. This allowed loanwords from Tibetan, Sanskrit and Chinese to be written in Mongolian by emphasizing sound and pronounciation more appropriately.\n\nBetween February and March 1941, the Mongolain government got rid of the traditional Mongolian script and Mongolian was written in the Latin alphabet. After this brief time period, the Cyrillic alphabet was then used as the official writing system of Mongolian. Cyrillic was used because the Latin alphabet did not accurarely represent the sounds and pronounciations of Mongolian. However, many believe that the switch from Latin to Cyrillic may have been political.\n\nEver since 1994, many have wanted to reintroduce the Mongolian script. Currently, it is taught in some schools as more of a decorative subject, such as for art and calligraphy. In the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, Mongolian script is still used, although many in Mongolia known nothing about this traditional script.\n\nWhen writing in Mongolian, it is important to note some specific features of the script. For example, Mongolian script is a phonemic alphabet which used different letters for consonants and vowels. The script is written from left to right in vertical colums from top to bottom. Letters have several different shapes which depend on the position of the letter in a word and which letter it proceeds. Additionally, Mongolian script is usually taught in syllables as opposed to specific letters.',NULL,'Professional Mongolian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6226,6226,1,'Nahauatl','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','fb259935-3c5d-4be9-805a-389df0166820','<h2>Nahuatl Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\nNot only do we customize our lineup of services to your particular needs, but we specify each individual communication to the job. To start with, we offer you an array of services that maximize the clarity and convenience of each assignment. Very few firms perform jobs in a customized manner, so even this firm-level of individualization is quite rare. Beyond that, even with languages like Nahuatl, a CIT interpreter or translator will ensure that every word is spoken or written according to the context of the situation. This is something that machine translators and interpreters always fail to address.\n\nThe Nahuatl language is a Uto-Aztecan language and is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Mexico. The majority of the Nahuatl speakers in Mexico live in Central Mexico, specifically in Puebla, Veracruz, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Guerrero, Mexico (the state), El Distrito Federal, Tlaxcala, Morelos, Oaxaca and in El Salvador. There are also Nahuatl speakers in parts of Mexico and the US but much smaller. Nahuatl is thought to be the most important of the Uto-Aztecan languages and was the language of the Aztec and Toltec people. Finding a Nahuatl interpreter or translator in various parts of the world can be very hard, so let CIT handle the time-consuming details.\n<h2>Dialects</h2>\nThere are several dialects of Nahuatl, although many of them are quite similar and can be understood within dialects. Most younger Nahuatl speakers also speak Spanish. Historically speaking, Classical Nahuatl was used in the Aztec empire and was a lingua franca in most of Mesoamerica beginning in the 600s until about the 1500s. The modern dialects of Nahuatl are most similar to the Classical Nahuatl dialect.\n<h2>Script</h2>\nThe original Nahuatl script was written in a pictographic script. Although not a complete writing system, it was used as a mnemonic which reminded its readers about the texts they had learned orally. This script was used carved in stone and in many picture books that the Spanish had unfortunately destroyed. It was the Spanish that had introduced Latin script to write Nahuatl. Since then, a lot of literature, particularly poetry and prose, has been written in Latin script. It is also because of this that many do not know how Nahuatl is actually spelled.\n\nAccording to the script, the letters b,d,g,f, ñ, and rr are used only in Spanish loanwords. In Classical Nahuatl, the tl sound is notable as it is made to be one single consonant and has a glottal stop. In modern dialects, there is no glottal stop and has been replaced bu the letter h. This sound, however, is used to differentiate between three modern dialects. They are the central and northern Aztect, which used the tl sound and can be seen in the word Nahuatl. The Eastern Aztec dialects do not use the tl, rather simply the t is used., referring to the language as Nahuat. Western dialects replaced the tl with only the l and refer to the language as Nahual. The Classical Nahuatl language from around the 1500s had used 15 consonants and 4 long and short vowels.',NULL,'Professional Nahauatl interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6227,6227,1,'Nahauatl','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','556d23f2-d59a-4b2a-9360-a789a8166441','<h2>Nahuatl Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\nNot only do we customize our lineup of services to your particular needs, but we specify each individual communication to the job. To start with, we offer you an array of services that maximize the clarity and convenience of each assignment. Very few firms perform jobs in a customized manner, so even this firm-level of individualization is quite rare. Beyond that, even with languages like Nahuatl, a CIT interpreter or translator will ensure that every word is spoken or written according to the context of the situation. This is something that machine translators and interpreters always fail to address.\n\nThe Nahuatl language is a Uto-Aztecan language and is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Mexico. The majority of the Nahuatl speakers in Mexico live in Central Mexico, specifically in Puebla, Veracruz, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Guerrero, Mexico (the state), El Distrito Federal, Tlaxcala, Morelos, Oaxaca and in El Salvador. There are also Nahuatl speakers in parts of Mexico and the US but much smaller. Nahuatl is thought to be the most important of the Uto-Aztecan languages and was the language of the Aztec and Toltec people. Finding a Nahuatl interpreter or translator in various parts of the world can be very hard, so let CIT handle the time-consuming details.\n<h2>Dialects</h2>\nThere are several dialects of Nahuatl, although many of them are quite similar and can be understood within dialects. Most younger Nahuatl speakers also speak Spanish. Historically speaking, Classical Nahuatl was used in the Aztec empire and was a lingua franca in most of Mesoamerica beginning in the 600s until about the 1500s. The modern dialects of Nahuatl are most similar to the Classical Nahuatl dialect.\n<h2>Script</h2>\nThe original Nahuatl script was written in a pictographic script. Although not a complete writing system, it was used as a mnemonic which reminded its readers about the texts they had learned orally. This script was used carved in stone and in many picture books that the Spanish had unfortunately destroyed. It was the Spanish that had introduced Latin script to write Nahuatl. Since then, a lot of literature, particularly poetry and prose, has been written in Latin script. It is also because of this that many do not know how Nahuatl is actually spelled.\n\nAccording to the script, the letters b,d,g,f, ñ, and rr are used only in Spanish loanwords. In Classical Nahuatl, the tl sound is notable as it is made to be one single consonant and has a glottal stop. In modern dialects, there is no glottal stop and has been replaced bu the letter h. This sound, however, is used to differentiate between three modern dialects. They are the central and northern Aztect, which used the tl sound and can be seen in the word Nahuatl. The Eastern Aztec dialects do not use the tl, rather simply the t is used., referring to the language as Nahuat. Western dialects replaced the tl with only the l and refer to the language as Nahual. The Classical Nahuatl language from around the 1500s had used 15 consonants and 4 long and short vowels.',NULL,'Professional Nahauatl interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6228,6228,1,'Navajo Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','3f612eb1-7518-4ae5-b729-1e620b6dfc60','<h2>Possessing Knowledge of Navajo Language</h2>\nCIT offers Navajo interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Navajo language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Navajo language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\nCIT’s Navajo language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Navajo language, as well as of the culture and history of the Navajo people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Navajo Language</h2>\nThe Navajo language is part of the Athabaskan branch of Na-Dene languages. Also known as Dine to its natives, Navajo is spoken primarily in the Navajo Nation, located in northeastern <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, southeastern Utah and northwestern New Mexico.\n\nAbout 170,000 people speak Navajo at home. The Navajo language is very similar and related to the Apache languages, but they are not so close that they are equally understandable.\n\nThe written Navajo language was first brought down in the mid 19th century as a word list which was published by Lt. James H. Simpson in the Journal of a Military Reconnaissance.\n\nIt was not long after, in the early 1900s, that missionaries had begun to publish religious texts, dictionaries and grammatical rules in Navajo. Each missionary had invented his own way of spelling causing several variations for the same word in Navajo.\n\nIn the 1930s, John Colliers, the head of Indian Affairs, and Willard Beatty, head of Indian Education, set out to standardize the Navajo alphabet. They commissioned four individuals, John Harrington, Robert Young, William Morgan and Oliver LaFarge, to make one Navajo alphabet and to put forth Navajo language materials.\n\nA short 9 years later in 1939, the alphabet was finished. By the next decade, there were bilingual (English- Navajo) children’s books, dictionaries and even a monthly newspaper. However, because of the poor trust because the Navajo and Collier, this alphabet was not popular. In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in this language.\n\nPart of this interest is in hopes to create Navajo computer fonts to facilitate reading, writing, editing and publishing literary Navajo materials. Since 1984, the Navajo language has been taught in schools.\n\nAlong with this, there are several immersion programs that have been put into place. In 1989, the Dine College in Tsaile, <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, offered an associate’s degree in Navajo. Additionally, one can take Navajo language classes at the Arizona State University.\n\nThe Navajo language has also made a mark on the media. Between 1943 and 1957, there had been a Navajo newspaper.\n\nAdditionally, there are radio stations, TV shows and even a version of the 1977 film <a href=\"https://www.cbr.com/disney-finally-adds-navajo-translation-for-star-wars-a-new-hope/\">Star Wars translated into Navajo</a>.\n\nThere are certain grammatical notes one should know regarding Navajo. For example, the letter x only appears after the letters g, s, or z. There are four tones in Navajo (high, rising, falling and low). A high tone has an acute accent mark. The rising and falling tones can only happen with a long vowel.',NULL,'Professional Navajo interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','navajo interpreters and translators'),(6229,6229,1,'Navajo Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','87459c28-165f-438b-961d-5658b64e7943','<h2>Possessing Knowledge of Navajo Language</h2>\nCIT offers Navajo interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Navajo language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Navajo language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\nCIT’s Navajo language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Navajo language, as well as of the culture and history of the Navajo people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Navajo Language</h2>\nThe Navajo language is part of the Athabaskan branch of Na-Dene languages. Also known as Dine to its natives, Navajo is spoken primarily in the Navajo Nation, located in northeastern <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, southeastern Utah and northwestern New Mexico.\n\nAbout 170,000 people speak Navajo at home. The Navajo language is very similar and related to the Apache languages, but they are not so close that they are equally understandable.\n\nThe written Navajo language was first brought down in the mid 19th century as a word list which was published by Lt. James H. Simpson in the Journal of a Military Reconnaissance.\n\nIt was not long after, in the early 1900s, that missionaries had begun to publish religious texts, dictionaries and grammatical rules in Navajo. Each missionary had invented his own way of spelling causing several variations for the same word in Navajo.\n\nIn the 1930s, John Colliers, the head of Indian Affairs, and Willard Beatty, head of Indian Education, set out to standardize the Navajo alphabet. They commissioned four individuals, John Harrington, Robert Young, William Morgan and Oliver LaFarge, to make one Navajo alphabet and to put forth Navajo language materials.\n\nA short 9 years later in 1939, the alphabet was finished. By the next decade, there were bilingual (English- Navajo) children’s books, dictionaries and even a monthly newspaper. However, because of the poor trust because the Navajo and Collier, this alphabet was not popular. In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in this language.\n\nPart of this interest is in hopes to create Navajo computer fonts to facilitate reading, writing, editing and publishing literary Navajo materials. Since 1984, the Navajo language has been taught in schools.\n\nAlong with this, there are several immersion programs that have been put into place. In 1989, the Dine College in Tsaile, <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, offered an associate’s degree in Navajo. Additionally, one can take Navajo language classes at the Arizona State University.\n\nThe Navajo language has also made a mark on the media. Between 1943 and 1957, there had been a Navajo newspaper.\n\nAdditionally, there are radio stations, TV shows and even a version of the 1977 film <a href=\"https://www.cbr.com/disney-finally-adds-navajo-translation-for-star-wars-a-new-hope/\">Star Wars translated into Navajo</a>.\n\nThere are certain grammatical notes one should know regarding Navajo. For example, the letter x only appears after the letters g, s, or z. There are four tones in Navajo (high, rising, falling and low). A high tone has an acute accent mark. The rising and falling tones can only happen with a long vowel.',NULL,'Professional Navajo interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','navajo interpreters and translators'),(6230,6230,1,'Nheengatu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','99729316-b56d-442b-81a8-f7f54502873f','<h2>Nheengatu interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Nheengatu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nheengatu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nheengatu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nheengatu language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nheengatu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nheengatu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Nheengatu Language</h2>\nThe Nheengatu languags is spoken by about 19,000 people worldwide in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. In Brazil, Nheengatu is spoken primarily around the Rio Negro area. It is known as the Amazonian General language and is part of the Tupi-Guarani language family. The Nheengatu language originated from the <em>tupinambe</em>, another spoken spoken only by the Tupi people, specifically in Maranhao and Para located on the north coast of Brazil. In the 1600s, Jesuit msisionaries standardized Nheengatu, thus making it the lingua franca of the Brazilian missionaries, the European settlers and the indigenous people. Not long after, in the mid 18<sup>th</sup> century, Portuguese was forced upon the people of Brazil by the Marquis of Pombal. This was due to the Jesuits being kicked out of Brazil in 1759 and because of the high levels of immigration from Portugal to Brazil.\n\nCurrently, Nheengatu is still spoken in the Amazona State and as of 2002, has official status in Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira. Nheengatu is also used as a form of communication between Indians and non-Indians alike. Sometimes, Nheengatu is used for people to affirm their tribal identity, such as with the Baresm Arapacos, Baniwa people and the Werekena.\n\nThe first literary documents were produced by the Jesuit missionaries in the 1500s and 1600s, such as <em>Arte da Grammatica da Lingoa mais usada na costa do Brasil</em>, written by Father Jose de Anchleta in 1595. Another was <em>Arte da Lingua Brasilica</em> by Luis Figueira in 1621. These texts were written to highlight their religious purposes as missionaries. More recently, a Portuguese- Nheengatu dictionary was published in 2014 by Stradelli.\n\nA professor at the University of Sao Paulo, Eduardo de Alameida Navarro, founded an organization caled the “Tupi Here” or the <em>Tupi Aqui</em> in 1998<em>.</em> This organization was founded in order to teach high school students in Brazil about the history of the Nheengatu and Tupi. Navarro wrote a book about teaching Nheengatu and developed materials and a website through the University of Sao Paulo. A notable scholar, Moore (1994), researched how Nheengatu has changed through its contact with other languages. Moore emphasis the importance of locating and documenting the dialects of Nheengatu lest the language becomes extinct.',NULL,'Professional Nheengatu interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6231,6231,1,'Nheengatu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','0292b91e-690f-433c-888e-53097d790844','<h2>Nheengatu interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Nheengatu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nheengatu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nheengatu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nheengatu language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nheengatu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nheengatu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Nheengatu Language</h2>\nThe Nheengatu languags is spoken by about 19,000 people worldwide in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. In Brazil, Nheengatu is spoken primarily around the Rio Negro area. It is known as the Amazonian General language and is part of the Tupi-Guarani language family. The Nheengatu language originated from the <em>tupinambe</em>, another spoken spoken only by the Tupi people, specifically in Maranhao and Para located on the north coast of Brazil. In the 1600s, Jesuit msisionaries standardized Nheengatu, thus making it the lingua franca of the Brazilian missionaries, the European settlers and the indigenous people. Not long after, in the mid 18<sup>th</sup> century, Portuguese was forced upon the people of Brazil by the Marquis of Pombal. This was due to the Jesuits being kicked out of Brazil in 1759 and because of the high levels of immigration from Portugal to Brazil.\n\nCurrently, Nheengatu is still spoken in the Amazona State and as of 2002, has official status in Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira. Nheengatu is also used as a form of communication between Indians and non-Indians alike. Sometimes, Nheengatu is used for people to affirm their tribal identity, such as with the Baresm Arapacos, Baniwa people and the Werekena.\n\nThe first literary documents were produced by the Jesuit missionaries in the 1500s and 1600s, such as <em>Arte da Grammatica da Lingoa mais usada na costa do Brasil</em>, written by Father Jose de Anchleta in 1595. Another was <em>Arte da Lingua Brasilica</em> by Luis Figueira in 1621. These texts were written to highlight their religious purposes as missionaries. More recently, a Portuguese- Nheengatu dictionary was published in 2014 by Stradelli.\n\nA professor at the University of Sao Paulo, Eduardo de Alameida Navarro, founded an organization caled the “Tupi Here” or the <em>Tupi Aqui</em> in 1998<em>.</em> This organization was founded in order to teach high school students in Brazil about the history of the Nheengatu and Tupi. Navarro wrote a book about teaching Nheengatu and developed materials and a website through the University of Sao Paulo. A notable scholar, Moore (1994), researched how Nheengatu has changed through its contact with other languages. Moore emphasis the importance of locating and documenting the dialects of Nheengatu lest the language becomes extinct.',NULL,'Professional Nheengatu interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6232,6232,1,'Nigerian Pidgin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','c1c01360-6fc5-4ac9-846c-cfdf071129ec','<h2>Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nigerian Pidgin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nigerian Pidgin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nigerian Pidgin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nigerian Pidgin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nigerian Pidgin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Nigerian Pidgin Language</h2>\nNigerian Pidgin, although a language group, is the lingua franca of Nigeria, spoken natively by approximately 30 million people. It is part of the Creole language family. Nigeria, a country located in Africa with over 162 milion people, is a nation with over 500 languages. Nigeria was first visited by European explorers and traders, particularly the Portuguese, in the 1400s. It is believed the Portuguese started trading with the indigenous people of the Niger Delta in 1469. They thus established ties with the kingdoms of the area and Portugal. Additionally, schools and churches were established and Christianity was taught in Portuguese. This was the basis for the creation of Naija, a Portuguese-based language group in the Niger Delta. Because the Niger Delta had a variety of people speaking several different languages such as Annang, Edo, Efik, Ibibio, Igbo, Ijaw, Isoko, Itsekiri and Isoko, many people learned the Portuguese based language for commonality.\n\nAfter the Portuguese people had left the Niger Delta, the Dutch then came along and began trading for about fifty years. Next were the French and finally, the English arrived around the middle of the 17<sup>th</sup> century and took control of trading in the area. Initially, the English were most interested in trade. This soon evolved into an interest in religion, education and colonization. With these changes came changes to the langauges in the region. Soon after, English became a main language of the government and the Portuguese-based language group began to have more English. By the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Naija was now heavy with English words. When Nigeria got its independence from Britian in 1960, the English language had already gain such popularity. Even nowadays, English is spoken more than any other language in Nigeria.\n\nIn the last three or four decades, Naija is the first language of about 5 million people in Nigeria, while another 75 million use it as a second language in parts of Nigeria, Europe, America and other places in the world. Today, education is mostly taught in English, Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. However, Naija is spoken more predominantly in cities, with the police and military along with television, ads, popular and religious music and everyday business deals. Some refer to the language as <em>Pidgin English</em> or <em>Broken English</em>.\n\nNigerian Pidgin used to not be taken as a serious language. Although this is changing and it is, in fact, becoming more serious, there is not much literature written using this language.',NULL,'Professional Nigerian Pidgen interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6233,6233,1,'Nigerian Pidgin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','288d028a-c5a7-4cb3-8f54-6985cf06877c','<h2>Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nigerian Pidgin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nigerian Pidgin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nigerian Pidgin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nigerian Pidgin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nigerian Pidgin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Nigerian Pidgin Language</h2>\nNigerian Pidgin, although a language group, is the lingua franca of Nigeria, spoken natively by approximately 30 million people. It is part of the Creole language family. Nigeria, a country located in Africa with over 162 milion people, is a nation with over 500 languages. Nigeria was first visited by European explorers and traders, particularly the Portuguese, in the 1400s. It is believed the Portuguese started trading with the indigenous people of the Niger Delta in 1469. They thus established ties with the kingdoms of the area and Portugal. Additionally, schools and churches were established and Christianity was taught in Portuguese. This was the basis for the creation of Naija, a Portuguese-based language group in the Niger Delta. Because the Niger Delta had a variety of people speaking several different languages such as Annang, Edo, Efik, Ibibio, Igbo, Ijaw, Isoko, Itsekiri and Isoko, many people learned the Portuguese based language for commonality.\n\nAfter the Portuguese people had left the Niger Delta, the Dutch then came along and began trading for about fifty years. Next were the French and finally, the English arrived around the middle of the 17<sup>th</sup> century and took control of trading in the area. Initially, the English were most interested in trade. This soon evolved into an interest in religion, education and colonization. With these changes came changes to the langauges in the region. Soon after, English became a main language of the government and the Portuguese-based language group began to have more English. By the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Naija was now heavy with English words. When Nigeria got its independence from Britian in 1960, the English language had already gain such popularity. Even nowadays, English is spoken more than any other language in Nigeria.\n\nIn the last three or four decades, Naija is the first language of about 5 million people in Nigeria, while another 75 million use it as a second language in parts of Nigeria, Europe, America and other places in the world. Today, education is mostly taught in English, Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. However, Naija is spoken more predominantly in cities, with the police and military along with television, ads, popular and religious music and everyday business deals. Some refer to the language as <em>Pidgin English</em> or <em>Broken English</em>.\n\nNigerian Pidgin used to not be taken as a serious language. Although this is changing and it is, in fact, becoming more serious, there is not much literature written using this language.',NULL,'Professional Nigerian Pidgen interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6234,6234,1,'Norwegian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:09','2022-08-11 01:44:09','45f3d24c-05c2-4207-af62-4d17792368ec','<h2>Norwegian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Norwegian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Norwegian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Norwegian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Norwegian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Norwegian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Norwegian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Norwegian Language</h2>\nNorwegian, a North Germanic language, has about 5 million speakers in Norways. Apart from Norway, Norwegian is spoken in Denmark, Sweden, German, the UK, the US , Spain and Canada. It is part of the Indo-European family of languages. Norwegian was first written in the 1000s with mainly poetry and historical prose, in West Norse. After the 1300s, Norway was ruled by the Swedish and Danish. Even with these new rules, Norwegian was still spoken. The Danish language, however, became the official language for officials and in higher education.\n\nWhen Norway became independent from Denmark in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century, Danish was still used in schools. Around the 1830s, there was a great push to create a new national language. This was because the written Danish language was so different from the Norwegian language that was spoken that it made it difficult to learn. Additionally, the citizens of Norway believed that each country should have its own language. At this time, there was great debate about the proceedings of creating a new language.\n\nBecause of this, two languages came to be: the first, <em>Landsmal,</em> is a national language based on informal Norwegian. The second is <em>Riksmal</em>, another national language, mainly used as a written language and very close to Danish. In 1929, <em>Landsmal</em> became known as New Norwegian and nowadays, <em>Riksmal</em> is known as <em>Bokmal</em>, or “book language.” There are only a few people, typically over 60 still speak <em>Riksmal.</em> Currently, Norwegian schools teach both variations of the language and students are required to learn both variations. However, they may choose which of the two languages they would like to major in. Those who work for the government, such as postal workers and police offiers, must be able to use both languages on a daily basis.\n\nThere had previously been a push to create one, standard Norwegian languages and although politicians had liked the idea of one, unified language, others believed it was a waste of time. This language project, which was called <em>Samnorsk</em> (meaning Union Norwegian), was officially dropped on January 1, 2002.\n\nThere are different ways a Norwegian word can be pronounced, depending on the region in which the language is spoken. Urban East Norwegian (also known as Standard East Norwegian) is the unofficial standard for the way Norwegian words are pronounced. It is spoken in Oslo and in neighboring towns and is typically the dialect version of Norwegian that is used for television and radio along with the version that is taught to foreign students.',NULL,'Professional Norwegian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6235,6235,1,'Norwegian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','125c3545-b8f3-4b77-a2cf-a4e2eb607127','<h2>Norwegian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Norwegian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Norwegian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Norwegian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Norwegian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Norwegian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Norwegian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Norwegian Language</h2>\nNorwegian, a North Germanic language, has about 5 million speakers in Norways. Apart from Norway, Norwegian is spoken in Denmark, Sweden, German, the UK, the US , Spain and Canada. It is part of the Indo-European family of languages. Norwegian was first written in the 1000s with mainly poetry and historical prose, in West Norse. After the 1300s, Norway was ruled by the Swedish and Danish. Even with these new rules, Norwegian was still spoken. The Danish language, however, became the official language for officials and in higher education.\n\nWhen Norway became independent from Denmark in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century, Danish was still used in schools. Around the 1830s, there was a great push to create a new national language. This was because the written Danish language was so different from the Norwegian language that was spoken that it made it difficult to learn. Additionally, the citizens of Norway believed that each country should have its own language. At this time, there was great debate about the proceedings of creating a new language.\n\nBecause of this, two languages came to be: the first, <em>Landsmal,</em> is a national language based on informal Norwegian. The second is <em>Riksmal</em>, another national language, mainly used as a written language and very close to Danish. In 1929, <em>Landsmal</em> became known as New Norwegian and nowadays, <em>Riksmal</em> is known as <em>Bokmal</em>, or “book language.” There are only a few people, typically over 60 still speak <em>Riksmal.</em> Currently, Norwegian schools teach both variations of the language and students are required to learn both variations. However, they may choose which of the two languages they would like to major in. Those who work for the government, such as postal workers and police offiers, must be able to use both languages on a daily basis.\n\nThere had previously been a push to create one, standard Norwegian languages and although politicians had liked the idea of one, unified language, others believed it was a waste of time. This language project, which was called <em>Samnorsk</em> (meaning Union Norwegian), was officially dropped on January 1, 2002.\n\nThere are different ways a Norwegian word can be pronounced, depending on the region in which the language is spoken. Urban East Norwegian (also known as Standard East Norwegian) is the unofficial standard for the way Norwegian words are pronounced. It is spoken in Oslo and in neighboring towns and is typically the dialect version of Norwegian that is used for television and radio along with the version that is taught to foreign students.',NULL,'Professional Norwegian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6236,6236,1,'Njanja Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','23d2e378-4307-4699-8f98-f64a13b736d5','<h2>Njanja interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Njanja interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Njanja language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Njanja language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Njanja language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Njanja language, as well as of the culture and history of the Njanja people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Njanja Language</h2>\nThe Njanja language, also known as Chichewa or Chewa, is spoken in Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe by approximately 8 million people. It is part of the Bantu language group. Njanja is the official language of Malawi, along with Enlgish. There are small differences between the Chewa language of Malawi and the Nyanja (or Njanja) language of Zimbabwe. Although there are some differences, they are considered the same language. There is one dialect, however, called Town Nyanja, that is spoken in Lusaka and in parts of Zambia is is quite different from Njanja and Chichewa.\n\nThe Chewa people were a branch of the Maravi people. They once lived in the Eastern Province of Zambia along with the northern part of Mozambique. The word “Chewa” was first recorded by a gentleman on an expedition from Tete to the court of King Kazembe, modern day Zambia. Antonio Gamitto, at a young age of 26 was second-in-command of this expedition in 1831. According to Gamitto, these were the people that were ruled by King Undi.\n\nBesides from the few words that Gamitto had put in writing on his expedition in Chewa, a more widespread recording of Chewa was provided by Johannes Bebmann. In 1877, he published a dictionary of the Kinlassa language, which held the recording of the Chewa language. A missionary, Bebmann got his information from a Malawi slave anmed Salimini. The first grammatical guidelines and English-Chinyanja dictionaries were writte in the 1880s by Alexander Riddel. In 1912, the Bible was transalted into the Likoma dialect of Njanja by William Johnson. About a decade later, with the help of Malawians, Dutch missionaries from the Reformed Mission and Church of Scotland translated the bible into a more widespread dialect from the Central Region. In 2016, this version was remodernised.\n\nIn 1937, an America, Mark Hanna Watkins, wrote a book titled <em>A Grammar of Chichewa</em>, which was the first book about an African language written by an American. It was a collaboration between a black PhD student and a student from Nyasaland who were studying in Chicago. The young student, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, became the first president of the Republic of Malawi in 1966.\n\nThe economy of the Chewa is built mainly on agricululture, with their main crops being corn and sorghum. Additionally, they engage in hunting and fishing. It is typical that a man will engage in polygyny, meaning he will have more than one wife. According to Chewa culture, the mother is very prominent. They follow a matrilineal culture, meaning descent, inheritance and succession are brought down from the mother. Their settlements are inherited as well.',NULL,'Professional Njanja interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6237,6237,1,'Njanja Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','52605b48-e430-4386-8716-637eea41d0a2','<h2>Njanja interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Njanja interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Njanja language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Njanja language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Njanja language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Njanja language, as well as of the culture and history of the Njanja people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Njanja Language</h2>\nThe Njanja language, also known as Chichewa or Chewa, is spoken in Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe by approximately 8 million people. It is part of the Bantu language group. Njanja is the official language of Malawi, along with Enlgish. There are small differences between the Chewa language of Malawi and the Nyanja (or Njanja) language of Zimbabwe. Although there are some differences, they are considered the same language. There is one dialect, however, called Town Nyanja, that is spoken in Lusaka and in parts of Zambia is is quite different from Njanja and Chichewa.\n\nThe Chewa people were a branch of the Maravi people. They once lived in the Eastern Province of Zambia along with the northern part of Mozambique. The word “Chewa” was first recorded by a gentleman on an expedition from Tete to the court of King Kazembe, modern day Zambia. Antonio Gamitto, at a young age of 26 was second-in-command of this expedition in 1831. According to Gamitto, these were the people that were ruled by King Undi.\n\nBesides from the few words that Gamitto had put in writing on his expedition in Chewa, a more widespread recording of Chewa was provided by Johannes Bebmann. In 1877, he published a dictionary of the Kinlassa language, which held the recording of the Chewa language. A missionary, Bebmann got his information from a Malawi slave anmed Salimini. The first grammatical guidelines and English-Chinyanja dictionaries were writte in the 1880s by Alexander Riddel. In 1912, the Bible was transalted into the Likoma dialect of Njanja by William Johnson. About a decade later, with the help of Malawians, Dutch missionaries from the Reformed Mission and Church of Scotland translated the bible into a more widespread dialect from the Central Region. In 2016, this version was remodernised.\n\nIn 1937, an America, Mark Hanna Watkins, wrote a book titled <em>A Grammar of Chichewa</em>, which was the first book about an African language written by an American. It was a collaboration between a black PhD student and a student from Nyasaland who were studying in Chicago. The young student, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, became the first president of the Republic of Malawi in 1966.\n\nThe economy of the Chewa is built mainly on agricululture, with their main crops being corn and sorghum. Additionally, they engage in hunting and fishing. It is typical that a man will engage in polygyny, meaning he will have more than one wife. According to Chewa culture, the mother is very prominent. They follow a matrilineal culture, meaning descent, inheritance and succession are brought down from the mother. Their settlements are inherited as well.',NULL,'Professional Njanja interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6238,6238,1,'Oromo','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','d1bb2fb7-1a05-4a90-8ed6-1d1616e83d78','<h2>Oromiffa Translation</h2>		\n		<p>Many firms claim to bring you the most skilled Oromigna interpreter or translator in the industry, but CIT allows our customers to speak for us. Our unrivaled track record of working with the best. </p><p>We attribute this to our rigorous screening process as well as the extensive training periods that ever CIT linguist goes through. They emerge from this as experts in their specialized field. The Oromo, or Oromiffs, language, is a Cushitic language spoken by about 30 million people in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Egypt.</p><p>It is the third most popular language in Africa. The Oromo people make up about 40% of the Ethiopian population and are the largest ethnic group in the country. They are spread all over Ethiopia, especially in Wollega, Sho, Illubabour, Jimma, Arsi, Bale, Haraghe, Wollo, Borana, and parts of Gojjam. The geographical spread of Oromo speakers has created a number of dialects, in which your interpreter or translator must be able to differentiate between.</p>		\n			<h2>History</h2>		\n		<p>Prior to the 1970s, the Oromo language was written using two scripts: either the Ge’ez of the Latin scripts. In the 70s, however, the OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) decided to use solely the Latin script to write the Oromo language. From then until the early 1990s, it was forbidden by the Mengistu regime to write Oromo in any script (except minimally in the Ge’ez script). Where there are Muslims in an Oromo area, Arabic script had been used as well. In 1991, the OLF had met with over 1,000 Oromo intellectuals and historians who decided unanimously, after several hours of debate, to adopt the Latin alphabet to write the Oromo language.</p><p>The Oromo people could originally be found in the southeastern parts of Ethiopia. However, in the 1500s, they had migrated heavily towards other parts of the country. At that point, they had inhabited all of the southern lands of Ethiopia along with settlements on the Tana River in Kenya. They had also settled in most of the western and central provinces of Ethiopia, including parts of the Amhara region along with the Welo and Tigre regions. Wherever they had settled, even in the areas that were quite different than what they were used to do, they meshed well and adapted customs along with intermarried others. Because of these actions, a lot of their original culture was lost. Eventually, they were controlled by the Amhara people, which are the next biggest ethnic group in Ethiopia.</p>		\n			<h2>Origins</h2>		\n		<p>The Oromo people got their name from the initial tribe they came from, Oromia (or Biiya-Oromo). For a large part of history, the Oromo people were called the “galla.” One reason for this name was given by the French explorer, Antoine d’ Abaddie, who stated that “galla” was a war cry by the Oromo people. Another reason for the name is believed to be that when the Islamic prophet Muhammad asked the Chief of the Oromo to accept Islam, his response was “gha la,” which means “no.” It is believed that the Oromo are originally from the Lake Shamo area.</p><p>Because of their heavy influences from the Somalis, Afar, and Bejas people, they follow a form of an organization called, “gadaa.” Gadaa is a form of social system where the leaders are chosen every eight years. It regulates the political, religious, and social life of the Oromo people.</p>',NULL,'Professional Oromo language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6239,6239,1,'Oromo','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','93b9be0e-055e-4a0a-9ac5-4e7d15a1c396','<h2>Oromiffa Translation</h2>		\n		<p>Many firms claim to bring you the most skilled Oromigna interpreter or translator in the industry, but CIT allows our customers to speak for us. Our unrivaled track record of working with the best. </p><p>We attribute this to our rigorous screening process as well as the extensive training periods that ever CIT linguist goes through. They emerge from this as experts in their specialized field. The Oromo, or Oromiffs, language, is a Cushitic language spoken by about 30 million people in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Egypt.</p><p>It is the third most popular language in Africa. The Oromo people make up about 40% of the Ethiopian population and are the largest ethnic group in the country. They are spread all over Ethiopia, especially in Wollega, Sho, Illubabour, Jimma, Arsi, Bale, Haraghe, Wollo, Borana, and parts of Gojjam. The geographical spread of Oromo speakers has created a number of dialects, in which your interpreter or translator must be able to differentiate between.</p>		\n			<h2>History</h2>		\n		<p>Prior to the 1970s, the Oromo language was written using two scripts: either the Ge’ez of the Latin scripts. In the 70s, however, the OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) decided to use solely the Latin script to write the Oromo language. From then until the early 1990s, it was forbidden by the Mengistu regime to write Oromo in any script (except minimally in the Ge’ez script). Where there are Muslims in an Oromo area, Arabic script had been used as well. In 1991, the OLF had met with over 1,000 Oromo intellectuals and historians who decided unanimously, after several hours of debate, to adopt the Latin alphabet to write the Oromo language.</p><p>The Oromo people could originally be found in the southeastern parts of Ethiopia. However, in the 1500s, they had migrated heavily towards other parts of the country. At that point, they had inhabited all of the southern lands of Ethiopia along with settlements on the Tana River in Kenya. They had also settled in most of the western and central provinces of Ethiopia, including parts of the Amhara region along with the Welo and Tigre regions. Wherever they had settled, even in the areas that were quite different than what they were used to do, they meshed well and adapted customs along with intermarried others. Because of these actions, a lot of their original culture was lost. Eventually, they were controlled by the Amhara people, which are the next biggest ethnic group in Ethiopia.</p>		\n			<h2>Origins</h2>		\n		<p>The Oromo people got their name from the initial tribe they came from, Oromia (or Biiya-Oromo). For a large part of history, the Oromo people were called the “galla.” One reason for this name was given by the French explorer, Antoine d’ Abaddie, who stated that “galla” was a war cry by the Oromo people. Another reason for the name is believed to be that when the Islamic prophet Muhammad asked the Chief of the Oromo to accept Islam, his response was “gha la,” which means “no.” It is believed that the Oromo are originally from the Lake Shamo area.</p><p>Because of their heavy influences from the Somalis, Afar, and Bejas people, they follow a form of an organization called, “gadaa.” Gadaa is a form of social system where the leaders are chosen every eight years. It regulates the political, religious, and social life of the Oromo people.</p>',NULL,'Professional Oromo language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6240,6240,1,'Ossetic Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','a8702431-8fe0-4b6a-b878-741259de1f75','<h2>Ossetic interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Ossetic Language</h2>\nThe Ossetic language, part of the Northeastern Iranian branch of language, is an Indo-European language spoken by about 500,000 people in Ossetia. Ossetia is a region by the borders of Russia and Georgia. Most Ossetic speakers live in Russia. However, some live in Georgia and Turkey as well. Ossetic, or Ossetian, stems from the Alanic language group, a medieval language spoken by the Alans, an Iranian people.\n\nOssetic, or <em>asi</em> in many Iranian languages, is the most popular Northeastern Iranian language. There are two primary dialects of Ossetian: Iron and Digor. Iron is the more spoken dialect and is the standard dialect for written Ossetic. Jassic, another dialect, is the Osstic dialect spoken in Hungray. Currently, there are a few Ossetian newspapers and Ossetic is taught in schools. The first written records of Ossetic were in the 1700s, using an Arabic script. In the mid 19<sup>th</sup> century, Sjoegren developed a Cyrillic alphabet script of Ossetic. In the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, between 1923 and 1937, the Latin alphabet was used for script. Not long after, between 1938 and 1950s, Ossetic was written using a Georgian alphabet. Today, Ossetic is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. The Ossetic language comes from the Alani, who was Sarmatian people. There are several similarities to Old Iranian, including cases and prefixes. There are Ossetic folk epics as well, including stories of war heroes. The literary Ossetic language was created by the poet Kosta Khetagurov around the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. The Ossetian language shares similarities with Pashto and Yaghnobi considering its geographical location. There are several regions where Ossetian is spoken in conjunction with Caucasian or Turkic languages. For example, areas where people are bilingual in Ossetian and Georgian.\n\nThe Ossetic language has seven vowels. Three of them are front vowels, three are back vowels and one is a high central vowel. There are important roles of glottalization in the stops and affricates of vowels. There are velar and uvular consonants as well. The stress of a word will be on the first of second syllables of a word in the Ossetic language. Additionally, there are nine cases in Ossetic: nominative, genitive, dative, allative, ablative, incessive, adessive, equative and comitative. Personal pronouns are also an important part of Ossetic phonology. Verbs in Ossetian have a past and present tense. A verb in past tense will end in a T or a D. Turning a root into a verb in Ossetian grammar follows similar rules in other Iranian languages. A verb can be conjugated for a 6-person combination by changing a personal suffix. CIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.',NULL,'Professional Ossetic interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6241,6241,1,'Ossetic Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','bb8b1a76-2bd2-4adb-8dc9-448aabed4a49','<h2>Ossetic interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Ossetic Language</h2>\nThe Ossetic language, part of the Northeastern Iranian branch of language, is an Indo-European language spoken by about 500,000 people in Ossetia. Ossetia is a region by the borders of Russia and Georgia. Most Ossetic speakers live in Russia. However, some live in Georgia and Turkey as well. Ossetic, or Ossetian, stems from the Alanic language group, a medieval language spoken by the Alans, an Iranian people.\n\nOssetic, or <em>asi</em> in many Iranian languages, is the most popular Northeastern Iranian language. There are two primary dialects of Ossetian: Iron and Digor. Iron is the more spoken dialect and is the standard dialect for written Ossetic. Jassic, another dialect, is the Osstic dialect spoken in Hungray. Currently, there are a few Ossetian newspapers and Ossetic is taught in schools. The first written records of Ossetic were in the 1700s, using an Arabic script. In the mid 19<sup>th</sup> century, Sjoegren developed a Cyrillic alphabet script of Ossetic. In the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, between 1923 and 1937, the Latin alphabet was used for script. Not long after, between 1938 and 1950s, Ossetic was written using a Georgian alphabet. Today, Ossetic is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. The Ossetic language comes from the Alani, who was Sarmatian people. There are several similarities to Old Iranian, including cases and prefixes. There are Ossetic folk epics as well, including stories of war heroes. The literary Ossetic language was created by the poet Kosta Khetagurov around the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. The Ossetian language shares similarities with Pashto and Yaghnobi considering its geographical location. There are several regions where Ossetian is spoken in conjunction with Caucasian or Turkic languages. For example, areas where people are bilingual in Ossetian and Georgian.\n\nThe Ossetic language has seven vowels. Three of them are front vowels, three are back vowels and one is a high central vowel. There are important roles of glottalization in the stops and affricates of vowels. There are velar and uvular consonants as well. The stress of a word will be on the first of second syllables of a word in the Ossetic language. Additionally, there are nine cases in Ossetic: nominative, genitive, dative, allative, ablative, incessive, adessive, equative and comitative. Personal pronouns are also an important part of Ossetic phonology. Verbs in Ossetian have a past and present tense. A verb in past tense will end in a T or a D. Turning a root into a verb in Ossetian grammar follows similar rules in other Iranian languages. A verb can be conjugated for a 6-person combination by changing a personal suffix. CIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.',NULL,'Professional Ossetic interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6242,6242,1,'Pashto Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','61d0dc9a-345e-4db5-ab78-d8604f7d3099','<h2>Pashto interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Pashto interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pashto language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pashto language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pashto language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pashto language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pashto people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Pashto Language</h2>\nThe Pashto language, or Pukhto, is an Eastern Iranian language belonging to the Indo-European language family. It is also known as Afghani or Pathani. Those who speak the language are sometimes referred to as Pashtuns, Pakhtuns, Pathans or Afghans. There are about 55 million native Pashto speakers worldwide. Pashto, along with Dari, is the official language of Afghanistan and became the official language in 1936 by King Zahir Shah. It is also spoken in Pakistan and is the second-largest regional language of the country. Additionally, there are smaller communities of Pashto speakers in Iran, Tajikistan, the UAE and the UK.\n<h2>Origins of the Pashto Language</h2>\nThere are debates as to where Pashto originated from. There are many commonalities with other languages such as Greek, Saka, Parthia and Persian along with some Indian languages such as Prakrits, Balochi and Sindhi. In Pashto, there are about 5,500 loanwords. There are two main dialects in the Pashto language: southern (more ancient <em>sh</em> and <em>zh</em> sounds) and northern (<em>kh</em> and <em>gh</em> sounds). Central Pashto is another, less popular dialect spoken primarily in Pakistan.\n<h2>Grammar and Literature of Pashto</h2>\nThe grammar and literature of the Pashto language can be quite similar to Hindi. In Pashto, pronouns come after the adjective. The verb will agree with the subject in transitive and intransitve tenses. The Pashto language is written in the Naskh Arabic alphabet, although it is modified slightly. The Pashto alphabet has forty-four letters as opposed to standard Arabic, which only has twenty-eight letters.\n\nThe earliest form of recorded Pashto literature was poetry. Mohammad Hotak composed a text titled <em>Pata Khazana </em>(1728-1729), “The Hidden Treasure.” It was a collection of Pashto poetry from the 700s to the mid-18<sup>th</sup> century. Khushhal Khan Khatak was known as the national poet of Afghanistan, living from 1613-1694. He wrote powerful, yet impulsive poetry with a lot of charm. Several years later, his grandson, Afzal Khan, was a well-respected and known author of the history of Pashtun. Other than this, the Pashtuns are well known for their oral literature, including stories and poems that were passed down from generation to generation through rich storytelling.',NULL,'Professional Pashto interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6243,6243,1,'Pashto Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','6d91e961-b27e-4f2b-9652-a5b5b61be82e','<h2>Pashto interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Pashto interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pashto language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pashto language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pashto language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pashto language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pashto people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Pashto Language</h2>\nThe Pashto language, or Pukhto, is an Eastern Iranian language belonging to the Indo-European language family. It is also known as Afghani or Pathani. Those who speak the language are sometimes referred to as Pashtuns, Pakhtuns, Pathans or Afghans. There are about 55 million native Pashto speakers worldwide. Pashto, along with Dari, is the official language of Afghanistan and became the official language in 1936 by King Zahir Shah. It is also spoken in Pakistan and is the second-largest regional language of the country. Additionally, there are smaller communities of Pashto speakers in Iran, Tajikistan, the UAE and the UK.\n<h2>Origins of the Pashto Language</h2>\nThere are debates as to where Pashto originated from. There are many commonalities with other languages such as Greek, Saka, Parthia and Persian along with some Indian languages such as Prakrits, Balochi and Sindhi. In Pashto, there are about 5,500 loanwords. There are two main dialects in the Pashto language: southern (more ancient <em>sh</em> and <em>zh</em> sounds) and northern (<em>kh</em> and <em>gh</em> sounds). Central Pashto is another, less popular dialect spoken primarily in Pakistan.\n<h2>Grammar and Literature of Pashto</h2>\nThe grammar and literature of the Pashto language can be quite similar to Hindi. In Pashto, pronouns come after the adjective. The verb will agree with the subject in transitive and intransitve tenses. The Pashto language is written in the Naskh Arabic alphabet, although it is modified slightly. The Pashto alphabet has forty-four letters as opposed to standard Arabic, which only has twenty-eight letters.\n\nThe earliest form of recorded Pashto literature was poetry. Mohammad Hotak composed a text titled <em>Pata Khazana </em>(1728-1729), “The Hidden Treasure.” It was a collection of Pashto poetry from the 700s to the mid-18<sup>th</sup> century. Khushhal Khan Khatak was known as the national poet of Afghanistan, living from 1613-1694. He wrote powerful, yet impulsive poetry with a lot of charm. Several years later, his grandson, Afzal Khan, was a well-respected and known author of the history of Pashtun. Other than this, the Pashtuns are well known for their oral literature, including stories and poems that were passed down from generation to generation through rich storytelling.',NULL,'Professional Pashto interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6244,6244,1,'Pennsylvania German Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','9e117946-e00e-4380-890c-14a0b96d185e','<h2>Pennsylvania German (Dutch) interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Pennsylvania German interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pennsylvania German language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pennsylvania German language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pennsylvania German language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pennsylvania German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pennsylvania German people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Pennsylvania German Language</h2>\nPennsylvania German, also known as Pennsylvania Dutch, is spoken by about 250,000 people in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana along with Ontario, Canada. It is a variety of the German language. Pennsylvania German came to the United States, particularly Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina in the late 1600s and early 1700s, carried by immigrants from Germany, France and Switzerland. In the early 1900s, the Pennsylvania German language was not used as much anymore, especially in urban areas. After World War II, the same occurred in rural areas and the use of the Pennsylvania German language declined as well. Today, Pennsylvania German is used largely in Amish and Mennonite communities. However, most Pennsylvania Germans who have assimilated. Even with this, they still hold on to several cultural identities, such as cooking and decorative traditions. There are some identifying factors in the Pennsylvania Germans, particularly in the Amish. For example, clothing are plain and modest. Women will wear head coverings whereas men will wear beards (but not a mustache) once married. They will travel in horse-drawn buggies and live a strict, religious lifestyle.\n\nPennsylvania Germans had been persecuted in their homeland. This is what drew them to Pennsylvania: the ability to live more freely under tolerance in William Penn’s land. The first Pennsylvania German immigrant was Francis Daniel Pastorius, who directed a group of German Quakers to Philadelphia in 1683. There, they settled land and named it Germantown. Not long after were the newly arriving immigrants mainly from the Lutheran and Reformed churches. By the time the American Revolution had struck, the Pennsylvania German population had risen to be 1/3 the population of Pennsylvania.\n\nPennsylvania German comes from the Palatinate German language. There are several similarities between the two. Today, there is still a Pennsylvania German newspaper, titled <em>Hiwwe wie Driwwe,</em> which is published biannually, containing poetry and prose in Pennsylvania German. There are two main writing systems in Pennsylvania German. The first is based on American English, including standard American English spellings. Another way of spelling in Pennsylvania German is through Standard German rules of spelling. The spelling system, or orthography, is based on the Buffington-Barba system. There are several loan words in Pennsylvania German from English.',NULL,'Professional Amish (Pennsylvania Dutch) interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours.',NULL),(6245,6245,1,'Pennsylvania German Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','a1df0e78-f752-4b89-970e-700a16963dda','<h2>Pennsylvania German (Dutch) interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Pennsylvania German interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pennsylvania German language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pennsylvania German language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pennsylvania German language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pennsylvania German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pennsylvania German people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Pennsylvania German Language</h2>\nPennsylvania German, also known as Pennsylvania Dutch, is spoken by about 250,000 people in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana along with Ontario, Canada. It is a variety of the German language. Pennsylvania German came to the United States, particularly Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina in the late 1600s and early 1700s, carried by immigrants from Germany, France and Switzerland. In the early 1900s, the Pennsylvania German language was not used as much anymore, especially in urban areas. After World War II, the same occurred in rural areas and the use of the Pennsylvania German language declined as well. Today, Pennsylvania German is used largely in Amish and Mennonite communities. However, most Pennsylvania Germans who have assimilated. Even with this, they still hold on to several cultural identities, such as cooking and decorative traditions. There are some identifying factors in the Pennsylvania Germans, particularly in the Amish. For example, clothing are plain and modest. Women will wear head coverings whereas men will wear beards (but not a mustache) once married. They will travel in horse-drawn buggies and live a strict, religious lifestyle.\n\nPennsylvania Germans had been persecuted in their homeland. This is what drew them to Pennsylvania: the ability to live more freely under tolerance in William Penn’s land. The first Pennsylvania German immigrant was Francis Daniel Pastorius, who directed a group of German Quakers to Philadelphia in 1683. There, they settled land and named it Germantown. Not long after were the newly arriving immigrants mainly from the Lutheran and Reformed churches. By the time the American Revolution had struck, the Pennsylvania German population had risen to be 1/3 the population of Pennsylvania.\n\nPennsylvania German comes from the Palatinate German language. There are several similarities between the two. Today, there is still a Pennsylvania German newspaper, titled <em>Hiwwe wie Driwwe,</em> which is published biannually, containing poetry and prose in Pennsylvania German. There are two main writing systems in Pennsylvania German. The first is based on American English, including standard American English spellings. Another way of spelling in Pennsylvania German is through Standard German rules of spelling. The spelling system, or orthography, is based on the Buffington-Barba system. There are several loan words in Pennsylvania German from English.',NULL,'Professional Amish (Pennsylvania Dutch) interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours.',NULL),(6246,6246,1,'Polish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','68700c64-94fa-40d8-ac37-4d309170e126','<h2>Polish interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Polish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Polish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Polish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Polish language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Polish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Polish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Polish Language</h2>\nThe Polish language,  part of the Indo-European language group and in the West Slavonic language family, is spoken mainly in Poland by around 36.5 million Polish people. Outside of Poland, another estimated 4 million people speak Polish in German, the UK, Lithuanian, the US, France, Canada, Ireland, Israel, Russia, Czechia and Austria. The Polish language is quite similar to Kashubian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, Czech and Slovak. It is also known as Polski, Jezyk Polski (meaning “the polish language”) or Polszczyzna.\n\nThe first recording of Polish writing was in 1136, with the text titled “Gniezno papal bull” including 410 Polish names. It was issued by Pope Innocent II, given to the archbishop of Gniezno. This was in order to translate Latin prayers and sermons, in order that only the religious and those who were faithful would be able to understand the prayers. The first two sentences written in Polish were in 1270: one sentence was said by a peasant and one was said by a ruler. Notable Polish poets include Kan Kochanowski (1530-1584) and Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855), the author of the epic, Pan Tadeusz. The most famous Polish writer, Joseph Conrad (originally known as Konrad Korzeniowski, living from 1857 to 1924), wrote in English and was initially a sailor. Literature written in the Polish language has been done using several dialects, including Gneizno, Cracow and Warsaw dialects.\n\nPolish is written in Roman, or Latin, alphabet, brought on by Christianity. The Polish language has several borrowed words from Italian, English, French, Czech, German, Latin, Belarusian and Ukranian. Especially in post-communist Poland, more loanwords in English were adapted in Polish. The words will try to mascarade as Polish words but are still easily detected as English. For example, the word <em>computer</em> will be known as <em>komputer</em> in Polish. In the pronunciation of words in the Polish language, the stress falls with a fixed stress accent. Many believe that the Polish language is one of the hardest languages in the world to learn.\n\nThe reason for this is a difficult pronunciation, complex gender system, the seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental and locative) and difficult grammar, including verbs and Polish words. Consonants, however, are very similar to those in English and the stress of a word is always on the second to last syllable. The Polish language has 10 vowels and 35 consonants. Learning Polish will give you additional benefits when it comes to learning other languages. Once someone learns Polish, other West Slavic languages, such as Czeck, Slovak and Sorbian are much easier to learn. And in case you were wondering, the longest word in Polish is a whopping 54 letters!',NULL,'Professional Polish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6247,6247,1,'Polish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','cd4fe735-fa47-49a3-8bec-bbcbc34ff660','<h2>Polish interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Polish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Polish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Polish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Polish language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Polish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Polish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Polish Language</h2>\nThe Polish language,  part of the Indo-European language group and in the West Slavonic language family, is spoken mainly in Poland by around 36.5 million Polish people. Outside of Poland, another estimated 4 million people speak Polish in German, the UK, Lithuanian, the US, France, Canada, Ireland, Israel, Russia, Czechia and Austria. The Polish language is quite similar to Kashubian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, Czech and Slovak. It is also known as Polski, Jezyk Polski (meaning “the polish language”) or Polszczyzna.\n\nThe first recording of Polish writing was in 1136, with the text titled “Gniezno papal bull” including 410 Polish names. It was issued by Pope Innocent II, given to the archbishop of Gniezno. This was in order to translate Latin prayers and sermons, in order that only the religious and those who were faithful would be able to understand the prayers. The first two sentences written in Polish were in 1270: one sentence was said by a peasant and one was said by a ruler. Notable Polish poets include Kan Kochanowski (1530-1584) and Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855), the author of the epic, Pan Tadeusz. The most famous Polish writer, Joseph Conrad (originally known as Konrad Korzeniowski, living from 1857 to 1924), wrote in English and was initially a sailor. Literature written in the Polish language has been done using several dialects, including Gneizno, Cracow and Warsaw dialects.\n\nPolish is written in Roman, or Latin, alphabet, brought on by Christianity. The Polish language has several borrowed words from Italian, English, French, Czech, German, Latin, Belarusian and Ukranian. Especially in post-communist Poland, more loanwords in English were adapted in Polish. The words will try to mascarade as Polish words but are still easily detected as English. For example, the word <em>computer</em> will be known as <em>komputer</em> in Polish. In the pronunciation of words in the Polish language, the stress falls with a fixed stress accent. Many believe that the Polish language is one of the hardest languages in the world to learn.\n\nThe reason for this is a difficult pronunciation, complex gender system, the seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental and locative) and difficult grammar, including verbs and Polish words. Consonants, however, are very similar to those in English and the stress of a word is always on the second to last syllable. The Polish language has 10 vowels and 35 consonants. Learning Polish will give you additional benefits when it comes to learning other languages. Once someone learns Polish, other West Slavic languages, such as Czeck, Slovak and Sorbian are much easier to learn. And in case you were wondering, the longest word in Polish is a whopping 54 letters!',NULL,'Professional Polish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6248,6248,1,'Portuguese Translation','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','e2b2d5b3-55d8-4633-9cfa-50fed0b5a5b3','<h2>Portuguese interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Portuguese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Portuguese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Portuguese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Portuguese language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Portuguese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Portuguese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Portuguese Language</h2>\nThe Portuguese language, also known as Potugues, is a Romantic language spoken in Portugal and Brazil primarily, aong with other Portuguese colonial areas. The Galician language, which is spoken in North Spain, is very close to Portuguese. The Portuguese language is the second most popular Romance language, second only after Spanish. Over 127 million people worldwide speak Portuguese. There are about 10 million Portuguese speakers in Portugal. Additionally, there are about 8 million Portuguese speakers in Africa, including in Angola, Cabo Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe. It is also spoken in the US, mainly in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.\n\nThe Portuguese spoken in Brazil is diffierent from the Portuguese spoken in Europe. There are several differences, including changes with verb conjugating, syntax, object pronouns and other grammar. For example, in Brazilian Portuguese, the object pronoun is before the verb. In Standard Portuguese, the object pronoun is after the verb. Portuguese is very close to Spanish.\n\nThere are four main dialects. They are: Central (also known as Beira), Southern (Estremenho, which includes Lisbon, Alentejo and Algarve) Insular (including Madeira and Azores) and Brazilian. The standard Portuguese spoken was first created in the 1500s from the dialects spoken in Lisbon and Coimbra. Brazilian Portuguese is different from the Portuguese spoken in Portugal in syntax, phonology and vocabulary. There are also records of a Judeo-Portuguese dialect from the 1700s that can be traced back to Amsterdam and Livorno (Leghorn, Italy). However, today, there are no traces to that dialect.\n\nWith the Portuguese sound system comes a lot of nasal vowels. The verbs system is different than that of the Spanish language. In the year 2008, the Portuguese government mandated that the Portuguese language use Brazilian orthography.\n\nUp until the 1400s, Portuguese and Galician were one language known as Gallego-Portuguese. The evidence of this is from Latin texts from the 800-1100s. The literature of a the Gallego-Portuguese language was more robust in the 1200s and 1300s. Poets preferred the softer Gallego-Portuguese language and the language for literature florished in the Iberian Peninsula (except for in Catalan). By the 1500s, Galician and Portuguese drifted apart. Between the 1500s and 1700s, Galician was used only in homes and not long after, in the 1700s, it was a language of culture. It became the official language of the autonomous community in Galicia, along with Spanish.',NULL,'Professional Portuguese interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','portuguese translation'),(6249,6249,1,'Portuguese Translation','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','fe81dfd3-5e4a-48f8-b9bb-27bd53be98b8','<h2>Portuguese interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Portuguese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Portuguese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Portuguese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Portuguese language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Portuguese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Portuguese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Portuguese Language</h2>\nThe Portuguese language, also known as Potugues, is a Romantic language spoken in Portugal and Brazil primarily, aong with other Portuguese colonial areas. The Galician language, which is spoken in North Spain, is very close to Portuguese. The Portuguese language is the second most popular Romance language, second only after Spanish. Over 127 million people worldwide speak Portuguese. There are about 10 million Portuguese speakers in Portugal. Additionally, there are about 8 million Portuguese speakers in Africa, including in Angola, Cabo Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe. It is also spoken in the US, mainly in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.\n\nThe Portuguese spoken in Brazil is diffierent from the Portuguese spoken in Europe. There are several differences, including changes with verb conjugating, syntax, object pronouns and other grammar. For example, in Brazilian Portuguese, the object pronoun is before the verb. In Standard Portuguese, the object pronoun is after the verb. Portuguese is very close to Spanish.\n\nThere are four main dialects. They are: Central (also known as Beira), Southern (Estremenho, which includes Lisbon, Alentejo and Algarve) Insular (including Madeira and Azores) and Brazilian. The standard Portuguese spoken was first created in the 1500s from the dialects spoken in Lisbon and Coimbra. Brazilian Portuguese is different from the Portuguese spoken in Portugal in syntax, phonology and vocabulary. There are also records of a Judeo-Portuguese dialect from the 1700s that can be traced back to Amsterdam and Livorno (Leghorn, Italy). However, today, there are no traces to that dialect.\n\nWith the Portuguese sound system comes a lot of nasal vowels. The verbs system is different than that of the Spanish language. In the year 2008, the Portuguese government mandated that the Portuguese language use Brazilian orthography.\n\nUp until the 1400s, Portuguese and Galician were one language known as Gallego-Portuguese. The evidence of this is from Latin texts from the 800-1100s. The literature of a the Gallego-Portuguese language was more robust in the 1200s and 1300s. Poets preferred the softer Gallego-Portuguese language and the language for literature florished in the Iberian Peninsula (except for in Catalan). By the 1500s, Galician and Portuguese drifted apart. Between the 1500s and 1700s, Galician was used only in homes and not long after, in the 1700s, it was a language of culture. It became the official language of the autonomous community in Galicia, along with Spanish.',NULL,'Professional Portuguese interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','portuguese translation'),(6250,6250,1,'Provencal Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','48c88a5d-22bc-4423-8af0-bc31bca5da00','<h2>Provencal interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Provencal interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Provencal language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Provencal language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Provencal language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Provencal language, as well as of the culture and history of the Provencal people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Provencal Language</h2>\nThe Provencal dialect, part of the Occitan language, is an ancient language spoken by about 1.5 million people all across countries in Europe. Provencal is very popular in southern regions in France. Additionally, it is spoken in parts of Spain, Monaco and in the Occitan Valleys of Italy. In the Piedmon region of Italy, where the Occitan Valleys are, Occitan speaking communities are recognized. Occitan has a total of six dialects: Provencal, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Alpine and Augergne.\n\nThe Occitan language in general, including all six dialects, are based in Latin, due to the Romans having spread the language. As the Romans spread throughout and conquered Europe, they brought their language along with them and it started to be used in areas such as France, Spain and further. Eventually, this Latin language was known as Vulgar Latin and was used and spread by the Roman soldiers. Soon enough, as the Roman Empire began to weaken, so did the language. As a result, other languages began to gain strength. Provencal was one of those languages. Not only did it gain verbal strength, but new literature came to be in the Provencal dialect around the 900s.\n\nBetween the 900s and 1400s, Occitan and its dialects was known as a poetic language. Troubadours used Occitan dialects to write plays and comedies as they traveled around France. Up until the 1400s, the Occitan language was used as the main language of reading in both France and northern Spain. Currently, Occitan is still an official language in Catalan, Spain. Due to the power of the French court, the French language began to replace Occitan entirely. Especially after the French Revolution, there was a grand push to have everyone speak the same language.\n\nCurrently, out of the six Occitan dialects, four, including Provencal, are endangered according to UNESCO. It is currently on UNESCO’s Atlas of World Languages in Danger. In the 1800s, there had been a short attempt by Frederic Mistral, a known writer and Nobel Prize winner in 1904, to revive Provencal. He began writing in Provencal. About 40 schools in Franch still teach Provencal along with the differences between the Provencal alphabet and the French alphabet. Of the presumed 1.5 millione Occitan speakers across Europe, most are elderly and perhaps cannot read or write the language. However, due to the efforts to preserve the language, many people are beginning to learn it. Additionally, it is a field of study at Oxford University. It is the hope of the linguists who are trying to preserve the language that those studying it will actually speak it as well.\n\nIn order to effectively understand French history, Provencal is a useful tool.  Many believe that it is important to keep dialects like Provencal alive as a reminder of the past of a nation.',NULL,'Professional Provencal interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6251,6251,1,'Provencal Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','0d2c23dc-8a12-4068-8ae6-58d2388557f1','<h2>Provencal interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Provencal interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Provencal language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Provencal language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Provencal language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Provencal language, as well as of the culture and history of the Provencal people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Provencal Language</h2>\nThe Provencal dialect, part of the Occitan language, is an ancient language spoken by about 1.5 million people all across countries in Europe. Provencal is very popular in southern regions in France. Additionally, it is spoken in parts of Spain, Monaco and in the Occitan Valleys of Italy. In the Piedmon region of Italy, where the Occitan Valleys are, Occitan speaking communities are recognized. Occitan has a total of six dialects: Provencal, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Alpine and Augergne.\n\nThe Occitan language in general, including all six dialects, are based in Latin, due to the Romans having spread the language. As the Romans spread throughout and conquered Europe, they brought their language along with them and it started to be used in areas such as France, Spain and further. Eventually, this Latin language was known as Vulgar Latin and was used and spread by the Roman soldiers. Soon enough, as the Roman Empire began to weaken, so did the language. As a result, other languages began to gain strength. Provencal was one of those languages. Not only did it gain verbal strength, but new literature came to be in the Provencal dialect around the 900s.\n\nBetween the 900s and 1400s, Occitan and its dialects was known as a poetic language. Troubadours used Occitan dialects to write plays and comedies as they traveled around France. Up until the 1400s, the Occitan language was used as the main language of reading in both France and northern Spain. Currently, Occitan is still an official language in Catalan, Spain. Due to the power of the French court, the French language began to replace Occitan entirely. Especially after the French Revolution, there was a grand push to have everyone speak the same language.\n\nCurrently, out of the six Occitan dialects, four, including Provencal, are endangered according to UNESCO. It is currently on UNESCO’s Atlas of World Languages in Danger. In the 1800s, there had been a short attempt by Frederic Mistral, a known writer and Nobel Prize winner in 1904, to revive Provencal. He began writing in Provencal. About 40 schools in Franch still teach Provencal along with the differences between the Provencal alphabet and the French alphabet. Of the presumed 1.5 millione Occitan speakers across Europe, most are elderly and perhaps cannot read or write the language. However, due to the efforts to preserve the language, many people are beginning to learn it. Additionally, it is a field of study at Oxford University. It is the hope of the linguists who are trying to preserve the language that those studying it will actually speak it as well.\n\nIn order to effectively understand French history, Provencal is a useful tool.  Many believe that it is important to keep dialects like Provencal alive as a reminder of the past of a nation.',NULL,'Professional Provencal interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6252,6252,1,'Punjabi Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','a454cdc0-5767-4765-9351-8160a5d2c0e9','<h2>Punjabi interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Punjabi interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Punjabi language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Punjabi language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Punjabi language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Punjabi language, as well as of the culture and history of the Punjabi people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Punjabi Language</h2>\nPunjabi, also known as Panjabi, is one of the oldest Indo-Aryan languages. Punjabi, as spelled the British way, is more popular than the academic spelling of Panjabi. It is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab, with approximately 30 million speakers. It is also recognized by the Indian constitution. It is spoken by about 70 million people in Pakistan. Additionally, there are large communities of Punjab speaking people in the UK, US and Canada.\n\nThe Indian Punjabi language is written in the Gurmukhi script. It is mainly associated with the Sikhs and is a member of the Indic writing family. It is written from left to right, but is quite different from Devanagari, which is used to write the Hindi language. Urdu script, which is written from right to left, is used to write Punjabi in Pakistan and is known as Shahmukhi. Because of this difference between Indian and Pakistan Punjabi, it is one of the very few languages in the world that is written in two different scripts.\n\nEven with such a large amount of people who speak Punjabi along with its ancient traditions and poetry, it had not be standardized and was not officially recognized by officials along with religious communities such as Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. Instead, other languages were better informed such as Persian under the Mughal Empire followed by Urdu under the British.\n\nWhen the subcontinent divided in 1947 in India, there had been a lot of violence and ethnic cleansing, which expelled most Muslims who spoke Punjab from India along with the Sikhs and Hindus from Pakistan. The Muslims had identified with Urdu while the Hindus identified with Hindi. Meanwhile, it was the Sikhs that identified most with Punjabi. The Gurmukhi script was initially used in order to record Sikh religious text known as the <em>Adi Granth</em>, published in the early 17<sup>th</sup> century. It was the Sikhs that were left with the task of further developing the Punjabi language and in 1966, it became an official language of the Punjabi state under Sikh leadership.\n\nIt is safe to say there are a lot of similarities between Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu. Even with this, there are many differences in their scripts. One of the main differences is that Punjabi, as a Middle Indo-Aryna, will have double consonants following a short vowel. Historically speaking, there is a preference for the Urdu language in Pakistan.',NULL,'Professional Punjabi interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6253,6253,1,'Punjabi Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','4d558c6d-68da-4776-8bb5-01ddde6364fc','<h2>Punjabi interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Punjabi interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Punjabi language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Punjabi language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Punjabi language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Punjabi language, as well as of the culture and history of the Punjabi people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Punjabi Language</h2>\nPunjabi, also known as Panjabi, is one of the oldest Indo-Aryan languages. Punjabi, as spelled the British way, is more popular than the academic spelling of Panjabi. It is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab, with approximately 30 million speakers. It is also recognized by the Indian constitution. It is spoken by about 70 million people in Pakistan. Additionally, there are large communities of Punjab speaking people in the UK, US and Canada.\n\nThe Indian Punjabi language is written in the Gurmukhi script. It is mainly associated with the Sikhs and is a member of the Indic writing family. It is written from left to right, but is quite different from Devanagari, which is used to write the Hindi language. Urdu script, which is written from right to left, is used to write Punjabi in Pakistan and is known as Shahmukhi. Because of this difference between Indian and Pakistan Punjabi, it is one of the very few languages in the world that is written in two different scripts.\n\nEven with such a large amount of people who speak Punjabi along with its ancient traditions and poetry, it had not be standardized and was not officially recognized by officials along with religious communities such as Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. Instead, other languages were better informed such as Persian under the Mughal Empire followed by Urdu under the British.\n\nWhen the subcontinent divided in 1947 in India, there had been a lot of violence and ethnic cleansing, which expelled most Muslims who spoke Punjab from India along with the Sikhs and Hindus from Pakistan. The Muslims had identified with Urdu while the Hindus identified with Hindi. Meanwhile, it was the Sikhs that identified most with Punjabi. The Gurmukhi script was initially used in order to record Sikh religious text known as the <em>Adi Granth</em>, published in the early 17<sup>th</sup> century. It was the Sikhs that were left with the task of further developing the Punjabi language and in 1966, it became an official language of the Punjabi state under Sikh leadership.\n\nIt is safe to say there are a lot of similarities between Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu. Even with this, there are many differences in their scripts. One of the main differences is that Punjabi, as a Middle Indo-Aryna, will have double consonants following a short vowel. Historically speaking, there is a preference for the Urdu language in Pakistan.',NULL,'Professional Punjabi interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6254,6254,1,'Romanian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','31a33601-8aee-4697-a5b9-503dde2cf931','<h2>Romanian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Romanian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Romanian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Romanian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Romanian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Romanian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Romanian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Romanian Language</h2>\nThe Romanian language, also known as Rumanian or Romanian Limba romana, is a Romance language spoken mainly in Romania and Moldova. There are four main dialects. Dacoromanian is the basis of the standard Romanian language. It is spoken in Romania and Maldona in many reagions. Aromanian, also known as Macedoromanian, is spoken through Greece, North Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo and Serbia. Meglenoromanian is a dialect spoken by very few people in northern Greece and southeast North Macedonia.\n\nLastly, Istroromanian, which is also barely spoken, is spoken in Istria, which is a peninsula that is part of Croatia and Slovenia. Moldovan, the national language of Moldova, is known to be a form of Dacoromanian and is written in the Latin alphabet. It is said there are about 24 million Romanian speakers. About 20 million of them live in Romania, another 3 million in Moldovoa and the remainder speak Romanian in Ukraine, Israel, Serbia, Hungary and the US. A little over 114,000 people speak Aromanian.\n\nThe Romanian written language, both the phonology and grammar, has gone in a different direction compare to that of other Romance languages, mainly because it is slightly distanced from the other Romance languages. It is much closer to Hungarian, Turkish and Albanian. There are two cases of nouns in Romanian. They are direct (nominative and objective) and oblique (possessive and dative). They come in either singular or plural form. Verbs also have a shortened infinitive.\n\nStandard Romanian is based on the Walachian component of Dacoromanian. Religious writers of the Orthodox Church in the 1600s further developed the standard language. It included more dialects, but the version used in Bucharest follows the present model. During the Soviet rule, the Moldova language was written in Cyrillic and was known as Maldavian. The Soviets believed it to be a separate language. In 1989, the language, now known as Romanian of Moldovan, has been written in the Roman alphabet. Even though the Meglenoromanian and Istroromanian dialects are nearly lost, the Aromanian dialect is very strong.\n\nThe first known writings in Aromanian were from 1731 and were found in 1952 in Albania. The first Dacoromanian text was written as a letter in 1521. Most of the early texts were written in Cyrillic script. The Roman alphabet was only officially adapted in 1859. It was around then that Romania turned to France and other Romance nations for cultural inspiration in an event called The Romanization of Romanian.',NULL,'Professional Romanian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6255,6255,1,'Romanian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','39193a97-05c8-483e-9e30-00d720860807','<h2>Romanian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Romanian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Romanian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Romanian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Romanian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Romanian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Romanian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Romanian Language</h2>\nThe Romanian language, also known as Rumanian or Romanian Limba romana, is a Romance language spoken mainly in Romania and Moldova. There are four main dialects. Dacoromanian is the basis of the standard Romanian language. It is spoken in Romania and Maldona in many reagions. Aromanian, also known as Macedoromanian, is spoken through Greece, North Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo and Serbia. Meglenoromanian is a dialect spoken by very few people in northern Greece and southeast North Macedonia.\n\nLastly, Istroromanian, which is also barely spoken, is spoken in Istria, which is a peninsula that is part of Croatia and Slovenia. Moldovan, the national language of Moldova, is known to be a form of Dacoromanian and is written in the Latin alphabet. It is said there are about 24 million Romanian speakers. About 20 million of them live in Romania, another 3 million in Moldovoa and the remainder speak Romanian in Ukraine, Israel, Serbia, Hungary and the US. A little over 114,000 people speak Aromanian.\n\nThe Romanian written language, both the phonology and grammar, has gone in a different direction compare to that of other Romance languages, mainly because it is slightly distanced from the other Romance languages. It is much closer to Hungarian, Turkish and Albanian. There are two cases of nouns in Romanian. They are direct (nominative and objective) and oblique (possessive and dative). They come in either singular or plural form. Verbs also have a shortened infinitive.\n\nStandard Romanian is based on the Walachian component of Dacoromanian. Religious writers of the Orthodox Church in the 1600s further developed the standard language. It included more dialects, but the version used in Bucharest follows the present model. During the Soviet rule, the Moldova language was written in Cyrillic and was known as Maldavian. The Soviets believed it to be a separate language. In 1989, the language, now known as Romanian of Moldovan, has been written in the Roman alphabet. Even though the Meglenoromanian and Istroromanian dialects are nearly lost, the Aromanian dialect is very strong.\n\nThe first known writings in Aromanian were from 1731 and were found in 1952 in Albania. The first Dacoromanian text was written as a letter in 1521. Most of the early texts were written in Cyrillic script. The Roman alphabet was only officially adapted in 1859. It was around then that Romania turned to France and other Romance nations for cultural inspiration in an event called The Romanization of Romanian.',NULL,'Professional Romanian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6256,6256,1,'Russian Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','9e3a81b0-7330-416e-bbbd-7adff861b454','<h2>Complete Russian Translation Services</h2>\nCIT offers Russian interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Russian language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Russian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Russian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Russian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Russian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Russian Language</h2>\nThe Russian language, an Eastern Slavic language, is spoken mainly in Russia by about 260 million people. Of those, more than half are Native speakers. Russian is the official language in several countries, including Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. It is also an official language in territories like Moldova, Abkhazia and the UN. Although not an official language, it is heavily spoken in other countries such as Romania, Finland, Norway, Armenia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Turkmenistan, Slovakia and Uzbekistan.\n\nThe Russian language was first written in the 900s. This text was found in Novgorod. These texts found were written in Old Russian, Old Church Slavonic, Finnish, Latin and Greek. It was during the time of Peter the Great (1672-1725) that the Russian language was beginning to be written regularly. It was he who introduced a common alphabet and pressed upon the importance of writing in a similar language as one speaks. In this case, Russian. The Russian dialect from Moscow was what was used as the foundation of written Russian.\n\nIn the 1800s, Russian literature flourished wildly. Great authors such as Tolstoi, Dostoyevskii, Gogol and Pushkin were responsible for this. During Soviet rule, some subjects in Russian literature were off limits.\n\nBetween 1750 and 1918, the Russian alphabet was as Cyrillic alphabet. Before that, the Russian alphabet was also Cyrillic but slightly different.\n\nThere are three groups of Russian dialects: Northern, Southern and Central. Russian, Ukranian and Belarusian are the three languages that make up the East Slavic languages.\n\nThe Russian language spoken today has six cases. They are nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and locative. There are both plural and singular forms of nouns along with adjectives and can be expressed in perfect and imperfect verbs.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about the Russian Language</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>The Russian language is the 5<sup>th</sup> most spoken language in the world</li>\n 	<li>The Russian language is considered to be one of the most complex languages</li>\n 	<li>Stress on a word can change the meaning</li>\n 	<li>It is a requirement for astronaut applicants at NASA to know Russian</li>\n 	<li>10% of Russian words are similar to English words</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Russian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','russian translators'),(6257,6257,1,'Russian Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','1dd3286c-1821-45fc-8cdf-6686ffe8494f','<h2>Complete Russian Translation Services</h2>\nCIT offers Russian interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Russian language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Russian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Russian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Russian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Russian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Russian Language</h2>\nThe Russian language, an Eastern Slavic language, is spoken mainly in Russia by about 260 million people. Of those, more than half are Native speakers. Russian is the official language in several countries, including Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. It is also an official language in territories like Moldova, Abkhazia and the UN. Although not an official language, it is heavily spoken in other countries such as Romania, Finland, Norway, Armenia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Turkmenistan, Slovakia and Uzbekistan.\n\nThe Russian language was first written in the 900s. This text was found in Novgorod. These texts found were written in Old Russian, Old Church Slavonic, Finnish, Latin and Greek. It was during the time of Peter the Great (1672-1725) that the Russian language was beginning to be written regularly. It was he who introduced a common alphabet and pressed upon the importance of writing in a similar language as one speaks. In this case, Russian. The Russian dialect from Moscow was what was used as the foundation of written Russian.\n\nIn the 1800s, Russian literature flourished wildly. Great authors such as Tolstoi, Dostoyevskii, Gogol and Pushkin were responsible for this. During Soviet rule, some subjects in Russian literature were off limits.\n\nBetween 1750 and 1918, the Russian alphabet was as Cyrillic alphabet. Before that, the Russian alphabet was also Cyrillic but slightly different.\n\nThere are three groups of Russian dialects: Northern, Southern and Central. Russian, Ukranian and Belarusian are the three languages that make up the East Slavic languages.\n\nThe Russian language spoken today has six cases. They are nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and locative. There are both plural and singular forms of nouns along with adjectives and can be expressed in perfect and imperfect verbs.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about the Russian Language</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>The Russian language is the 5<sup>th</sup> most spoken language in the world</li>\n 	<li>The Russian language is considered to be one of the most complex languages</li>\n 	<li>Stress on a word can change the meaning</li>\n 	<li>It is a requirement for astronaut applicants at NASA to know Russian</li>\n 	<li>10% of Russian words are similar to English words</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Russian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','russian translators'),(6258,6258,1,'Saami','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','ba2312a8-bcfe-4e26-9f6c-fab8eb923a5c','<h2>Saami Translator &amp; Interpreter Language Services</h2>\nOur interpreting agency specializes provides Saami translation, interpretation, transcription and proofreading services by professional Saami linguists. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations is the premiere <a title=\"Farsi Translator Interpreter\" href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/farsi-dari-translation-service-agency/\">Saami translation</a> and interpreting service in Los Angeles, nationally and abroad.\n<h2>Saami Language Statistics/Facts</h2>\nSaami is a group of languages used by people mainly in northern Europe. The countries where it is spoken include northwestern Russia, Sweden, Finland and Norway. Contrary to what is believed that Sami is a single language, the truth is that Sami is a group of languages though closely related. Sami languages are divided into two groups, the western and the eastern. However there is existence of sharp language boundaries and neighbors maybe totally oblivious of the other language and can only learn it from experience or long time interaction. The number of ethnic Saami is probably just around 100,000.\n<h2>Saami Dialects</h2>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><b>Dialect</b></td>\n<td valign=\"top\"><b>Region</b></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Saami, Lule</td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Along Lule River. Also in Norway and Sweden</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Saami, North</td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Spoken in Sweden</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Saami, Pite</td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Spoken along Pite River</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Saami, South</td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Spoken in Lapland, also in Sweden and Norway</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Saami, Ume</td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Spoken along Ume river</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2>Countries where Saami is Spoken</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Sweden</li>\n 	<li>Norway</li>\n 	<li>Finland</li>\n 	<li>Parts of North-Western Russia</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Saami Speaking Country Data</h2>\n<b>Country: Sweden</b>\n\n<b>Capital:</b> Stockholm\n\n<b>Population:</b> 9 600 000\n<b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> Prime Minister Fredrick Reinfeldt\n\n<b>Currency:</b> Swedish Krona (SEK, KR)\n<b>GDP (ppp):</b> $385.1 b\n<b>Unemployment:</b> 8.0%\n<b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Monarchy\n<b>Industries:</b> Telecommunications equipment, wood pulp and paper products, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel.\n\n<b>Country: Norway</b>\n\n<b>Capital:</b> Oslo\n\n<b>Population:</b> 5 077 000\n<b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> Prime Minister Erna Solberg\n\n<b>Currency:</b> Norwegian Kroner (NOK, KR)\n<b>GDP (ppp):</b> $498.8 B\n<b>Unemployment:</b> 3.2%\n<b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Monarchy\n<b>Industries:</b> Petroleum and Natural gas, wood pulp and paper industries, ship building, food processing, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textile and fishing.\n\n<b>Country: Finland</b>\n\n<b>Capital:</b> Helsinki\n\n<b>Population:</b> 5 454 000\n\n<b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> President Sauli Niinisto\n\n<b>Currency:</b> Euro (<a title=\"Euro sign\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_sign\">€</a>)\n<b>GDP (ppp):</b> $247.2 B\n<b>Unemployment:</b> 8.4%\n<b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Republic\n<b>Industries:</b> Metals and metal products, Electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, ship building, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textile and clothing.\n\n<b>Country: Russia</b>\n\n<b>Capital:</b> Moscow\n\n<b>Population:</b> 138 082 000\n<b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> President Vladmir Putin\n\n<b>Currency:</b> Russian Rubble (RUR)\n<b>GDP (ppp):</b> $2.380 Trillion\n<b>Unemployment:</b> 6.6%\n<b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Republic\n<b>Industries:</b> Mining and extractive producing coal, oil, gas, chemical and metals, All forms of machine building, defense industries, Ship building, rail and road transport equipment, agricultural machinery, electric power generating and transmitting equipment, medical and scientific equipment, consumer durables, textiles, foodstuff and handicrafts.\n<h2>Saami History</h2>\nThough the genetic origin of the Saami people is complex, they have been linked to have originated from the Finns. The languages they use help them to be singled out among their Indo-European neighbors. They are historically linked to each other by the Finno-Ugric language which is common between them.\n\nThough heavily debated the Saami are alleged to have occupied the region first followed by their counterparts afterwards. The history dates back to the Viking Age where the Saami are said to have settled mainly along the rivers in the regions where they are found. The strong distinctiveness between the two languages is associated with the time that has elapsed since the two diverged. It is said to have occurred around 23, 000 BP and then reunited around 8500 AP. After they diverged the laws of heredity took place and each adapted and evolved in its own way. This is what happened to the Finns as they interacted more with the European inhabitants and so more resembled them.\n\nNowadays much effort has been put to get to the history of this dialect and with every day new evidence and theories are being erected often negating the ones previously put in place.\n<h2>Interesting Saami Facts:</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>The Saami religion is strongly related to nature. Noaidi is a link between the people and the gods.</li>\n 	<li>The Saami are the descendants of a onetime nomadic community that inhabited northern Scandinavia.</li>\n 	<li>Reindeer herding has been the basis of the Saami economy until in recent years.</li>\n 	<li>Writing came into Saami artistic expressions in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century.</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Saami interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6259,6259,1,'Saami','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2c76dbc5-d1f5-4b76-9338-4e7c8742618b','<h2>Saami Translator &amp; Interpreter Language Services</h2>\nOur interpreting agency specializes provides Saami translation, interpretation, transcription and proofreading services by professional Saami linguists. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations is the premiere <a title=\"Farsi Translator Interpreter\" href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/farsi-dari-translation-service-agency/\">Saami translation</a> and interpreting service in Los Angeles, nationally and abroad.\n<h2>Saami Language Statistics/Facts</h2>\nSaami is a group of languages used by people mainly in northern Europe. The countries where it is spoken include northwestern Russia, Sweden, Finland and Norway. Contrary to what is believed that Sami is a single language, the truth is that Sami is a group of languages though closely related. Sami languages are divided into two groups, the western and the eastern. However there is existence of sharp language boundaries and neighbors maybe totally oblivious of the other language and can only learn it from experience or long time interaction. The number of ethnic Saami is probably just around 100,000.\n<h2>Saami Dialects</h2>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><b>Dialect</b></td>\n<td valign=\"top\"><b>Region</b></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Saami, Lule</td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Along Lule River. Also in Norway and Sweden</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Saami, North</td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Spoken in Sweden</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Saami, Pite</td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Spoken along Pite River</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Saami, South</td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Spoken in Lapland, also in Sweden and Norway</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Saami, Ume</td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Spoken along Ume river</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2>Countries where Saami is Spoken</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Sweden</li>\n 	<li>Norway</li>\n 	<li>Finland</li>\n 	<li>Parts of North-Western Russia</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Saami Speaking Country Data</h2>\n<b>Country: Sweden</b>\n\n<b>Capital:</b> Stockholm\n\n<b>Population:</b> 9 600 000\n<b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> Prime Minister Fredrick Reinfeldt\n\n<b>Currency:</b> Swedish Krona (SEK, KR)\n<b>GDP (ppp):</b> $385.1 b\n<b>Unemployment:</b> 8.0%\n<b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Monarchy\n<b>Industries:</b> Telecommunications equipment, wood pulp and paper products, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel.\n\n<b>Country: Norway</b>\n\n<b>Capital:</b> Oslo\n\n<b>Population:</b> 5 077 000\n<b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> Prime Minister Erna Solberg\n\n<b>Currency:</b> Norwegian Kroner (NOK, KR)\n<b>GDP (ppp):</b> $498.8 B\n<b>Unemployment:</b> 3.2%\n<b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Monarchy\n<b>Industries:</b> Petroleum and Natural gas, wood pulp and paper industries, ship building, food processing, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textile and fishing.\n\n<b>Country: Finland</b>\n\n<b>Capital:</b> Helsinki\n\n<b>Population:</b> 5 454 000\n\n<b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> President Sauli Niinisto\n\n<b>Currency:</b> Euro (<a title=\"Euro sign\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_sign\">€</a>)\n<b>GDP (ppp):</b> $247.2 B\n<b>Unemployment:</b> 8.4%\n<b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Republic\n<b>Industries:</b> Metals and metal products, Electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, ship building, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textile and clothing.\n\n<b>Country: Russia</b>\n\n<b>Capital:</b> Moscow\n\n<b>Population:</b> 138 082 000\n<b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> President Vladmir Putin\n\n<b>Currency:</b> Russian Rubble (RUR)\n<b>GDP (ppp):</b> $2.380 Trillion\n<b>Unemployment:</b> 6.6%\n<b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Republic\n<b>Industries:</b> Mining and extractive producing coal, oil, gas, chemical and metals, All forms of machine building, defense industries, Ship building, rail and road transport equipment, agricultural machinery, electric power generating and transmitting equipment, medical and scientific equipment, consumer durables, textiles, foodstuff and handicrafts.\n<h2>Saami History</h2>\nThough the genetic origin of the Saami people is complex, they have been linked to have originated from the Finns. The languages they use help them to be singled out among their Indo-European neighbors. They are historically linked to each other by the Finno-Ugric language which is common between them.\n\nThough heavily debated the Saami are alleged to have occupied the region first followed by their counterparts afterwards. The history dates back to the Viking Age where the Saami are said to have settled mainly along the rivers in the regions where they are found. The strong distinctiveness between the two languages is associated with the time that has elapsed since the two diverged. It is said to have occurred around 23, 000 BP and then reunited around 8500 AP. After they diverged the laws of heredity took place and each adapted and evolved in its own way. This is what happened to the Finns as they interacted more with the European inhabitants and so more resembled them.\n\nNowadays much effort has been put to get to the history of this dialect and with every day new evidence and theories are being erected often negating the ones previously put in place.\n<h2>Interesting Saami Facts:</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>The Saami religion is strongly related to nature. Noaidi is a link between the people and the gods.</li>\n 	<li>The Saami are the descendants of a onetime nomadic community that inhabited northern Scandinavia.</li>\n 	<li>Reindeer herding has been the basis of the Saami economy until in recent years.</li>\n 	<li>Writing came into Saami artistic expressions in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century.</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Saami interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6260,6260,1,'Serbian Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','517f6374-61a1-4ee8-a49e-6fcf981ce84d','<h2>24 Hour Serbian translation Services</h2>\nCIT offers 24-hour availability to translate official Serbian birth certificates, marriage certificates, death certificates, or official filings. We provide legal, medical and specialty document translation and interpreting for criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Serbian language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Serbian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Serbian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Serbian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Serbian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Serbian Language</h2>\nThe Serbian language, a South Slavic language, is spoken primarily in Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and Macedonia. About 10 million people worldwide speak Serbian and it is the official language of Serbia. Due to a lot of migration among the Serbian people, there has historiclaly been a lot of movement in the language.\n\nStarting from the 11<sup>th</sup> century, Serbian was written using the Glagolitic alphabet. Later, it would be replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. In 1814, the modern Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was created by a Serbian linguist named Vuk Karadzic. In 1830, the Serbian Latin alphabet was made by a Croatian linguist named Ljudevit Gaj. In 1850, Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists came together in order to create a single written form of Serbian.\n\nToday, the Serbian language is written in both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. They are both recognized by the country on an official matter; however, the Cyrillic alphabet became the government’s official script in 2006. The Cyrillical alphabet is known as Azbuka while the Latin alphabet is known as Abeceda. Most Serbians, at least those who are literate, are able to read and write in both scripts. Additionally, depending on what media company, a network or company will typically choose one script over another. The Serbian language is what is called a synchronic digraphia, which means that the two different alphabets are used at the same time for any word and interchangeably.\n\nThe Serbian language has two primary dialects, Shtoktavian and Torlakian. Shtoktavian, which is the more prestigious language of Serbia, is the dialect that Standard Serbian is based on. It is also the main basis for other languages, such as Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin.\n\nIn the Serbian language, there are many Greek, Italian, Greek, Hungarian and Turkish words. Serbian continues to take other words from languages as well. Serbian was once the official language of Montenegro and in 2007, the Montenegro language was made the only official language of Montenegro. However, more than half of the people of Montenegro consider Serbian to be their first language. There are also words in English that have Serbian roots, such as “vampire” and “paprika.”\n\nIt can be quite beneficial to learn the Serbian language. The Serbians are known to be very popular in literature. They have written several medieval texts from over a thousand years ago. Around the 1700s, poetry was a more popular form of literature in Serbia.',NULL,'Professional Serbian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Serbian Translators'),(6261,6261,1,'Serbian Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','afbe3a3c-f094-4ee0-8b30-b8b10d803409','<h2>24 Hour Serbian translation Services</h2>\nCIT offers 24-hour availability to translate official Serbian birth certificates, marriage certificates, death certificates, or official filings. We provide legal, medical and specialty document translation and interpreting for criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Serbian language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Serbian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Serbian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Serbian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Serbian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Serbian Language</h2>\nThe Serbian language, a South Slavic language, is spoken primarily in Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and Macedonia. About 10 million people worldwide speak Serbian and it is the official language of Serbia. Due to a lot of migration among the Serbian people, there has historiclaly been a lot of movement in the language.\n\nStarting from the 11<sup>th</sup> century, Serbian was written using the Glagolitic alphabet. Later, it would be replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. In 1814, the modern Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was created by a Serbian linguist named Vuk Karadzic. In 1830, the Serbian Latin alphabet was made by a Croatian linguist named Ljudevit Gaj. In 1850, Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists came together in order to create a single written form of Serbian.\n\nToday, the Serbian language is written in both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. They are both recognized by the country on an official matter; however, the Cyrillic alphabet became the government’s official script in 2006. The Cyrillical alphabet is known as Azbuka while the Latin alphabet is known as Abeceda. Most Serbians, at least those who are literate, are able to read and write in both scripts. Additionally, depending on what media company, a network or company will typically choose one script over another. The Serbian language is what is called a synchronic digraphia, which means that the two different alphabets are used at the same time for any word and interchangeably.\n\nThe Serbian language has two primary dialects, Shtoktavian and Torlakian. Shtoktavian, which is the more prestigious language of Serbia, is the dialect that Standard Serbian is based on. It is also the main basis for other languages, such as Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin.\n\nIn the Serbian language, there are many Greek, Italian, Greek, Hungarian and Turkish words. Serbian continues to take other words from languages as well. Serbian was once the official language of Montenegro and in 2007, the Montenegro language was made the only official language of Montenegro. However, more than half of the people of Montenegro consider Serbian to be their first language. There are also words in English that have Serbian roots, such as “vampire” and “paprika.”\n\nIt can be quite beneficial to learn the Serbian language. The Serbians are known to be very popular in literature. They have written several medieval texts from over a thousand years ago. Around the 1700s, poetry was a more popular form of literature in Serbia.',NULL,'Professional Serbian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Serbian Translators'),(6262,6262,1,'Serbian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','0c4f925a-2d0b-406d-b281-5d5fbb3d044e','CIT offers Serbo-Croatian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Serbo-Croatian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Serbo-Croatian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Serbo-Croatian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Serbo-Croatian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Serbo-Croatian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n<strong><u> </u></strong>\n\n<strong><u>The Serbo-Croatian Language</u></strong>\n\nThe Serbo-Croatian language is a language spoken by Serbians and Croatians along with other people living from South Slavic countries, such as Montenegrins and Bosniaks. A German writer, Jacob Grimm (of The Brothers Grimm), coined the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824. Although Serbo-Croatian is considered one language, one must remember that both Serbian and Croatian are their own separate languages as well.\n\nThe terms “Serb” and “Croats” are ancient tribal names. Between the 15<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries, many South Slavic areas were under the rule of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. It was then that the Serbian community formed around the Serbian Orthodox Chuch. At the same time, the Roman Catholic believers who inhabited the Turkish lands were more used to the name Croatian. Those from Montenegro were used to Serbian Orthodoxy and would use both the names Montenegrin and Serb. The Ottoman Turks, who were Muslim, had divided the people by their religion and thus, ruled them by this fashion as well. It is this that had strengthened their identities. Those who live in modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina had adapted Islam while others had continued to follow either Serbian Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism. They, in turn, are referred to as Serb or Croat, respectively.\n\nThere are three main dialects for the Serbo-Croatian language. They are: Kajkavian, Chakavian and Shtokavian. They dialects have many differences, including differences with vowels, consonants, word forms and vocabulary. Shtokavian is spoken in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Those inhabiting the Croatian seacoast uses the Chakavian dialect, while Kajkavian is used in the northwest near Zagreb and Shtokavian is used more inland.\n\nThe earliest known writing of any language related to Serbo-Croatian was written in Old Church Slavonic. Early Christian missionaries standardized the language around 860. The Slavs created an alphabet for the language known as Glagolitic. The next alphabet for it, Cyrillic, had letters that were similar to those of Greek and dates back to the 10<sup>th</sup> century.\n\nThroughout the 1800s, the Serbians freed themselves from Turkish rule. However, most of Croatia was under Austro-Hungarian rule until World War I. When the war finished, Bosnia, Montenegro, Croatia and Serbia were put together as one kingdom, known as Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Later, it would be known as Yugoslavia. They would eventually break up into different nations.',NULL,'Professional Serbian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009 #interpreting #translation #interpreters #translationservices #languageservices',NULL),(6263,6263,1,'Serbian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:10','2022-08-11 01:44:10','48eab27f-49f1-4486-9dad-6dde1f572cb0','CIT offers Serbo-Croatian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Serbo-Croatian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Serbo-Croatian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Serbo-Croatian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Serbo-Croatian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Serbo-Croatian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n<strong><u> </u></strong>\n\n<strong><u>The Serbo-Croatian Language</u></strong>\n\nThe Serbo-Croatian language is a language spoken by Serbians and Croatians along with other people living from South Slavic countries, such as Montenegrins and Bosniaks. A German writer, Jacob Grimm (of The Brothers Grimm), coined the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824. Although Serbo-Croatian is considered one language, one must remember that both Serbian and Croatian are their own separate languages as well.\n\nThe terms “Serb” and “Croats” are ancient tribal names. Between the 15<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries, many South Slavic areas were under the rule of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. It was then that the Serbian community formed around the Serbian Orthodox Chuch. At the same time, the Roman Catholic believers who inhabited the Turkish lands were more used to the name Croatian. Those from Montenegro were used to Serbian Orthodoxy and would use both the names Montenegrin and Serb. The Ottoman Turks, who were Muslim, had divided the people by their religion and thus, ruled them by this fashion as well. It is this that had strengthened their identities. Those who live in modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina had adapted Islam while others had continued to follow either Serbian Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism. They, in turn, are referred to as Serb or Croat, respectively.\n\nThere are three main dialects for the Serbo-Croatian language. They are: Kajkavian, Chakavian and Shtokavian. They dialects have many differences, including differences with vowels, consonants, word forms and vocabulary. Shtokavian is spoken in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Those inhabiting the Croatian seacoast uses the Chakavian dialect, while Kajkavian is used in the northwest near Zagreb and Shtokavian is used more inland.\n\nThe earliest known writing of any language related to Serbo-Croatian was written in Old Church Slavonic. Early Christian missionaries standardized the language around 860. The Slavs created an alphabet for the language known as Glagolitic. The next alphabet for it, Cyrillic, had letters that were similar to those of Greek and dates back to the 10<sup>th</sup> century.\n\nThroughout the 1800s, the Serbians freed themselves from Turkish rule. However, most of Croatia was under Austro-Hungarian rule until World War I. When the war finished, Bosnia, Montenegro, Croatia and Serbia were put together as one kingdom, known as Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Later, it would be known as Yugoslavia. They would eventually break up into different nations.',NULL,'Professional Serbian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009 #interpreting #translation #interpreters #translationservices #languageservices',NULL),(6264,6264,1,'Sindebele','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','fee1babb-c086-439c-a072-6eccde15c211','<h2>isiNdebele Language Statistics/Facts:</h2>\nThe Northern Ndebele language, also known as isiNdebele or Sindebele, is a language belonging to the Bantu speaking language group of Nguni, found in the Matebele people of Zimbabwe, South Africa. It is also used by peoples in the Republic of South Africa. The Ndebele people are related to the Zulu and share the same origin. The language is spoken by over 1,090,000 people in the region.\n<h2>Countries where iSiNdebele is spoken:</h2>\nZimbabwe\nSouth Africa\n<h2>isiNdebele Speaking Country Data:</h2>\nCountry: Zimbabwe\nCapital: Harare\nPopulation: 12,754,000\nConstitutional Parliamentary Republic: President Robert Mugabe\nCurrency: Uses multiple currencies since 2009.\nGDP (ppp): $8.865 Miliion\nUnemployment: 10.71%\nGovernment Type: Constitutional Republic\nIndustries: Agriculture, mining industries in gold, household industries.\n\nCountry: South Africa\nCapital: Pretoria\nPopulation: 52,960,000\nConstitutional Parliamentary Republic: President Jacob Zuma\nCurrency: Rand (ZAR)\nGDP (ppp): $408.237 billion\nUnemployment: 23.8%\nGovernment Type: Constitutional Republic\nIndustries: Mining, telecommunications equipment, wood pulp and paper products, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, electrical items.\n<h2>iSiNdebele History</h2>\nThe Ndebele people were originally born by the Nguni people of KwaZulu-Natal. The Ndebele people have been long known for their artistic nature, portrayed by the elaborately painted homes they built. The AmaNdebele of Zimbabwe and the Amanzunza of South Africa are closely related, and are alleged to have come from the same origin. They have much in common, including their cultures and religious beliefs.\n\nThe Ndebele people are said to have settled in the Pretoria region around 1600 AD. Their King, Musi, soon died, and this led to bloodshed, as both of the King’s sons desired the throne. The sons’, Manala and Ndzundza decided to live apart, with Manala occupying the Pretoria region, and his brother occupying further east. In the 1820’s a Zulu general called Mzilikazi fled from the King of Shaka, with his army. They overpowered Manala and decided to settle down with them in their region. After some time Mzilikazi started fearing that Shaka may want revenge, and so he lured the Ndebele people to move further north, until they settled at Bulawayo, in the modern day city of Zimbabwe.\n<h2>Interesting iSiNdebeleFacts:</h2>\n• The SiNdebele are famous for an interest in art. This is seen in the paintings they decorate their homes with, and paintings on rocks in areas where they lived.\n• The SiNdebele speakers of Zimbabwe were originally living in South Africa before Mzilikazi decided to run away from Shaka and moved them north to Bulawayo in Zimbabwe.\n• SiNdembele are in fact Bantu speakers, close to the Bantus in East Africa.',NULL,'Professional Sindebele interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6265,6265,1,'Sindebele','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','c55b6b8e-01ae-4fd2-8894-eee1f220d3fd','<h2>isiNdebele Language Statistics/Facts:</h2>\nThe Northern Ndebele language, also known as isiNdebele or Sindebele, is a language belonging to the Bantu speaking language group of Nguni, found in the Matebele people of Zimbabwe, South Africa. It is also used by peoples in the Republic of South Africa. The Ndebele people are related to the Zulu and share the same origin. The language is spoken by over 1,090,000 people in the region.\n<h2>Countries where iSiNdebele is spoken:</h2>\nZimbabwe\nSouth Africa\n<h2>isiNdebele Speaking Country Data:</h2>\nCountry: Zimbabwe\nCapital: Harare\nPopulation: 12,754,000\nConstitutional Parliamentary Republic: President Robert Mugabe\nCurrency: Uses multiple currencies since 2009.\nGDP (ppp): $8.865 Miliion\nUnemployment: 10.71%\nGovernment Type: Constitutional Republic\nIndustries: Agriculture, mining industries in gold, household industries.\n\nCountry: South Africa\nCapital: Pretoria\nPopulation: 52,960,000\nConstitutional Parliamentary Republic: President Jacob Zuma\nCurrency: Rand (ZAR)\nGDP (ppp): $408.237 billion\nUnemployment: 23.8%\nGovernment Type: Constitutional Republic\nIndustries: Mining, telecommunications equipment, wood pulp and paper products, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, electrical items.\n<h2>iSiNdebele History</h2>\nThe Ndebele people were originally born by the Nguni people of KwaZulu-Natal. The Ndebele people have been long known for their artistic nature, portrayed by the elaborately painted homes they built. The AmaNdebele of Zimbabwe and the Amanzunza of South Africa are closely related, and are alleged to have come from the same origin. They have much in common, including their cultures and religious beliefs.\n\nThe Ndebele people are said to have settled in the Pretoria region around 1600 AD. Their King, Musi, soon died, and this led to bloodshed, as both of the King’s sons desired the throne. The sons’, Manala and Ndzundza decided to live apart, with Manala occupying the Pretoria region, and his brother occupying further east. In the 1820’s a Zulu general called Mzilikazi fled from the King of Shaka, with his army. They overpowered Manala and decided to settle down with them in their region. After some time Mzilikazi started fearing that Shaka may want revenge, and so he lured the Ndebele people to move further north, until they settled at Bulawayo, in the modern day city of Zimbabwe.\n<h2>Interesting iSiNdebeleFacts:</h2>\n• The SiNdebele are famous for an interest in art. This is seen in the paintings they decorate their homes with, and paintings on rocks in areas where they lived.\n• The SiNdebele speakers of Zimbabwe were originally living in South Africa before Mzilikazi decided to run away from Shaka and moved them north to Bulawayo in Zimbabwe.\n• SiNdembele are in fact Bantu speakers, close to the Bantus in East Africa.',NULL,'Professional Sindebele interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6266,6266,1,'Sinhalese Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','f464df13-69fa-4e90-b1f0-aab1711100bd','<h2>Sinhalese interpreters and translators</h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Sinhalese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Sinhalese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Sinhalese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Sinhalese language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Sinhalese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Sinhalese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>The Sinhalese Language</h2>		\n		<p>The Sinhalese language, also known as Sinhala or Singhala, is an Indo-Aryan language and is the official language in Sri Lanka, previously known as Ceylon. About 16 million Sinhalese people in Sri Lanka speak Sinhalese. Sinhalese is spoken by another 3 million people from other ethnical groups in Sri Lanka. Along with Sri Lanka, Sinhalese is also spoken in Canada, the UAE, Thailand and Singapore. Additionally, certain Sinhalese dialects are spoken in the Lakshadweep and the Maldive islands.</p><p>The word “sinhala” is a Sanskrit word meaning lion seizer, lion killer or lion blood. These terms refer to the found of the Sinhalese people, Prince Vijaya, who was a descendants of Sinhabahu, the son of one of the princesses of the Vanga Kingdom and a lion.</p><p>Sinhalese traveled to Sri Lanka from India by colonists in the 5th century BCE. Considering the language was isolated from other Indo-Aryan languages, Sinhalese took on its own form. It is highly influenced by Pali, which is a sakred language of Sri Lankan Budhists. Additionally, the Sinhalese language has several loanwords from Tamil, another language spoken in Sri Lanka, along with other Dravidian languages.</p><p>The earliest found writings in the Sinhalese language were found on rocks in Brahmi letters. They are said to have dated back to 200 BC. The Sinhalese language in literature took a main form in the 13th century and this form has essentially been the same since. With this language, there have been many literary pieces that have been produced since, most of them being inspired by Buddhism. Most Sinhalese are Theraveda Buddhists; however, there is a small amount who are Christian.</p><p>Alphabet in the Sinhala language comes from the Brahmi script. It was initially used in Prakrit writings in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. However, the alphabet, along with the Sinhalese language, have changed drastically since then. Along with being used to write Sinhala, this alphabet is also used to write Pali and Sanskrit. The Sinhalese alphabet is a syllabic alphabet. It is written from left to right, horizontally.</p><p>The Sinhalese people are known for the agricultural knowledge and work. The southern and western parts of Sri Lanka have been highly influenced by European culture. The Sinhalese are classified as an endogamous culture, meaning they marry within the same class or caste. It is preferable that people marry the children of their mother’s brother or their father’s sister. In the mid 1800s, both polygyny and polyandry were outlawed.</p>',NULL,NULL,'Sinhalese Language Interpreters and Translators'),(6267,6267,1,'Sinhalese Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','92ed0c49-62c4-4e84-a19f-e19e8bb56dc5','<h2>Sinhalese interpreters and translators</h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Sinhalese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Sinhalese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Sinhalese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Sinhalese language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Sinhalese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Sinhalese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>The Sinhalese Language</h2>		\n		<p>The Sinhalese language, also known as Sinhala or Singhala, is an Indo-Aryan language and is the official language in Sri Lanka, previously known as Ceylon. About 16 million Sinhalese people in Sri Lanka speak Sinhalese. Sinhalese is spoken by another 3 million people from other ethnical groups in Sri Lanka. Along with Sri Lanka, Sinhalese is also spoken in Canada, the UAE, Thailand and Singapore. Additionally, certain Sinhalese dialects are spoken in the Lakshadweep and the Maldive islands.</p><p>The word “sinhala” is a Sanskrit word meaning lion seizer, lion killer or lion blood. These terms refer to the found of the Sinhalese people, Prince Vijaya, who was a descendants of Sinhabahu, the son of one of the princesses of the Vanga Kingdom and a lion.</p><p>Sinhalese traveled to Sri Lanka from India by colonists in the 5th century BCE. Considering the language was isolated from other Indo-Aryan languages, Sinhalese took on its own form. It is highly influenced by Pali, which is a sakred language of Sri Lankan Budhists. Additionally, the Sinhalese language has several loanwords from Tamil, another language spoken in Sri Lanka, along with other Dravidian languages.</p><p>The earliest found writings in the Sinhalese language were found on rocks in Brahmi letters. They are said to have dated back to 200 BC. The Sinhalese language in literature took a main form in the 13th century and this form has essentially been the same since. With this language, there have been many literary pieces that have been produced since, most of them being inspired by Buddhism. Most Sinhalese are Theraveda Buddhists; however, there is a small amount who are Christian.</p><p>Alphabet in the Sinhala language comes from the Brahmi script. It was initially used in Prakrit writings in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. However, the alphabet, along with the Sinhalese language, have changed drastically since then. Along with being used to write Sinhala, this alphabet is also used to write Pali and Sanskrit. The Sinhalese alphabet is a syllabic alphabet. It is written from left to right, horizontally.</p><p>The Sinhalese people are known for the agricultural knowledge and work. The southern and western parts of Sri Lanka have been highly influenced by European culture. The Sinhalese are classified as an endogamous culture, meaning they marry within the same class or caste. It is preferable that people marry the children of their mother’s brother or their father’s sister. In the mid 1800s, both polygyny and polyandry were outlawed.</p>',NULL,NULL,'Sinhalese Language Interpreters and Translators'),(6268,6268,1,'Sioux Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2c81476b-ca01-4e8b-8c00-320bb6f6f2ef','<h2>Sioux interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Sioux interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Sioux language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Sioux language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Sioux language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Sioux language, as well as of the culture and history of the Sioux people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Sioux Language</h2>\nThe many dialects of the Sioux languages, also known as Siouan languages, are spoken in the United States and Canada by about 23,000 people. There are a lot of commonalities between Siouan languages, such as Lakota and Dakota. However, there are not many other similarities between other Siouan languages.\n\nThere are multiple Siouan languages. Lakota is the more popular of the Siouan languages. It is spoken by about 9,000 people throughout seven tribes known as the Oglala. Lakota is spoken throughout the US in Nebraska, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and in Canada as well. Western Dakota, on the other hand, is spoken only by a few hundred people withinthe Yanton and Yanktonai tribes. Eastern Dakota is also spoken by only a few hundred people in four tribes: Santee, Sisseton, Wahpeton and Wahpekute. Lastly is Assiniboine, also known as Nakoda and Stoney. Although Assiniboine is part of the Siouan language family, it is not considered a Sioux language because it does not share commonalities with out Sioux languages. Additionally, those who speak Assiniboine do not have the same political affiliation with the Sioux.\n\nThe word “Sioux” is a French term for the Ojibwa word for “treacherous snakes,” the term <em>nadawisou</em>. The native terms for the Sioux people mean “An Alliance of Friends,” including the terms Dakhota (Santee), Nakhota (Yankton) and Lakhota (Teton). These names and terms come with a variety of different spelling options.\n\nThere have been several versions of the Sioux alphabet in history, starting with the first Sioux alphabet in 1834. This version was composed by several missionaries: Samuel Pond, Gideon Pond, Stephen Return Riggs and Dr. Thomas S. Williamson. This first Sioux alphabet was composed based on the spelling of the Santee dialect (Dakota). The missionaries used this alphabet to translate biblical texts into a language the Sioux people would understand in hopes of spreading religious knowledge and text.\n\nConsequently, the version of the bible that was translated using the Dakota dialect was quite popular and well known. It was used by the Dakota and Lakota. Not long after, in 1852, another more modern and revised version of the Sioux alphabet was composed. It was the Riggs’ Dakota Grammar. In 1890, he published a Dakota-English dictionary. The revisions to the Sioux alphabet did not stop there and multiple Lakota and Dakota alphabet systems had been created as well.\n\nThe Sioux people were nomads and followed the bison they would hunt wherever it would lead them. They lived in teepees, made from long wooden sticks and bison hides. The Sioux relied heavily on the bison they hunted, not only for nutritional needs, but for other survival needs such as shelter and warms as well. Considering that the bison is a dangerous and very large animal, hunting was not easy. However, when the Europeans brought horses with them to America, the Sioux people benefitted and hunting became not only easier, but the Sioux were able to hunt more.\n\n ',NULL,'Professional Sioux interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6269,6269,1,'Sioux Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','812574cc-36a4-4027-9805-fdd0fc333e23','<h2>Sioux interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Sioux interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Sioux language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Sioux language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Sioux language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Sioux language, as well as of the culture and history of the Sioux people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Sioux Language</h2>\nThe many dialects of the Sioux languages, also known as Siouan languages, are spoken in the United States and Canada by about 23,000 people. There are a lot of commonalities between Siouan languages, such as Lakota and Dakota. However, there are not many other similarities between other Siouan languages.\n\nThere are multiple Siouan languages. Lakota is the more popular of the Siouan languages. It is spoken by about 9,000 people throughout seven tribes known as the Oglala. Lakota is spoken throughout the US in Nebraska, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and in Canada as well. Western Dakota, on the other hand, is spoken only by a few hundred people withinthe Yanton and Yanktonai tribes. Eastern Dakota is also spoken by only a few hundred people in four tribes: Santee, Sisseton, Wahpeton and Wahpekute. Lastly is Assiniboine, also known as Nakoda and Stoney. Although Assiniboine is part of the Siouan language family, it is not considered a Sioux language because it does not share commonalities with out Sioux languages. Additionally, those who speak Assiniboine do not have the same political affiliation with the Sioux.\n\nThe word “Sioux” is a French term for the Ojibwa word for “treacherous snakes,” the term <em>nadawisou</em>. The native terms for the Sioux people mean “An Alliance of Friends,” including the terms Dakhota (Santee), Nakhota (Yankton) and Lakhota (Teton). These names and terms come with a variety of different spelling options.\n\nThere have been several versions of the Sioux alphabet in history, starting with the first Sioux alphabet in 1834. This version was composed by several missionaries: Samuel Pond, Gideon Pond, Stephen Return Riggs and Dr. Thomas S. Williamson. This first Sioux alphabet was composed based on the spelling of the Santee dialect (Dakota). The missionaries used this alphabet to translate biblical texts into a language the Sioux people would understand in hopes of spreading religious knowledge and text.\n\nConsequently, the version of the bible that was translated using the Dakota dialect was quite popular and well known. It was used by the Dakota and Lakota. Not long after, in 1852, another more modern and revised version of the Sioux alphabet was composed. It was the Riggs’ Dakota Grammar. In 1890, he published a Dakota-English dictionary. The revisions to the Sioux alphabet did not stop there and multiple Lakota and Dakota alphabet systems had been created as well.\n\nThe Sioux people were nomads and followed the bison they would hunt wherever it would lead them. They lived in teepees, made from long wooden sticks and bison hides. The Sioux relied heavily on the bison they hunted, not only for nutritional needs, but for other survival needs such as shelter and warms as well. Considering that the bison is a dangerous and very large animal, hunting was not easy. However, when the Europeans brought horses with them to America, the Sioux people benefitted and hunting became not only easier, but the Sioux were able to hunt more.\n\n ',NULL,'Professional Sioux interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6270,6270,1,'Slovak Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','44593f14-881e-4a01-8c6f-6dd40b3595ba','CIT offers Slovak interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Slovak language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Slovak language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Slovak language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Slovak language, as well as of the culture and history of the Slovak people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n<strong><u>The Slovak Language</u></strong>\n\nThe Slovak Language, known as Slovak Slovencina, is a Western Slovak language spoken by about 5.2 million people worldwide. It is close to several other languages in the region such as Czech and Polish. People in several countries such as Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and parts of Ukraine speak Slovak. Currently, Slovak is the official language of Slovakia.\n\nThe Slovak language is written using the Latin (or Roman) alphabet. The earliest recorded documants with Slovak in them were Latin documents from the 1000s to the 1400s along with in the Czeck documents between the 1300s and the 1500s. However, there were pushes to increase Slovak writings arounf the 1600s and 1700s as the Roman Catholics from the University of Trnava attempted to introduce the Slovak language for use with hymns and other books for church. The Slovak language was not an accepted literary languages until much later, in the early and mid 1800s, when a group began to write in cental Slovak dialects. This group was led by a Protestant, L’udovit Stur. This language was soon accepted as Standard Slovak. It was changed and codified by Martin Hattala using his grammatical rules around the middle of the 19<sup>th</sup> century.\n\nCurrently, there are three major dialects in the Slovak language. They are Eastern, Central and Western. The Western dialects are similar to the Moravian dialects from the Czech language. It is appropriate to say that the Slovak and Czech language dialects can be understood by each languages’ speakers.\n\nThe Slovak language follows a subject-verb-object typology. There are three genders (masculine, feminine and neutral). The Slovak language does not use articles. There are six cases. The Slovak alphabet has 27 consonants, 10 vowels and 4 diphthongs. Typically, the stress of a word is found on the first syllable.<strong> </strong>\n\n<strong><u>Fun Facts about Slovakia</u></strong>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Per capita, Slovakia has the highest number of chateau’s and castles.</li>\n 	<li>There are more than 6,000 caves in Slovakia</li>\n 	<li>Slovakia is the geographical midpoint of Europe</li>\n 	<li>The currency in Slovakia is the Euro</li>\n 	<li>Slovakia’s capital is the only capital in the world to border two countries (Austria and Hungary)</li>\n 	<li>Several people qualify for free transportation, such as students, children, elderly and the disabled</li>\n 	<li>Slovakia is one of the three countries with the most beautiful women in the world</li>\n</ul>','Slovak Translator - Slovak Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Professional Slovak interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Slovak translator interpreter'),(6271,6271,1,'Slovak Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','b942019a-90f1-4c57-844e-fd78914995c6','CIT offers Slovak interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Slovak language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Slovak language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Slovak language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Slovak language, as well as of the culture and history of the Slovak people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n<strong><u>The Slovak Language</u></strong>\n\nThe Slovak Language, known as Slovak Slovencina, is a Western Slovak language spoken by about 5.2 million people worldwide. It is close to several other languages in the region such as Czech and Polish. People in several countries such as Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and parts of Ukraine speak Slovak. Currently, Slovak is the official language of Slovakia.\n\nThe Slovak language is written using the Latin (or Roman) alphabet. The earliest recorded documants with Slovak in them were Latin documents from the 1000s to the 1400s along with in the Czeck documents between the 1300s and the 1500s. However, there were pushes to increase Slovak writings arounf the 1600s and 1700s as the Roman Catholics from the University of Trnava attempted to introduce the Slovak language for use with hymns and other books for church. The Slovak language was not an accepted literary languages until much later, in the early and mid 1800s, when a group began to write in cental Slovak dialects. This group was led by a Protestant, L’udovit Stur. This language was soon accepted as Standard Slovak. It was changed and codified by Martin Hattala using his grammatical rules around the middle of the 19<sup>th</sup> century.\n\nCurrently, there are three major dialects in the Slovak language. They are Eastern, Central and Western. The Western dialects are similar to the Moravian dialects from the Czech language. It is appropriate to say that the Slovak and Czech language dialects can be understood by each languages’ speakers.\n\nThe Slovak language follows a subject-verb-object typology. There are three genders (masculine, feminine and neutral). The Slovak language does not use articles. There are six cases. The Slovak alphabet has 27 consonants, 10 vowels and 4 diphthongs. Typically, the stress of a word is found on the first syllable.<strong> </strong>\n\n<strong><u>Fun Facts about Slovakia</u></strong>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Per capita, Slovakia has the highest number of chateau’s and castles.</li>\n 	<li>There are more than 6,000 caves in Slovakia</li>\n 	<li>Slovakia is the geographical midpoint of Europe</li>\n 	<li>The currency in Slovakia is the Euro</li>\n 	<li>Slovakia’s capital is the only capital in the world to border two countries (Austria and Hungary)</li>\n 	<li>Several people qualify for free transportation, such as students, children, elderly and the disabled</li>\n 	<li>Slovakia is one of the three countries with the most beautiful women in the world</li>\n</ul>','Slovak Translator - Slovak Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Professional Slovak interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Slovak translator interpreter'),(6272,6272,1,'Slovene Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','6d8269da-d358-494a-831a-cac55f1f5e50','CIT offers Slovene interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Slovene language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Slovene language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Slovene language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Slovene language, as well as of the culture and history of the Slovene people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n<strong><u>The Slovene Language</u></strong>\n\nThe Slovene language, which is also known as Slovenian and Slovene Slovenscina is a South Slavic language spoken in Slovenia, Italy, Austria, Croatia and Hungary. About 2.5 million people worldwide speak Slovene. It is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. It is an Indo-European language, part of the Slavic family of languages. There are several dialects of the Slovene language, such as Prekmurje and Resian. There are about 32 standardized dialects of the Slovene language. Some linguists go as far as claiming that there are even 46 dialects of the Slovene language. Slovene is very close to the Chakavian dialect of the Serbo-Croatian language.\n\nThe first-time words in Slovene were printed were in 1515 in Vienna in a poem by German mercenaries. Not much later, towards the end of the 16<sup>th</sup> century, Standard Slovene came to be, thanks to Slovene Lutheran authors who became active and popular during the Protestant Reformation. Around the 11<sup>th</sup> century, Protestants had translated the Bible and wrote certain religious passages in Slovene. In the late 1700s, there was a Roman Catholic translated version of the bible that was published. In the mid-1800s, a standard written and spoken Slovene language was widespread and being used.\n\nThe Slovene language has 21 consonants and 8 vowels. There are 6 noun cases in Slovene: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative and instrumental. Nouns have three genders (feminine, masculine or neutral). Like many other European languages, the word ‘you’ has two forms: formal and informal. This is known as the T-V distinction. In French, for example, informal ‘you’ is referred to as ‘toi’ whereas formal ‘you’ is referred to as ‘vous,’ thus the T-V distinction.\n\nThe Slovene alphabet is written in the Latin (Roman) characters.\n\n<strong><u>Fun Facts about Slovenia</u></strong>\n<ul>\n 	<li>About 60% of Slovenia is forest</li>\n 	<li>Life expectancy is 79 years</li>\n 	<li>The national day is June 25<sup>th</sup></li>\n 	<li>Solkan Bridge in Slovenia is the world’s longest stone arch bridge railway</li>\n 	<li>In Slovenia, there is one winery or vineyard for every 75 people</li>\n 	<li>Every year on April 30<sup>th</sup>, people all around the country light bonfires</li>\n 	<li>There are more than 90,000 beekeepers in Slovenia</li>\n 	<li>At the Hostel Celica, one can pay to be locked up in jail</li>\n</ul>','Slovene Translator - Slovene Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Cal Interpreting & Translations provides experienced translators and interpreters for the Slovene language. Slovene is spoken in Slovenia.','Slovene translator interpreter'),(6273,6273,1,'Slovene Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','45e2a74b-f5e6-41f5-b8e5-0f16271b70f2','CIT offers Slovene interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Slovene language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Slovene language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Slovene language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Slovene language, as well as of the culture and history of the Slovene people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n<strong><u>The Slovene Language</u></strong>\n\nThe Slovene language, which is also known as Slovenian and Slovene Slovenscina is a South Slavic language spoken in Slovenia, Italy, Austria, Croatia and Hungary. About 2.5 million people worldwide speak Slovene. It is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. It is an Indo-European language, part of the Slavic family of languages. There are several dialects of the Slovene language, such as Prekmurje and Resian. There are about 32 standardized dialects of the Slovene language. Some linguists go as far as claiming that there are even 46 dialects of the Slovene language. Slovene is very close to the Chakavian dialect of the Serbo-Croatian language.\n\nThe first-time words in Slovene were printed were in 1515 in Vienna in a poem by German mercenaries. Not much later, towards the end of the 16<sup>th</sup> century, Standard Slovene came to be, thanks to Slovene Lutheran authors who became active and popular during the Protestant Reformation. Around the 11<sup>th</sup> century, Protestants had translated the Bible and wrote certain religious passages in Slovene. In the late 1700s, there was a Roman Catholic translated version of the bible that was published. In the mid-1800s, a standard written and spoken Slovene language was widespread and being used.\n\nThe Slovene language has 21 consonants and 8 vowels. There are 6 noun cases in Slovene: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative and instrumental. Nouns have three genders (feminine, masculine or neutral). Like many other European languages, the word ‘you’ has two forms: formal and informal. This is known as the T-V distinction. In French, for example, informal ‘you’ is referred to as ‘toi’ whereas formal ‘you’ is referred to as ‘vous,’ thus the T-V distinction.\n\nThe Slovene alphabet is written in the Latin (Roman) characters.\n\n<strong><u>Fun Facts about Slovenia</u></strong>\n<ul>\n 	<li>About 60% of Slovenia is forest</li>\n 	<li>Life expectancy is 79 years</li>\n 	<li>The national day is June 25<sup>th</sup></li>\n 	<li>Solkan Bridge in Slovenia is the world’s longest stone arch bridge railway</li>\n 	<li>In Slovenia, there is one winery or vineyard for every 75 people</li>\n 	<li>Every year on April 30<sup>th</sup>, people all around the country light bonfires</li>\n 	<li>There are more than 90,000 beekeepers in Slovenia</li>\n 	<li>At the Hostel Celica, one can pay to be locked up in jail</li>\n</ul>','Slovene Translator - Slovene Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Cal Interpreting & Translations provides experienced translators and interpreters for the Slovene language. Slovene is spoken in Slovenia.','Slovene translator interpreter'),(6274,6274,1,'Somali Translator & Interpreter','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','23e3adf3-6708-48e1-8bc5-ff48bf6cdfed','<h2>Somali Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\nSomali is considered an East Cushitic ethnic language, primarily spoken in Somalia. The language is derived from a group of Afro-Asiatic languages spoken alongside Arabic and Italian. Located in eastern Africa, Somalia is bordered by the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden. As such, it contains similarities to languages in neighboring regions, so call CIT to work with a Somali interpreter or translator who knows the difference.\n\nCIT is available to assist you with your Somali needs in any realm. We can assist you in providing an in-person interpreter, over-the-phone interpreter and/or a document translation. Our qualified and professional linguists are available to assist you in breaking the communication barrier in industries like education, business, manufacturing, law, technology and countless more. No matter what setting you need a Somali translator or interpreter in, we can provide an expert.\n<h2>Somalian Dialects</h2>\nThe Somali language is classified into three dialects – Northern, Central and Coastal. When looking deeper into the background of the language, most consider the dialects to be forgotten as they are from extremely exotic geographical areas.\n\n<strong>Northern Somali</strong> – Spoken by 60% of the Somalian population. Northern Somali is where they are considered to speak proper Somali. Somalia is divided into three (3) linguistic regions which are Northern Somali proper, Darod group, and Lower Juba group.\n\n<strong>Central Somali</strong> – Simultaneously referred to as the Rahanweyn Somalis, Central Somalia is divided into two (2) groups: the Digil and Maay. Digital consists of dialects known as Tunni, Garre, Dabarre, and Jiddu, which is considered the most ungraspable and the hardest to understand. Maay is made up of the Northern and Bur Hakaba dialects.\n\n<strong>Coastal Somali</strong> – Known as the Benadir Coast, the dialects of Somali spoken in this region are split between two (2) dialects: Benadir and Ashraf. The Benadir coast stretches from Hoboyo to the South of Merca. The Benadir dialect of the Somali language consists of the Northern and Southern language, whereas the Ashraaf dialect is made up of the Shingani and Lower Shabelle.\n<h2>Understanding Somali grammar</h2>\nAnyone who has attempted to learn the Somali language can testify to the difficulty of learning the language. There are a few ways that the Somalian language uses to indicate the location of the interest or focus. For instance, the usage of the words <em>baa</em>, <em>ayaa</em>, and <em>waxaa </em>puts the attention on the nouns and phrases. The word waa pulls the attention to the verbs and verb phrase. Typically, in the Somalian language, sentences are formed in the order of Subject, Object, Verb. Nouns provide the tone, both feminine and masculine, of the sentence.\n\n<strong>Absolutive case</strong> – known as the basic form of Somalian nouns where the word maintains the vowel\n\n<strong>Nominative case</strong> – part of the sentence where the article takes the vowel; in cases of multiple nouns, only the last noun is to take the ending of the word\n\n<strong>Genitive case</strong> – expressed by the tonal change of the word, including the feminine nouns that consist of the final consonant of the root word\n\n<strong>Vocative case</strong> – designated by the suffixes and change in tone\n\n<strong>Gender</strong> – usually obvious in its existence and does not require a rule\n\n<strong>Pronouns</strong> are simple and comprised of <strong>short</strong> and <strong>objective</strong> forms of the noun.\n\n<strong>Verbs</strong> – demonstrates a mood composed of four tenses, uses only with a modal verb and formed by an ending.\n\n<strong>Infinitive/Verbal nouns</strong> – created through the suffix','Somali Translator - Somali Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Professional Somali interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Somali translator interpreter'),(6275,6275,1,'Somali Translator & Interpreter','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','ff04fe14-a557-4ff3-adbf-d65157dc10a6','<h2>Somali Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\nSomali is considered an East Cushitic ethnic language, primarily spoken in Somalia. The language is derived from a group of Afro-Asiatic languages spoken alongside Arabic and Italian. Located in eastern Africa, Somalia is bordered by the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden. As such, it contains similarities to languages in neighboring regions, so call CIT to work with a Somali interpreter or translator who knows the difference.\n\nCIT is available to assist you with your Somali needs in any realm. We can assist you in providing an in-person interpreter, over-the-phone interpreter and/or a document translation. Our qualified and professional linguists are available to assist you in breaking the communication barrier in industries like education, business, manufacturing, law, technology and countless more. No matter what setting you need a Somali translator or interpreter in, we can provide an expert.\n<h2>Somalian Dialects</h2>\nThe Somali language is classified into three dialects – Northern, Central and Coastal. When looking deeper into the background of the language, most consider the dialects to be forgotten as they are from extremely exotic geographical areas.\n\n<strong>Northern Somali</strong> – Spoken by 60% of the Somalian population. Northern Somali is where they are considered to speak proper Somali. Somalia is divided into three (3) linguistic regions which are Northern Somali proper, Darod group, and Lower Juba group.\n\n<strong>Central Somali</strong> – Simultaneously referred to as the Rahanweyn Somalis, Central Somalia is divided into two (2) groups: the Digil and Maay. Digital consists of dialects known as Tunni, Garre, Dabarre, and Jiddu, which is considered the most ungraspable and the hardest to understand. Maay is made up of the Northern and Bur Hakaba dialects.\n\n<strong>Coastal Somali</strong> – Known as the Benadir Coast, the dialects of Somali spoken in this region are split between two (2) dialects: Benadir and Ashraf. The Benadir coast stretches from Hoboyo to the South of Merca. The Benadir dialect of the Somali language consists of the Northern and Southern language, whereas the Ashraaf dialect is made up of the Shingani and Lower Shabelle.\n<h2>Understanding Somali grammar</h2>\nAnyone who has attempted to learn the Somali language can testify to the difficulty of learning the language. There are a few ways that the Somalian language uses to indicate the location of the interest or focus. For instance, the usage of the words <em>baa</em>, <em>ayaa</em>, and <em>waxaa </em>puts the attention on the nouns and phrases. The word waa pulls the attention to the verbs and verb phrase. Typically, in the Somalian language, sentences are formed in the order of Subject, Object, Verb. Nouns provide the tone, both feminine and masculine, of the sentence.\n\n<strong>Absolutive case</strong> – known as the basic form of Somalian nouns where the word maintains the vowel\n\n<strong>Nominative case</strong> – part of the sentence where the article takes the vowel; in cases of multiple nouns, only the last noun is to take the ending of the word\n\n<strong>Genitive case</strong> – expressed by the tonal change of the word, including the feminine nouns that consist of the final consonant of the root word\n\n<strong>Vocative case</strong> – designated by the suffixes and change in tone\n\n<strong>Gender</strong> – usually obvious in its existence and does not require a rule\n\n<strong>Pronouns</strong> are simple and comprised of <strong>short</strong> and <strong>objective</strong> forms of the noun.\n\n<strong>Verbs</strong> – demonstrates a mood composed of four tenses, uses only with a modal verb and formed by an ending.\n\n<strong>Infinitive/Verbal nouns</strong> – created through the suffix','Somali Translator - Somali Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Professional Somali interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Somali translator interpreter'),(6276,6276,1,'Spanish Language Translation Services','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','9945c971-60f0-43f7-aaec-341ff5f4be58','<h2>Our Spanish Language Services</h2>		\n		<p>Consistent quality and best pricing are just two reasons Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations service (CIT) is a leading provider of language services throughout the United States and California.</p><p>Our 24-hour access means Spanish speakers can expect the best spoken Latin American Spanish interpreting and Spanish translation services. We have expert translators fluent in Spanish variations including Argentinean Spanish, Chilean Spanish, and Mexican Spanish.</p><p>Most CIT clients are southern Latin neighbors in Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica to as far south as Brazil, Chile, and Peru who need <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/official-document-translation/\">official documents translated into English</a>.</p><p>We provide translation for many Central American and South American Spanish languages which include, K\'iche\', Mixteco, Q’anjob’al, Trique, and Zapotec.</p>		\n					<h3>sPANISH					</h3>\n																				INTERPRETING SERVICES\n								Spoken Translation							\n			<ul>\n														<li>\n																													Consecutive Interpreting\n					</li>\n							</ul><p>Real-time spoken translation.</p>							\n																			\n																													Simultaneous Interpreting\n					\n							<p>A must for any conference.</p>							\n																			\n																													Equipment Rental\n					\n							<p>For multi-national corporations, VIP travelers and tourists in need of constant communication.</p>							\n																			\n																													Escort Interpreting\n					\n							<p>For multi-national corporations, VIP travelers and tourists in need of constant communication.</p>							\n																			\n																													Examinations Under Oath\n					\n							<p>We started in courtroom interpreting. Expect the best.</p>							\n																			\n																													Captioning/Subtitling\n					\n							<ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/captioning/\">Captioning</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/captioning/\">Closed Captioning</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/dubbing/\">Dubbing</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/subtitling-service/\">Subtitling</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/multilingual-transcription/\">Transcription</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/voice-over/\">Voice Over</a></li></ul>							\n																			\n																													Sign Language Interpreting\n					\n							<p>Sign language interpreting includes American Sign Language (ASL).</p>							\n																			\n																													Telephonic Interpreting\n					\n							<p>Over the phone interpreting.</p>							\n																			\n																													Video Remote Interpreting (VRI)\n					\n							<p>Video Remote Interpreting (VRI). </p>							\n																			\n																													Workers Compensation\n					\n							<p>Assistance for non-English speakers.</p>							\n												\n					<h3>SPANISH					</h3>\n																				TRANSLATION SERVICES\n								Written Translation							\n			<ul>\n														<li>\n																													Birth Certificate Translation\n					<ul><li>Details &amp; Request Service</li></ul></li>\n														\n																			<li>\n																													Marriage Certificate Translation\n					<ul><li>Details &amp; Request Service</li></ul></li>\n														\n																			<li>\n																													Academic Documents\n					<ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/academic-transcript-translations/\">Complete translation of High School &amp; College Transcripts</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/diploma-transcript-translation/\">Diploma translation</a></li></ul></li>\n														\n																			<li>\n																													Apostille Translations\n					<ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/translation-apostille-services/\">A certificate that accompanies the original document to verify that the public official’s signature on a document is authenticated</a></li></ul></li>\n														\n																			<li>\n																													Business Documents\n					<ul><li>Financial records</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/annual-report-document-translation/\">Annual reports</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/balance-sheet-translators/\">Balance Sheets</a></li></ul> 							\n																			</li>\n							<li>\n																													Certified Documents\n					</li>\n							</ul><p>Documents requiring certification.</p>							\n																			\n																													Legal Documents\n					\n							<p>Contracts to government filings.</p>							\n																			\n																													Localization\n					\n							<ul><li>Advertising Localization</li><li>Brand Localization</li><li>Broadcast Commercial</li><li>Localization</li><li>Certificate Localization</li><li>Content Localization</li><li>Digital Localizations</li><li>Document Localization</li><li>E-Commerce App Localization</li><li>Gaming Localizations</li><li>Graphic User Interface</li><li>Localization</li><li>iPad App Localization</li><li>iPhone App Localization</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/localization/manufacturing-localizations/\">Manufacturing Localizations</a></li><li>Marketing Content Localization</li><li>Marketing Localization</li><li>Mobile App</li><li>Multimedia Localization</li><li>SEO Localization</li><li>Software App Localization</li><li>Software Localizations</li><li>Subtitling Localization</li><li>Tourism Localizations</li><li>Web App Localization</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/localization/website-localizations/\">Website Localization</a></li></ul>							\n																			\n																													Official Documents\n					\n							<ul><li>AGREEMENTS/CONTRACTS<ul><li>Arbitration</li><li>Confidentiality</li><li>Employment</li><li>Lease/Rental</li><li>Memorandum of Understanding</li><li>Partnership</li><li>Procurement</li><li>Professional Services</li><li>Prenuptial</li><li>Purchase</li><li>Severance</li></ul></li><li>CERTIFICATES<ul><li>Apostille</li><li>Birth</li><li>Certificate of No Criminal Record</li><li>Death</li><li>Marriage</li><li>Vaccination/Immunization</li></ul></li><li>FORMS<ul><li>Adoption</li><li>Enrollment</li><li>Financial Assistance Application</li><li>Immigration</li><li>Tax</li></ul></li><li>IDENTIFICATION<ul><li>Driver\'s License</li><li>Government ID Card</li><li>Military ID</li><li>Passport</li><li>Permanent Resident ID</li><li>Visa</li></ul></li><li>COMMERCIAL <ul><li>Balance Sheets</li><li>Bank Statements</li><li>Bill of Lading</li><li>Cash Flow Statement</li><li>Credit Report</li><li>Invoices</li><li>Patents</li><li>Proforma Invoices</li><li>Promissory Notes</li><li>Tax Returns/Declarations</li></ul></li><li>EDUCATIONAL<ul><li>Admission paperwork</li><li>Diploma</li><li>Grant Paperwork</li><li>Report Card</li><li>Transcript of Records</li></ul></li><li>JUDICIAL<ul><li>Affidavit</li><li>Divorce decree</li><li>Divorce judgement</li><li>Power of Attorney</li><li>Summons</li><li>Warrants</li></ul></li></ul>							\n																			\n																													Rush Translation\n					\n							<ul><li>Any document <em>RUSH</em></li></ul>							\n												\n			<h2>The Spanish Language</h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Spanish interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Spanish language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. </p><p>Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Spanish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Spanish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Spanish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Spanish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>Relationships To Nearby Languages</h2>		\n		<p>The Spanish language has several dialects. It is also known as Castilian, which is a modern standard that was developed from Spanish. Castilian first became popular in the 800s in north-central Spain, in a town called Burgos. </p><p>Once Spain was conquered from the Moors, Castilian became more widespread towards Madrid and Toledo. When Castile and Leon merged with the kingdom of Aragon, Castilian became the official language of Spain. Today, the dialects of Aragon, Navarra, Leon, Asturias and Santander exist only minimally due to the fading out that occurred when the kingdoms merged. </p><p>The Galician language, which is similar to Portuguese and Catalan were spoken far less at this time but have increased in popularity starting in the late 1900s. Another dialect of Spanish is Mozarabic, which is Spanish that was used in Spain when Arabs occupied it before the 1100s. Castilian spoken in southern Spain is known as Andalusian and was shared with the New World between the mid 1400s and 1500s during the Age of Discovery.</p><p>In Spanish, nouns can be masculine, feminine, plural or singular. Verbs have a complex system but are typically regular. There are indicative, imperative and subjunctive moves along with preterit, imperfect, present, future, condition, perfect and progressive tenses. Additionally, there are passive and reflexive constructions.</p>		\n			<h2>Modern Era</h2>		\n		<p>In Spanish, nouns can be masculine, feminine, plural or singular. Verbs have a complex system but are typically regular. There are indicative, imperative and subjunctive moves along with preterit, imperfect, present, future, condition, perfect and progressive tenses. Additionally, there are passive and reflexive constructions.</p><p>The countries that speak Spanish in the Americas have their own language standards. They have different phonology and vocabulary, which includes a lot more loanwords from English. However, many Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas consider Castilian to be the basis of their language. </p><p>It’s accepted to say that Spanish of the Americas is more musical than Castilian Spanish from Spain. Considering how much time has passed and how many countries speak the language, it is amazing to see how little the language has transformed.</p><p>Judeo Spanish is very similar to Castilian. When the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, the richer class who chose to stay and convert to Christianity eventually would move to England or the Netherlands. There, their Sephardic language survived and was a form of a religious language for the communities. Other Spanish Jews who fled moved to the Middle East and wrote Castilian Spanish in Hebrew script.</p><p>The first records of Spanish were from the 900s from Rioja and Castile, showing few differences between the two documents. The Kharjahs in Mozarabic were the next texts to survive, dating back to the 1100s. The famous poem, Cantar de mio Cid was in a language that was essentially Castilian and can date back to the mid 12th century.</p>		\n			<h2>Interpreting and Translation Near You</h2>		\n					<ul>\n							<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/virginia/spanish-interpreters-in-arlington/\">\n										Arlington, Virginia\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/bakersfield-california/\">\n										Bakersfield, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/illinois/legal-translator-chicago/\">\n										Chicago, Illinois\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/el-centro-california/\">\n										El Centro, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/fresno-california/\">\n										Fresno, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/texas/legal-translaton-houston/\">\n										Houston, Texas\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/long-beach-california/\">\n										Long Beach, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/los-angeles/\">\n										Los Angeles, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/florida/legal-translator-miami/\">\n										Miami, Florida\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/monterey/\">\n										Monterey, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/new-york/spanish-interpreters-in-new-york-city/\">\n										New York City, New York\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/new-jersey/\">\n										Newark, New Jersey\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/orange-county/\">\n										Orange County, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n						</ul>\n					<ul>\n							<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/legal-translator-phoenix/\">\n										Phoenix, Arizona\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/rancho-cucamonga/\">\n										Rancho Cucamonga, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/sacramento-california/\">\n										Sacramento, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/monterey/\">\n										Salinas, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-diego/spanish-interpreters-san-diego/\">\n										San Diego, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/bakersfield-california/\">\n										San Fernando Valley, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-francisco-translation-services/\">\n										San Francisco, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/interpreting-services/california-interpreting-service/spanish-interpreters-in-san-jose/\">\n										San Jose, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-luis-obispo-legal-translator/\">\n										San Luis Obispo, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/interpreting-services/california-interpreting-service/spanish-interpreters-in-santa-ana/\">\n										Santa Ana, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/washington/spanish-interpreters-in-seattle/\">\n										Seattle, Washington\n											</a>\n									</li>\n						</ul>\n		<p>Our translators offer comprehensive Spanish language translation services including verbal and written transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Spanish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.</p><p>CIT’s Spanish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Spanish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Spanish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>','Spanish Language Translation Services','Professional Spanish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Spanish Language Translation Services'),(6277,6277,1,'Spanish Language Translation Services','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','228285bd-8ae2-425b-9db3-c25f9cdad915','<h2>Our Spanish Language Services</h2>		\n		<p>Consistent quality and best pricing are just two reasons Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations service (CIT) is a leading provider of language services throughout the United States and California.</p><p>Our 24-hour access means Spanish speakers can expect the best spoken Latin American Spanish interpreting and Spanish translation services. We have expert translators fluent in Spanish variations including Argentinean Spanish, Chilean Spanish, and Mexican Spanish.</p><p>Most CIT clients are southern Latin neighbors in Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica to as far south as Brazil, Chile, and Peru who need <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/official-document-translation/\">official documents translated into English</a>.</p><p>We provide translation for many Central American and South American Spanish languages which include, K\'iche\', Mixteco, Q’anjob’al, Trique, and Zapotec.</p>		\n					<h3>sPANISH					</h3>\n																				INTERPRETING SERVICES\n								Spoken Translation							\n			<ul>\n														<li>\n																													Consecutive Interpreting\n					</li>\n							</ul><p>Real-time spoken translation.</p>							\n																			\n																													Simultaneous Interpreting\n					\n							<p>A must for any conference.</p>							\n																			\n																													Equipment Rental\n					\n							<p>For multi-national corporations, VIP travelers and tourists in need of constant communication.</p>							\n																			\n																													Escort Interpreting\n					\n							<p>For multi-national corporations, VIP travelers and tourists in need of constant communication.</p>							\n																			\n																													Examinations Under Oath\n					\n							<p>We started in courtroom interpreting. Expect the best.</p>							\n																			\n																													Captioning/Subtitling\n					\n							<ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/captioning/\">Captioning</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/captioning/\">Closed Captioning</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/dubbing/\">Dubbing</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/subtitling-service/\">Subtitling</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/multilingual-transcription/\">Transcription</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/voice-over/\">Voice Over</a></li></ul>							\n																			\n																													Sign Language Interpreting\n					\n							<p>Sign language interpreting includes American Sign Language (ASL).</p>							\n																			\n																													Telephonic Interpreting\n					\n							<p>Over the phone interpreting.</p>							\n																			\n																													Video Remote Interpreting (VRI)\n					\n							<p>Video Remote Interpreting (VRI). </p>							\n																			\n																													Workers Compensation\n					\n							<p>Assistance for non-English speakers.</p>							\n												\n					<h3>SPANISH					</h3>\n																				TRANSLATION SERVICES\n								Written Translation							\n			<ul>\n														<li>\n																													Birth Certificate Translation\n					<ul><li>Details &amp; Request Service</li></ul></li>\n														\n																			<li>\n																													Marriage Certificate Translation\n					<ul><li>Details &amp; Request Service</li></ul></li>\n														\n																			<li>\n																													Academic Documents\n					<ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/academic-transcript-translations/\">Complete translation of High School &amp; College Transcripts</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/diploma-transcript-translation/\">Diploma translation</a></li></ul></li>\n														\n																			<li>\n																													Apostille Translations\n					<ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/translation-apostille-services/\">A certificate that accompanies the original document to verify that the public official’s signature on a document is authenticated</a></li></ul></li>\n														\n																			<li>\n																													Business Documents\n					<ul><li>Financial records</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/annual-report-document-translation/\">Annual reports</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/balance-sheet-translators/\">Balance Sheets</a></li></ul> 							\n																			</li>\n							<li>\n																													Certified Documents\n					</li>\n							</ul><p>Documents requiring certification.</p>							\n																			\n																													Legal Documents\n					\n							<p>Contracts to government filings.</p>							\n																			\n																													Localization\n					\n							<ul><li>Advertising Localization</li><li>Brand Localization</li><li>Broadcast Commercial</li><li>Localization</li><li>Certificate Localization</li><li>Content Localization</li><li>Digital Localizations</li><li>Document Localization</li><li>E-Commerce App Localization</li><li>Gaming Localizations</li><li>Graphic User Interface</li><li>Localization</li><li>iPad App Localization</li><li>iPhone App Localization</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/localization/manufacturing-localizations/\">Manufacturing Localizations</a></li><li>Marketing Content Localization</li><li>Marketing Localization</li><li>Mobile App</li><li>Multimedia Localization</li><li>SEO Localization</li><li>Software App Localization</li><li>Software Localizations</li><li>Subtitling Localization</li><li>Tourism Localizations</li><li>Web App Localization</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/localization/website-localizations/\">Website Localization</a></li></ul>							\n																			\n																													Official Documents\n					\n							<ul><li>AGREEMENTS/CONTRACTS<ul><li>Arbitration</li><li>Confidentiality</li><li>Employment</li><li>Lease/Rental</li><li>Memorandum of Understanding</li><li>Partnership</li><li>Procurement</li><li>Professional Services</li><li>Prenuptial</li><li>Purchase</li><li>Severance</li></ul></li><li>CERTIFICATES<ul><li>Apostille</li><li>Birth</li><li>Certificate of No Criminal Record</li><li>Death</li><li>Marriage</li><li>Vaccination/Immunization</li></ul></li><li>FORMS<ul><li>Adoption</li><li>Enrollment</li><li>Financial Assistance Application</li><li>Immigration</li><li>Tax</li></ul></li><li>IDENTIFICATION<ul><li>Driver\'s License</li><li>Government ID Card</li><li>Military ID</li><li>Passport</li><li>Permanent Resident ID</li><li>Visa</li></ul></li><li>COMMERCIAL <ul><li>Balance Sheets</li><li>Bank Statements</li><li>Bill of Lading</li><li>Cash Flow Statement</li><li>Credit Report</li><li>Invoices</li><li>Patents</li><li>Proforma Invoices</li><li>Promissory Notes</li><li>Tax Returns/Declarations</li></ul></li><li>EDUCATIONAL<ul><li>Admission paperwork</li><li>Diploma</li><li>Grant Paperwork</li><li>Report Card</li><li>Transcript of Records</li></ul></li><li>JUDICIAL<ul><li>Affidavit</li><li>Divorce decree</li><li>Divorce judgement</li><li>Power of Attorney</li><li>Summons</li><li>Warrants</li></ul></li></ul>							\n																			\n																													Rush Translation\n					\n							<ul><li>Any document <em>RUSH</em></li></ul>							\n												\n			<h2>The Spanish Language</h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Spanish interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Spanish language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. </p><p>Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Spanish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Spanish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Spanish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Spanish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>Relationships To Nearby Languages</h2>		\n		<p>The Spanish language has several dialects. It is also known as Castilian, which is a modern standard that was developed from Spanish. Castilian first became popular in the 800s in north-central Spain, in a town called Burgos. </p><p>Once Spain was conquered from the Moors, Castilian became more widespread towards Madrid and Toledo. When Castile and Leon merged with the kingdom of Aragon, Castilian became the official language of Spain. Today, the dialects of Aragon, Navarra, Leon, Asturias and Santander exist only minimally due to the fading out that occurred when the kingdoms merged. </p><p>The Galician language, which is similar to Portuguese and Catalan were spoken far less at this time but have increased in popularity starting in the late 1900s. Another dialect of Spanish is Mozarabic, which is Spanish that was used in Spain when Arabs occupied it before the 1100s. Castilian spoken in southern Spain is known as Andalusian and was shared with the New World between the mid 1400s and 1500s during the Age of Discovery.</p><p>In Spanish, nouns can be masculine, feminine, plural or singular. Verbs have a complex system but are typically regular. There are indicative, imperative and subjunctive moves along with preterit, imperfect, present, future, condition, perfect and progressive tenses. Additionally, there are passive and reflexive constructions.</p>		\n			<h2>Modern Era</h2>		\n		<p>In Spanish, nouns can be masculine, feminine, plural or singular. Verbs have a complex system but are typically regular. There are indicative, imperative and subjunctive moves along with preterit, imperfect, present, future, condition, perfect and progressive tenses. Additionally, there are passive and reflexive constructions.</p><p>The countries that speak Spanish in the Americas have their own language standards. They have different phonology and vocabulary, which includes a lot more loanwords from English. However, many Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas consider Castilian to be the basis of their language. </p><p>It’s accepted to say that Spanish of the Americas is more musical than Castilian Spanish from Spain. Considering how much time has passed and how many countries speak the language, it is amazing to see how little the language has transformed.</p><p>Judeo Spanish is very similar to Castilian. When the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, the richer class who chose to stay and convert to Christianity eventually would move to England or the Netherlands. There, their Sephardic language survived and was a form of a religious language for the communities. Other Spanish Jews who fled moved to the Middle East and wrote Castilian Spanish in Hebrew script.</p><p>The first records of Spanish were from the 900s from Rioja and Castile, showing few differences between the two documents. The Kharjahs in Mozarabic were the next texts to survive, dating back to the 1100s. The famous poem, Cantar de mio Cid was in a language that was essentially Castilian and can date back to the mid 12th century.</p>		\n			<h2>Interpreting and Translation Near You</h2>		\n					<ul>\n							<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/virginia/spanish-interpreters-in-arlington/\">\n										Arlington, Virginia\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/bakersfield-california/\">\n										Bakersfield, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/illinois/legal-translator-chicago/\">\n										Chicago, Illinois\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/el-centro-california/\">\n										El Centro, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/fresno-california/\">\n										Fresno, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/texas/legal-translaton-houston/\">\n										Houston, Texas\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/long-beach-california/\">\n										Long Beach, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/los-angeles/\">\n										Los Angeles, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/florida/legal-translator-miami/\">\n										Miami, Florida\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/monterey/\">\n										Monterey, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/new-york/spanish-interpreters-in-new-york-city/\">\n										New York City, New York\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/new-jersey/\">\n										Newark, New Jersey\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/orange-county/\">\n										Orange County, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n						</ul>\n					<ul>\n							<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/legal-translator-phoenix/\">\n										Phoenix, Arizona\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/rancho-cucamonga/\">\n										Rancho Cucamonga, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/sacramento-california/\">\n										Sacramento, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/monterey/\">\n										Salinas, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-diego/spanish-interpreters-san-diego/\">\n										San Diego, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/bakersfield-california/\">\n										San Fernando Valley, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-francisco-translation-services/\">\n										San Francisco, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/interpreting-services/california-interpreting-service/spanish-interpreters-in-san-jose/\">\n										San Jose, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-luis-obispo-legal-translator/\">\n										San Luis Obispo, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/interpreting-services/california-interpreting-service/spanish-interpreters-in-santa-ana/\">\n										Santa Ana, California\n											</a>\n									</li>\n								<li>\n											<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/washington/spanish-interpreters-in-seattle/\">\n										Seattle, Washington\n											</a>\n									</li>\n						</ul>\n		<p>Our translators offer comprehensive Spanish language translation services including verbal and written transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Spanish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.</p><p>CIT’s Spanish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Spanish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Spanish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>','Spanish Language Translation Services','Professional Spanish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Spanish Language Translation Services'),(6278,6278,1,'Swedish','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','6dc8d6ad-a6cd-427b-ac26-1da2a4540e61','<h2>Swedish Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nAs one expands their horizons, they must remain vigilant of the challenges of breaking the language barrier. Because of the nuances involved in transcription, translation, localization, and interpretation, it is essential that you turn to an expert firm like CIT for your linguistic needs. Our services cover over 200 languages and we strive to bring you perfection in each one. The CIT guarantee comes standard with every job. This way, you know that you are getting screened and trained language experts. In addition, our work with Swedish separates us from our market rivals, as we can consistently supply you with an interpreter or translator at the shortest notice.\n\nWhen it comes to using an ultra-low-cost machine interpreting tool that works along the lines of Google Translate, you will undoubtedly lose a number of key elements in your communication. These avenues often leave out things like tone, context, and historical references. As such, you will get a huge amount of misinterpretation or mistranslation in addition to not seeing the entire picture. Our experts possess a rich amount of cultural knowledge, this way they can advise you on different elements of the conversation. Norms and tendencies are not static among societies so it is important to have someone you can trust.\n<h2>History of the Swedish Language</h2>\nAs the official language of Sweden and one of the two national languages of Finland, Swedish falls under the Scandinavian umbrella. Today, over eight million speak it. It bears a number of similarities to languages spoken in neighboring regions, like Norwegian and Danish.\n\nSwedish history goes back as far as the seventh century. While they possessed a written language early on, their languages underwent major alterations by the 1400s. As discussed before, the influence of neighboring languages, specifically Danish, occurred during this time. Differentiating between them despite the loan words proves a challenge for the average amateur Swedish interpreter or translator.\n\nIn the 18th century, the Swedish government made aggressive efforts to improve the written language. They did this out of nationalism. At the same time, various dialects like Svea and Gota began cropping up. Swedish literature is extremely well known throughout the globe and its impact on what came after it is extremely profound.\n<h2>Swedish Grammar</h2>\nJust like any other Scandanavian language, Swedish uses the definite article following the noun. In addition, it does not include case endings. The use of gender varies by dialect, but it commonly uses three and sometimes even two.\n<h2>Hire a Swedish Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Swedish interpreter or Swedish translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Swedish interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Swedish interpreting assignment, or request a Swedish translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.',NULL,'Professional Swedish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6279,6279,1,'Swedish','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','830b4934-7745-4b43-a227-4aa299055d5b','<h2>Swedish Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nAs one expands their horizons, they must remain vigilant of the challenges of breaking the language barrier. Because of the nuances involved in transcription, translation, localization, and interpretation, it is essential that you turn to an expert firm like CIT for your linguistic needs. Our services cover over 200 languages and we strive to bring you perfection in each one. The CIT guarantee comes standard with every job. This way, you know that you are getting screened and trained language experts. In addition, our work with Swedish separates us from our market rivals, as we can consistently supply you with an interpreter or translator at the shortest notice.\n\nWhen it comes to using an ultra-low-cost machine interpreting tool that works along the lines of Google Translate, you will undoubtedly lose a number of key elements in your communication. These avenues often leave out things like tone, context, and historical references. As such, you will get a huge amount of misinterpretation or mistranslation in addition to not seeing the entire picture. Our experts possess a rich amount of cultural knowledge, this way they can advise you on different elements of the conversation. Norms and tendencies are not static among societies so it is important to have someone you can trust.\n<h2>History of the Swedish Language</h2>\nAs the official language of Sweden and one of the two national languages of Finland, Swedish falls under the Scandinavian umbrella. Today, over eight million speak it. It bears a number of similarities to languages spoken in neighboring regions, like Norwegian and Danish.\n\nSwedish history goes back as far as the seventh century. While they possessed a written language early on, their languages underwent major alterations by the 1400s. As discussed before, the influence of neighboring languages, specifically Danish, occurred during this time. Differentiating between them despite the loan words proves a challenge for the average amateur Swedish interpreter or translator.\n\nIn the 18th century, the Swedish government made aggressive efforts to improve the written language. They did this out of nationalism. At the same time, various dialects like Svea and Gota began cropping up. Swedish literature is extremely well known throughout the globe and its impact on what came after it is extremely profound.\n<h2>Swedish Grammar</h2>\nJust like any other Scandanavian language, Swedish uses the definite article following the noun. In addition, it does not include case endings. The use of gender varies by dialect, but it commonly uses three and sometimes even two.\n<h2>Hire a Swedish Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Swedish interpreter or Swedish translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Swedish interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Swedish interpreting assignment, or request a Swedish translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.',NULL,'Professional Swedish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6280,6280,1,'Sundanese','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','55019672-d386-4131-b7b3-f3edcf90946c','<h2>Sudanese Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\nThroughout the years, CIT has built an incredible network of language experts that exists all over the globe. As such, no matter where you live, we can bring you one of the best from our large crop. We make all options available, as we even bring our services directly to your home using VRI and telephonic interpreting. You will never need to compromise convenience or cost for quality because we also keep our rates hilariously low. In fact, our prices are so competitive that we price-match any competitor. In addition, we offer the services of certified linguists, which many courthouses and official legal entities require. We make a full suite of Sudanese language services available to our clients, so you never need to go looking for an interpreter or translator you can trust.\n\nOur foremost priority is the client, which is why so many past customers rave about CIT. We focus our efforts on making it a simple and easy-to-handle experience for you. Far too many language firms complicate the process by making you take care of the details. When you work with CIT, you just need to give us a few pieces of information and we’ll be out of your hair.\n<h2>Sudanese Language</h2>\nOver 38 million people worldwide speak Sudanese, but the main population of native speakers lives in Indonesia. Linguists categorize the language as Austronesian and its dialects include Banten, Bogor, Priangan, and Cirebon. The most popularly spoken dialect is Priangan and is taught in school. It bears a number of similarities to other languages in the region, so it is quite important to work with a skilled Sudanese interpreter or translator. Sudanese uses Latin script but includes five vowels: a, é, i, o, and u. Interestingly, the language does not use a diphthong.\n\nOver the last 10 years, CIT has proven the excellence of our linguists and become a pillar of the lingual community. We specialize our services to the environment, so no matter the setting, we can deliver clear, concise communications. Our legal, marketing, medical, software, various other departments work hard to keep up with developments in the industry. By attending seminars and conferences, they constantly sharpen their skills.\n\nFor businesses, we make it easy to meet your customers’ needs. Opening up your store to an entirely new language group could exponentially increase revenue. In addition, we maintain the integrity of the image you put forward. By paying attention to tone and audience, we adapt your communications using localization techniques.',NULL,'Professional Sudanese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6281,6281,1,'Sundanese','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','82e997d0-ee11-4820-8534-6c8ba371b421','<h2>Sudanese Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\nThroughout the years, CIT has built an incredible network of language experts that exists all over the globe. As such, no matter where you live, we can bring you one of the best from our large crop. We make all options available, as we even bring our services directly to your home using VRI and telephonic interpreting. You will never need to compromise convenience or cost for quality because we also keep our rates hilariously low. In fact, our prices are so competitive that we price-match any competitor. In addition, we offer the services of certified linguists, which many courthouses and official legal entities require. We make a full suite of Sudanese language services available to our clients, so you never need to go looking for an interpreter or translator you can trust.\n\nOur foremost priority is the client, which is why so many past customers rave about CIT. We focus our efforts on making it a simple and easy-to-handle experience for you. Far too many language firms complicate the process by making you take care of the details. When you work with CIT, you just need to give us a few pieces of information and we’ll be out of your hair.\n<h2>Sudanese Language</h2>\nOver 38 million people worldwide speak Sudanese, but the main population of native speakers lives in Indonesia. Linguists categorize the language as Austronesian and its dialects include Banten, Bogor, Priangan, and Cirebon. The most popularly spoken dialect is Priangan and is taught in school. It bears a number of similarities to other languages in the region, so it is quite important to work with a skilled Sudanese interpreter or translator. Sudanese uses Latin script but includes five vowels: a, é, i, o, and u. Interestingly, the language does not use a diphthong.\n\nOver the last 10 years, CIT has proven the excellence of our linguists and become a pillar of the lingual community. We specialize our services to the environment, so no matter the setting, we can deliver clear, concise communications. Our legal, marketing, medical, software, various other departments work hard to keep up with developments in the industry. By attending seminars and conferences, they constantly sharpen their skills.\n\nFor businesses, we make it easy to meet your customers’ needs. Opening up your store to an entirely new language group could exponentially increase revenue. In addition, we maintain the integrity of the image you put forward. By paying attention to tone and audience, we adapt your communications using localization techniques.',NULL,'Professional Sudanese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6282,6282,1,'Tagalog','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','e93be271-edaf-4c92-b972-255e070b1a73','<h2>Tagalog Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\nTagalog interpreting and translating services are highly sought in California due to the high number of Tagalog speaking persons in California, compounded by the extremely limited number of court certified interpreters in the state. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers interpreters and translators in all 100 + languages and dialects of the Philippines, including Tagalog, Filipino, Cebuano, and Ilocano.  We offer California court-certified Tagalog language interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\nCIT offers comprehensive Tagalog language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Tagalog languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Tagalog language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tagalog language, as well as of Filipino culture and history, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>What is the difference between Tagalog and Filipino?</h2>\nOften times this question is dismissed out of hand by less attentive interpreting agencies. It is often asserted that these language terms are not indicative of serious differences, since native speakers of both languages are able to understand each other in conversation.\n\nHowever, Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations is aware that technical translations always call for more precise language, necessitating that we be more sensitive about whether to use Tagalog or Filipino. In order to understand the difference between the two languages, we must first understand the history of the evolution of the national language from Tagalog to Filipino.\n<h2>An evolving linguistic history</h2>\nThe national language of the Philippines is Filipino, which is Tagalog based. While Tagalog is only spoken in the capital city of Manila and its neighboring areas, Tagalog has existed as the lingua franca of the Philippines since the 1930s. In the 1930s the Commonwealth Constitution of the Philippines was drafted. This constitution did not specify a national language, and therefore Tagalog became the de facto national language, as it was understood by inhabitants of the entirety of the Philippine islands.\n\nWhen a new constitution was issued in 1970, a new national language was introduced- Pilipino. Newly coined words and expressions were added to the Tagalog vocabulary, replacing words of foreign origins. This program failed, as the old vocabulary was already deeply seated in the daily lives and conversations of the Filipino people.\n\nIn the 1980s, a new constitution was ratified, which labeled the national language as Filipino. The goal of this new national language was to accommodate Filipino people’s preference for multiple existing words that were derived from English and Spanish words. Because of this, the formerly non-native letters and speech sounds c, ch, f, j, x, and z were introduced into the Filipino alphabet.\n<h2>So… what’s the difference?</h2>\nThe notable difference between Filipino and Tagalog is that Filipino is more inclusive and all-encompassing, as it incorporates contributions from other languages besides Tagalog. For example, in Filipino, the correct translation of the word ‘dictionary’ is <em>diksyunaryo, </em>derived from the Spanish <em>diccionario</em>. Tagalog purists would insist on <em>talatinigan </em>as the translation for dictionary. Though this translation is indigenous to Tagalog speaking regions, it is considered more politically appropriate to use Filipino than Tagalog. As an unwritten rule in translation practices, words that have been universally used for long periods of time in the Tagalog regions are safe to be classified as Tagalog. Modern words and other borrowings are distinguished as Filipino.\n\nAs you can see, the language history of the over 7,000 islands that make up the archipelago of the Philippines is extensive and complex, and Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations takes great pains to ensure that we always provide you and your clients with the most accurate and up to date translation, transcription, and interpretation services.',NULL,'Professional Tagalog language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours.','Tagalog'),(6283,6283,1,'Tagalog','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','044eba6b-419a-43d8-bd1f-50de930847b2','<h2>Tagalog Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\nTagalog interpreting and translating services are highly sought in California due to the high number of Tagalog speaking persons in California, compounded by the extremely limited number of court certified interpreters in the state. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers interpreters and translators in all 100 + languages and dialects of the Philippines, including Tagalog, Filipino, Cebuano, and Ilocano.  We offer California court-certified Tagalog language interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\nCIT offers comprehensive Tagalog language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Tagalog languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Tagalog language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tagalog language, as well as of Filipino culture and history, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>What is the difference between Tagalog and Filipino?</h2>\nOften times this question is dismissed out of hand by less attentive interpreting agencies. It is often asserted that these language terms are not indicative of serious differences, since native speakers of both languages are able to understand each other in conversation.\n\nHowever, Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations is aware that technical translations always call for more precise language, necessitating that we be more sensitive about whether to use Tagalog or Filipino. In order to understand the difference between the two languages, we must first understand the history of the evolution of the national language from Tagalog to Filipino.\n<h2>An evolving linguistic history</h2>\nThe national language of the Philippines is Filipino, which is Tagalog based. While Tagalog is only spoken in the capital city of Manila and its neighboring areas, Tagalog has existed as the lingua franca of the Philippines since the 1930s. In the 1930s the Commonwealth Constitution of the Philippines was drafted. This constitution did not specify a national language, and therefore Tagalog became the de facto national language, as it was understood by inhabitants of the entirety of the Philippine islands.\n\nWhen a new constitution was issued in 1970, a new national language was introduced- Pilipino. Newly coined words and expressions were added to the Tagalog vocabulary, replacing words of foreign origins. This program failed, as the old vocabulary was already deeply seated in the daily lives and conversations of the Filipino people.\n\nIn the 1980s, a new constitution was ratified, which labeled the national language as Filipino. The goal of this new national language was to accommodate Filipino people’s preference for multiple existing words that were derived from English and Spanish words. Because of this, the formerly non-native letters and speech sounds c, ch, f, j, x, and z were introduced into the Filipino alphabet.\n<h2>So… what’s the difference?</h2>\nThe notable difference between Filipino and Tagalog is that Filipino is more inclusive and all-encompassing, as it incorporates contributions from other languages besides Tagalog. For example, in Filipino, the correct translation of the word ‘dictionary’ is <em>diksyunaryo, </em>derived from the Spanish <em>diccionario</em>. Tagalog purists would insist on <em>talatinigan </em>as the translation for dictionary. Though this translation is indigenous to Tagalog speaking regions, it is considered more politically appropriate to use Filipino than Tagalog. As an unwritten rule in translation practices, words that have been universally used for long periods of time in the Tagalog regions are safe to be classified as Tagalog. Modern words and other borrowings are distinguished as Filipino.\n\nAs you can see, the language history of the over 7,000 islands that make up the archipelago of the Philippines is extensive and complex, and Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations takes great pains to ensure that we always provide you and your clients with the most accurate and up to date translation, transcription, and interpretation services.',NULL,'Professional Tagalog language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours.','Tagalog'),(6284,6284,1,'Tahitian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','7d74b590-c1b3-4037-875b-02616f16aaec','<h2>Tahitian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Tahitian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tahitian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tahitian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tahitian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tahitian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tahitian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Tahitian Language</h2>\nThe Tahitian language, a Polynesian language, is spoken in Tahiti and other French Polynesian Islands. It is also known as Reo Tahiti. According to census in 2007, almost 70,000 people speak Tahitian. These Tahitian speakers live primarily in the Society Islands. Other Tahitian speakers live in the Tuamotu Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Vanuatu. The Tahitian language is very close to the Rarontongan and Hawai’ian languages.\n\nBefore the 1800s, Tahitian was a solely oral language. A Welsh historian and linguist, John Davis suggested developing a Tahitian alphabet based on Latin. Davis would later produce the first Tahitian book in 1810 called <em>Te Aebi no Tahiti.</em> Since then, most literature printed in Tahitian has been for religious or educational purposes. Davis’ alphabet used 8 consonants and 5 vowels. There are only about one thousand words. One may think it would be easy for foreigners to learn Tahitian but because it is extremely different from European languages, it is actually quite difficult for foreigners to learn. The French language has a heavy influence on Tahitian.\n\nIn 1975, the Tahitian Academy came into existence. It is a group of 20 members. Up until then, Tahitian was considered a foreign language. In 1982, it began being used in schools again. Prior to that in 1980, Tahitian achieved the same status as French as an official language in Tahiti. However, because the French Constitution does not allow for more than one official language in French territories, it was not included in the 1996 French Polynesian status. Because of this, French Tahitian is only considered to be a dialect.\n<h2>Fun Facts about Tahiti</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Tahiti and Her Islands spans about 2 million square miles in the South Pacific Ocean</li>\n 	<li>The capital of Tahiti is Papeete, meaning “water basket”</li>\n 	<li>About 285,000 people live in French Polynesia</li>\n 	<li>It is accepted to put the Tahitian national flower, a Tiare behind the ear. If you are taken, you place the flower behind the left ear. If you place it behind the right, you are single.</li>\n 	<li>The nickname of Moorea is The Island of Love. “Bora Bora” is known as “The Romantic Island.”</li>\n 	<li>Black pearls are indigenous to the Tuomotu Islands.</li>\n 	<li>What seems to be mailboxes outside of homes are actually French bread delivery boxes. In Tahiti, one must go to the mailbox to get their mail!</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Tahitian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6285,6285,1,'Tahitian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','f46a0967-6a07-4bd9-b68f-0404fd6bc673','<h2>Tahitian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Tahitian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tahitian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tahitian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tahitian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tahitian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tahitian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Tahitian Language</h2>\nThe Tahitian language, a Polynesian language, is spoken in Tahiti and other French Polynesian Islands. It is also known as Reo Tahiti. According to census in 2007, almost 70,000 people speak Tahitian. These Tahitian speakers live primarily in the Society Islands. Other Tahitian speakers live in the Tuamotu Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Vanuatu. The Tahitian language is very close to the Rarontongan and Hawai’ian languages.\n\nBefore the 1800s, Tahitian was a solely oral language. A Welsh historian and linguist, John Davis suggested developing a Tahitian alphabet based on Latin. Davis would later produce the first Tahitian book in 1810 called <em>Te Aebi no Tahiti.</em> Since then, most literature printed in Tahitian has been for religious or educational purposes. Davis’ alphabet used 8 consonants and 5 vowels. There are only about one thousand words. One may think it would be easy for foreigners to learn Tahitian but because it is extremely different from European languages, it is actually quite difficult for foreigners to learn. The French language has a heavy influence on Tahitian.\n\nIn 1975, the Tahitian Academy came into existence. It is a group of 20 members. Up until then, Tahitian was considered a foreign language. In 1982, it began being used in schools again. Prior to that in 1980, Tahitian achieved the same status as French as an official language in Tahiti. However, because the French Constitution does not allow for more than one official language in French territories, it was not included in the 1996 French Polynesian status. Because of this, French Tahitian is only considered to be a dialect.\n<h2>Fun Facts about Tahiti</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Tahiti and Her Islands spans about 2 million square miles in the South Pacific Ocean</li>\n 	<li>The capital of Tahiti is Papeete, meaning “water basket”</li>\n 	<li>About 285,000 people live in French Polynesia</li>\n 	<li>It is accepted to put the Tahitian national flower, a Tiare behind the ear. If you are taken, you place the flower behind the left ear. If you place it behind the right, you are single.</li>\n 	<li>The nickname of Moorea is The Island of Love. “Bora Bora” is known as “The Romantic Island.”</li>\n 	<li>Black pearls are indigenous to the Tuomotu Islands.</li>\n 	<li>What seems to be mailboxes outside of homes are actually French bread delivery boxes. In Tahiti, one must go to the mailbox to get their mail!</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Tahitian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6286,6286,1,'Tajik Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','fd10424e-aa37-4664-8e8d-454a0277bd4d','<h2>Tajik interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Tajik interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tajik language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tajik language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tajik language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tajik language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tajik people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Tajik Language</h2>\nThe Tajik language is spoken by about 8.5 million people in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It is the official language of Tajikistan, although Russian comes in at a close second for languages spoken in the country. Tajikistan is in Central Asia and surrounded by only land. Because so many people from different backgrounds have lived in the area, the Tajik language is influenced by a variety of other languages. Russian gained popularity in the area during the Soviet era. Tajik is used for a variety of purposes in Tajikistan, such as government, education, business, legal and in the everyday lives of the people of Tajikistan. Tajik is thought to be a form of the Persian language. There are some that oppose this thought due to the geographical location and political barriers that had played a role in the development of both languages.\n\nIn Tajikistan, the Russian language is used heavily as well as Tajik. Although the Tajikistani constitution does not state Russian as an official language of the country, it is stilled used both formally and informally. The constitution, however, touched upon the Russian language and how it can be used for communication. However, in 2009, this was removed. Besides Russian and Tajik, there are many other languages that are spoken in Tajikistan, including Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Persian, Arabic and Pashto. Other languages that are spoken, but far less than others, include Yaghnobi, Parya, Shughni and Wakhi. Along with this, due to immigration, other languages are spoken such as Armenian, Romanian, Lithuanian, Korean, Belarusian, Kazakh and Turkish.\n\nThe Tajik language is written using the Cyrillic script. In 1928, it began being written in Latin. Before 1928, it was written in Arabic. In 1939, the Cyrillic script replaced the Latin script. At this time, six new letters were added to the Cyrillic script.\n\nThe Tajik language has many loanwords from the Russian language, mainly due to the influence of the Soviet Union on Tajikistan. Many of these loanwords are particularly used within fields such as socioeconomics, technology and government. There is also influence from other languages, such as Uzbek and Arabic, on the Tajik language vocabulary.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about Tajikistan</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>93% of Tajikistan is mountain</li>\n 	<li>There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan</li>\n 	<li>It is a landlocked country</li>\n 	<li>By area, it is the 94<sup>th</sup> largest country in the world</li>\n 	<li>The Silk Road passed through Tajikistan</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Tajik language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6287,6287,1,'Tajik Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','c0301ff2-9091-4065-854a-6c0cc20bd079','<h2>Tajik interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Tajik interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tajik language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tajik language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tajik language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tajik language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tajik people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Tajik Language</h2>\nThe Tajik language is spoken by about 8.5 million people in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It is the official language of Tajikistan, although Russian comes in at a close second for languages spoken in the country. Tajikistan is in Central Asia and surrounded by only land. Because so many people from different backgrounds have lived in the area, the Tajik language is influenced by a variety of other languages. Russian gained popularity in the area during the Soviet era. Tajik is used for a variety of purposes in Tajikistan, such as government, education, business, legal and in the everyday lives of the people of Tajikistan. Tajik is thought to be a form of the Persian language. There are some that oppose this thought due to the geographical location and political barriers that had played a role in the development of both languages.\n\nIn Tajikistan, the Russian language is used heavily as well as Tajik. Although the Tajikistani constitution does not state Russian as an official language of the country, it is stilled used both formally and informally. The constitution, however, touched upon the Russian language and how it can be used for communication. However, in 2009, this was removed. Besides Russian and Tajik, there are many other languages that are spoken in Tajikistan, including Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Persian, Arabic and Pashto. Other languages that are spoken, but far less than others, include Yaghnobi, Parya, Shughni and Wakhi. Along with this, due to immigration, other languages are spoken such as Armenian, Romanian, Lithuanian, Korean, Belarusian, Kazakh and Turkish.\n\nThe Tajik language is written using the Cyrillic script. In 1928, it began being written in Latin. Before 1928, it was written in Arabic. In 1939, the Cyrillic script replaced the Latin script. At this time, six new letters were added to the Cyrillic script.\n\nThe Tajik language has many loanwords from the Russian language, mainly due to the influence of the Soviet Union on Tajikistan. Many of these loanwords are particularly used within fields such as socioeconomics, technology and government. There is also influence from other languages, such as Uzbek and Arabic, on the Tajik language vocabulary.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about Tajikistan</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>93% of Tajikistan is mountain</li>\n 	<li>There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan</li>\n 	<li>It is a landlocked country</li>\n 	<li>By area, it is the 94<sup>th</sup> largest country in the world</li>\n 	<li>The Silk Road passed through Tajikistan</li>\n</ul>',NULL,'Professional Tajik language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(6288,6288,1,'Tamil Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','a067d9da-a7c7-4979-b417-749d7c0decc4','<h2>Tamil interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Tamil interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tamil language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tamil language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tamil language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tamil language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tamil people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Tamil Language</h2>\nThe Tamil language is a Dravidian language spoken by over 67 million people worldwide. Tamil is spoken in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, the UK, the US, Canada, South Africa, Singapore, France, Mauritius and other countries. About 60 million of the worldwide Tamil speakers live in India. Tamil is spoken mainly in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry (although it is used in other states as well). The Tamil language is used in education in both Malaysia and Singapore.\n\nThe Tamil language was first said to be written in 500 BC. There are even debates that it is the oldest language! In 300 BC, literature in the Tamil language began to appear. Up until the 8<sup>th</sup> century AD, Tamil was known as Old Tamil. Between the 8<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries AD, the Tamil used is referred to as Middle Tamil whereas the Tamil used from then until now is called Modern Tamil.\n\nOriginally, Tamil was written in Brahmi script. In the 400s AD, Tamil Brahmi script became more rounded and turned into the Vatteluttu (‘round’) script. The Chola-Pallava script, which was another Tamil script developed during the Pallava dynasty, was created in the 6<sup>th</sup> century. From this script, the modern Tamil script came to be. In the 1800s, the script used to write Tamil was simplified in order to make typing easier. There is also an Arabic script of the Tamil language, known as Arwi and is used by Tamil speaking Muslims.\n\nIn 2004, Tamil officially became a classical Indian language. This means that its origins were verified as ancient, it had independent traditions and there is a considerable amount of Tamil literature. The spoken Tamil language has also changed. These changes include the phonological changes in structures of words. The major differences are between Tamil spoken in Indian and Tamil spoken in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Within the Tamil language, there are also differences, almost like dialects, between northern, western and southern Tamil speakers. The speech may vary between social class.\n\nJust like other Dravidian language, Tamil has retroflex consonants. The Tamil language is a verb-final language. Tamil has a syllabic alphabet. It is written from left to right, horizontally. If a verb is written at the beginning of a syllable, it is going to be written as an independent letter. The Tamil alphabet had originally been written on palm leaves, thus having letters with many curves in order to avoid tearing the leaves.','Tamil Translator - Tamil Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Professional Tamil language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tamil translator interpreter'),(6289,6289,1,'Tamil Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:11','2022-08-11 01:44:11','f28ba6d2-cb75-44e7-a711-d41cde406501','<h2>Tamil interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Tamil interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tamil language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tamil language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tamil language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tamil language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tamil people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Tamil Language</h2>\nThe Tamil language is a Dravidian language spoken by over 67 million people worldwide. Tamil is spoken in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, the UK, the US, Canada, South Africa, Singapore, France, Mauritius and other countries. About 60 million of the worldwide Tamil speakers live in India. Tamil is spoken mainly in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry (although it is used in other states as well). The Tamil language is used in education in both Malaysia and Singapore.\n\nThe Tamil language was first said to be written in 500 BC. There are even debates that it is the oldest language! In 300 BC, literature in the Tamil language began to appear. Up until the 8<sup>th</sup> century AD, Tamil was known as Old Tamil. Between the 8<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries AD, the Tamil used is referred to as Middle Tamil whereas the Tamil used from then until now is called Modern Tamil.\n\nOriginally, Tamil was written in Brahmi script. In the 400s AD, Tamil Brahmi script became more rounded and turned into the Vatteluttu (‘round’) script. The Chola-Pallava script, which was another Tamil script developed during the Pallava dynasty, was created in the 6<sup>th</sup> century. From this script, the modern Tamil script came to be. In the 1800s, the script used to write Tamil was simplified in order to make typing easier. There is also an Arabic script of the Tamil language, known as Arwi and is used by Tamil speaking Muslims.\n\nIn 2004, Tamil officially became a classical Indian language. This means that its origins were verified as ancient, it had independent traditions and there is a considerable amount of Tamil literature. The spoken Tamil language has also changed. These changes include the phonological changes in structures of words. The major differences are between Tamil spoken in Indian and Tamil spoken in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Within the Tamil language, there are also differences, almost like dialects, between northern, western and southern Tamil speakers. The speech may vary between social class.\n\nJust like other Dravidian language, Tamil has retroflex consonants. The Tamil language is a verb-final language. Tamil has a syllabic alphabet. It is written from left to right, horizontally. If a verb is written at the beginning of a syllable, it is going to be written as an independent letter. The Tamil alphabet had originally been written on palm leaves, thus having letters with many curves in order to avoid tearing the leaves.','Tamil Translator - Tamil Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Professional Tamil language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tamil translator interpreter'),(6290,6290,1,'Tatar Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:12','2022-08-11 01:44:12','65636dbf-d138-4d49-aa2b-e727294dc649','<h2>Tatar interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Tatar interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tatar language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tatar language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tatar language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tatar language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tatar people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Tatar Language</h2>\nThe Tatar language, a Turkic language, is spoken by approximately 7 million people worldwide. Tatar is spoken in Russia, Tatarstan, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuanian, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the US and Uzbekistan. The Tatar language has several dialects. The most popular dialects are Kazan Tatar, which is spoken in Tatarstan, along with Western Tatar (known as Misher Tatar) and other minor dialects, known as Siberian dialects, such as Kasimov, Tepter, Astrakhan and Ural. Kazan Tatar is the dialect in which the Tatar language is written.\n\nAnother form, Crimean Tatar, is part of the same section of Turkic languages. Crimean Tatar was the official language of Crimean up until the 1600s and then it was replaced by Turkish from the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Crimean Tatar originated from the Golden Horde around the 1200s. In the 1800s, Crimean Tatar was brought back, but solely as a literary language. However, not long later, Joseph Stalin’s deportation of the Crimean Tatars forced a decline in the use and popularity of the language. After the fall of the Soviet Union, many of those who were forced out of Crimean returned. At this point, the Ukrainian government placed status on Crimean Tatar and named it a  minority language.\n\nThe Tatar language, at different points in history, had been written using a variety of alphabets. Prior to the 800s AD, Tatar was written using the Orkhon alphabet. After and until 1920, Tatar used an Arabic alphabet. Between 1920 and 1927, a modified version of the Arabic alphabet was used for Tatar. Since 1927, the Tatar alphabet was written using the Cyrillic alphabet and a variety of Latin alphabets as well.\n<h2>Fun Facts about Tatarstan</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Kazan is the capital of Tatarstan</li>\n 	<li>The longest river in Europe runs through Tatarstan</li>\n 	<li>Tatarstan has one of Europe’s biggest mosques</li>\n 	<li>Kazan is the 3<sup>rd</sup> largest city in Russia, after Moscow and St. Petersburg</li>\n 	<li>Kazan is older than Moscow</li>\n 	<li>The metro system in Kazan only has 10 stops</li>\n</ul>','Tatar Translator - Tatar Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Professional Tatar language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tatar translator interpreter'),(6291,6291,1,'Tatar Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:12','2022-08-11 01:44:12','e73a6a70-b397-4dc7-9dcb-94f390c0475c','<h2>Tatar interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Tatar interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tatar language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tatar language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tatar language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tatar language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tatar people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Tatar Language</h2>\nThe Tatar language, a Turkic language, is spoken by approximately 7 million people worldwide. Tatar is spoken in Russia, Tatarstan, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuanian, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the US and Uzbekistan. The Tatar language has several dialects. The most popular dialects are Kazan Tatar, which is spoken in Tatarstan, along with Western Tatar (known as Misher Tatar) and other minor dialects, known as Siberian dialects, such as Kasimov, Tepter, Astrakhan and Ural. Kazan Tatar is the dialect in which the Tatar language is written.\n\nAnother form, Crimean Tatar, is part of the same section of Turkic languages. Crimean Tatar was the official language of Crimean up until the 1600s and then it was replaced by Turkish from the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Crimean Tatar originated from the Golden Horde around the 1200s. In the 1800s, Crimean Tatar was brought back, but solely as a literary language. However, not long later, Joseph Stalin’s deportation of the Crimean Tatars forced a decline in the use and popularity of the language. After the fall of the Soviet Union, many of those who were forced out of Crimean returned. At this point, the Ukrainian government placed status on Crimean Tatar and named it a  minority language.\n\nThe Tatar language, at different points in history, had been written using a variety of alphabets. Prior to the 800s AD, Tatar was written using the Orkhon alphabet. After and until 1920, Tatar used an Arabic alphabet. Between 1920 and 1927, a modified version of the Arabic alphabet was used for Tatar. Since 1927, the Tatar alphabet was written using the Cyrillic alphabet and a variety of Latin alphabets as well.\n<h2>Fun Facts about Tatarstan</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Kazan is the capital of Tatarstan</li>\n 	<li>The longest river in Europe runs through Tatarstan</li>\n 	<li>Tatarstan has one of Europe’s biggest mosques</li>\n 	<li>Kazan is the 3<sup>rd</sup> largest city in Russia, after Moscow and St. Petersburg</li>\n 	<li>Kazan is older than Moscow</li>\n 	<li>The metro system in Kazan only has 10 stops</li>\n</ul>','Tatar Translator - Tatar Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Professional Tatar language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tatar translator interpreter'),(6292,6292,1,'Thai','2022-08-11 01:44:12','2022-08-11 01:44:12','299e5d87-ca8b-448f-9c3b-5a49727bb1be','<h2>Thai Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\nProfessional Thai interpreting and translating services can be difficult to secure in parts of California, due to the limited number of court-certified Thai interpreters in the state. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) has years-long positive relationships with these interpreters and can provide the highest qualified Thai interpreters in the state.\n\nCal Interpreting &amp; Translations offers Thai interpreters and translators in all dialects of Thai. We offer California court certified Thai interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\nCIT’s Thai language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our Thai interpreters and Thai translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Thai languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translation’s Thai interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Thai language, as well as of Thai culture and history, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>Thai, Khmer, Laotian… What’s the difference?</h2>\nMost experts agree that the Thai script is derived from the Khmer script, which itself is modeled after the Brahmic script. Thai and its script are closely related to Laotian language and script (of Laos). In fact, more than half of the Thai grammar, vocabulary, and intonation are common with the Lao language. Most Lao are therefore able to understand spoken Thai.\n\nThe Thai writing system was created based on the Khmer writing system. The oldest known Khmer inscription dates back to 611 CE. The first Thai writings appeared around 1292 CE.\n<h2>Dialects of Thai</h2>\nThere are multiple dialects of Thai. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations provides Thai interpreting and translating services in all dialects, including Phunan, Shan, Isan, Northern Thai, Southern Thai, and Phu Thai.',NULL,'Professional Thai language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Thai'),(6293,6293,1,'Thai','2022-08-11 01:44:12','2022-08-11 01:44:12','3cd35c84-6d69-4a99-9093-5d41542aa01f','<h2>Thai Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\nProfessional Thai interpreting and translating services can be difficult to secure in parts of California, due to the limited number of court-certified Thai interpreters in the state. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) has years-long positive relationships with these interpreters and can provide the highest qualified Thai interpreters in the state.\n\nCal Interpreting &amp; Translations offers Thai interpreters and translators in all dialects of Thai. We offer California court certified Thai interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\nCIT’s Thai language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our Thai interpreters and Thai translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Thai languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translation’s Thai interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Thai language, as well as of Thai culture and history, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>Thai, Khmer, Laotian… What’s the difference?</h2>\nMost experts agree that the Thai script is derived from the Khmer script, which itself is modeled after the Brahmic script. Thai and its script are closely related to Laotian language and script (of Laos). In fact, more than half of the Thai grammar, vocabulary, and intonation are common with the Lao language. Most Lao are therefore able to understand spoken Thai.\n\nThe Thai writing system was created based on the Khmer writing system. The oldest known Khmer inscription dates back to 611 CE. The first Thai writings appeared around 1292 CE.\n<h2>Dialects of Thai</h2>\nThere are multiple dialects of Thai. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations provides Thai interpreting and translating services in all dialects, including Phunan, Shan, Isan, Northern Thai, Southern Thai, and Phu Thai.',NULL,'Professional Thai language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Thai'),(6294,6294,1,'Tibetan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:12','2022-08-11 01:44:12','5411d265-158f-483e-b735-ac9d2ca3e439','<h2>Tibetan interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Tibetan interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tibetan language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tibetan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tibetan language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tibetan language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tibetan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Tibetan Language</h2>\nThe Tibetan language is spoken in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Tibetan is part of the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language. About 1.2 million people speak Tibetan, also known as Lhasa Tibetan. It is spoken in Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal and in some parts of India, particularly in the north. It is a Tibetic language and is the most spoken Tibetic language.\n\nThere are four main dialects of Tibetan: Central, Southern, Northern and Western. Lhasa, named after the capital of Tibet and the form of Tibetan which is most used, is part of the Central dialect. Prior to 1950, Tibet was made up of three provinces. They were Amdo, Kham and U-Tsang. Amdo is now Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan. The Standard Tibetan language has three main forms: vernacular (known as phal-skad), formal (zhe-sa) and a formal literary and religious form, used for religious and classical literature (Chos-skad). In the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, the Tibetan language is an official language of the region. It is the language in which education is taught in primary schools. As children grow older, starting in middle school, the primary language of educational instruction shifts to Mandarin. One can, however, learn certain subjects in Tibetan in college.\n\nIn the 600s AD, Songstem Gampo, who was the 33<sup>rd</sup> king of the Yarlung Dynasty and the first Emperor of Tibet, sent a minister named Thonmi Sambhota to India in order to bring back information on Buddhism. Sambhota then made a script for Tibetan. This script was heavily based on the Devanagari model. The newer Tibetan alphabet had been used initially to translate Buddhist texts into Tibetan. In the 800s, a Sanskrit-Tibetan dictionary called <em>Mahayyutpatti</em> was released. It used wood block printing that came from China. This wood block printing is still used today in certain monasteries.\n\nLiterature in Tibet typically follows Buddhist themes along with literary pieces that were translated from Sanskrit and Chinese. Some other Tibetan works are about the Bon religion, which came before Buddhism and is native to Tibet. There is another form of Tibetan literature, called the gter-ma, which is work that had been concealed in scattered caves for several hundred years.\n\nThe Tibetan language is written using a syllabic alphabet, or an abugida, that comes from Indian origin. It is written from left to right in horizontal lines. Each syllable is marked by a dot.','Tibetan Translator - Tibetan Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Professional Tibetan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tibetan translator interpreter'),(6295,6295,1,'Tibetan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-11 01:44:12','2022-08-11 01:44:12','833e271d-3b85-492d-947f-eddd999a8e35','<h2>Tibetan interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Tibetan interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tibetan language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tibetan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tibetan language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tibetan language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tibetan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Tibetan Language</h2>\nThe Tibetan language is spoken in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Tibetan is part of the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language. About 1.2 million people speak Tibetan, also known as Lhasa Tibetan. It is spoken in Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal and in some parts of India, particularly in the north. It is a Tibetic language and is the most spoken Tibetic language.\n\nThere are four main dialects of Tibetan: Central, Southern, Northern and Western. Lhasa, named after the capital of Tibet and the form of Tibetan which is most used, is part of the Central dialect. Prior to 1950, Tibet was made up of three provinces. They were Amdo, Kham and U-Tsang. Amdo is now Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan. The Standard Tibetan language has three main forms: vernacular (known as phal-skad), formal (zhe-sa) and a formal literary and religious form, used for religious and classical literature (Chos-skad). In the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, the Tibetan language is an official language of the region. It is the language in which education is taught in primary schools. As children grow older, starting in middle school, the primary language of educational instruction shifts to Mandarin. One can, however, learn certain subjects in Tibetan in college.\n\nIn the 600s AD, Songstem Gampo, who was the 33<sup>rd</sup> king of the Yarlung Dynasty and the first Emperor of Tibet, sent a minister named Thonmi Sambhota to India in order to bring back information on Buddhism. Sambhota then made a script for Tibetan. This script was heavily based on the Devanagari model. The newer Tibetan alphabet had been used initially to translate Buddhist texts into Tibetan. In the 800s, a Sanskrit-Tibetan dictionary called <em>Mahayyutpatti</em> was released. It used wood block printing that came from China. This wood block printing is still used today in certain monasteries.\n\nLiterature in Tibet typically follows Buddhist themes along with literary pieces that were translated from Sanskrit and Chinese. Some other Tibetan works are about the Bon religion, which came before Buddhism and is native to Tibet. There is another form of Tibetan literature, called the gter-ma, which is work that had been concealed in scattered caves for several hundred years.\n\nThe Tibetan language is written using a syllabic alphabet, or an abugida, that comes from Indian origin. It is written from left to right in horizontal lines. Each syllable is marked by a dot.','Tibetan Translator - Tibetan Interpreter - Language Translator Service','Professional Tibetan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tibetan translator interpreter'),