(13798,13798,1,'Mayan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:42:19','988a0cc2-6519-40bb-8efb-08839f4857ad','<h2>Mayan interpreters and translators</h2>\n            <p>CIT provides interpreters and translators for Mayan languages including<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/language-services/qanjobal/\"> Q’anjob’al</a> for various needs such as legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more. If you\'re in need of us right away, call <a href=\"tel:208887379009\">888.737.900</a>.</p><p>You may ask, how can a California-based language translation company help Mayans in Palm Beach County,  Jupiter, and Lake Worth in Florida?</p><p>Our network of comprehensive Mayan language services includes interpreters from around the US and the globe. Our translation and transcription service is provided, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mayan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mayan language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Mayan language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mayan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>\n            <h2>The Mayan Family of Languages</h2>\n            <p>Over 6 million people, mainly in Central America, speak Mayan. There are approximately 69 languages that compose the Mayan language family. The Mayan language is believed to have originated about 5000 years ago from the Proto-Mayan family of languages. The primary speakers of Proto-Mayan were those who lived in the Mayan empire, many of which their remains can be found in modern day Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador and southern Mexico. The Mayan empire was quite powerful and successful for many centuries from 1500 BC but came to a downfall around the 9<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries AD.</p><p>Today, the largest bodies of Mayan speaking people are found in Mexico, specifically in the Yucatan, Campeche, Quitana Roo, Tabasco and Chiapas states. Historically speaking, Mayan has been well documented and the language classifications have been widely accepted by the Mayan people. The 69 language groups that Mayan is divided into are based widely on the ancestors who spoke the language. The first language to split from the Mayan languages was the Huastecan branch of languages, composed of Huastec and Chicomuceltec, which are now extinct languages. The next language to branch off was Yucatecan family, comprosed of Yucatec Maya, Lacandon, Itzaj and Mopan. </p><p>The largest branch of Mayan, known as Core Mayan, broke into several other languages. They include Greater Tzeltana, Greater <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/language-services/qanjobal/\">Q’anjob’alan</a>, and Eastern Mayan. Greater Tzeltalan broke into Ch’olan and Tzeltan. Ch’olan Langues include Chontoa, Ch’ol, Ch’orti, and Cholti, which is extinct. Tzeltanan includes Tzeltan and Tzolzil. Greater Q’anjob’alan is comprised of Q’anjob’alan (made up of Mocho’, Tuzantec, Q’anjob’al, Akateko, Jakalteko) and Chujean (Chuj and Tojolabal). Eastern Mayan has two branches: K’ichean (K’iche’, Kaqchike, Tz’utujil, Sakapulteko, Sipakepeno, Poqomam, Poqomchi’ Uspanteko, Q’eqchi’). Mamean languages include Mam, Teco, Awakateko, and Ixil.</p><p>In the 4<sup>th</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> centuries BC up until the 1600s, the Mayan languages were written in a complex hieroglyphic writing system. It had not been accurately deciphered until the mid-1900s. Since the language was deciphered, historians were much better able to understand Mayan history. It has been noted that the main speakers of the Classic Maya languages were the Ch’olan language speakers. They had a large influence on those who spoke Mayan and their non-speaking Mayan neighbors.</p>\n            <img width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https://calinterpreting.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/QANJOBAL-MAYAN-LANGUAGE-INTERPRETING-AND-TRANSLATIONS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Q’anjob’al (pronounced kan-jo-bal) is an indigenous Mayan language to theQ’anjob’al’s in the Huehuetenango region of Guatemala.\" />\n            <h2>Interesting Facts about the Mayan</h2>\n            <ul><li>Mayan temples and pyramids are still being discovered today!</li><li>Their writing as in a very complex form on hieroglyphics</li><li>The Mayan calendar did not actually predict the end of the world</li><li>The Maya people invited the tooth grill!</li><li>Children would have their skulls bound to elongate their skulls, most probably to indicate social status</li><li>They engaged in heavy sports</li></ul>','Mayan Language Interpreters and Translators','Helpful Mayan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','mayan interpreters'),(13799,13799,1,'Michif Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:44:27','db582f5e-5522-4625-80df-6a266eda59aa','<h2>Michif interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Michif interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Michif language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Michif language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Michif language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Michif language, as well as of the culture and history of the Michif people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Michif Language</h2>\n            The Michif language is spoken in certain parts of Canada, particulalry in Manitoba and Saskatchewan along with in North Dakota and Montana. Michif is spoken by the Metis people. It is a combination of Cree and French but has English and Indigenous language(such as Ojibwe) loanwords. As of 2016, Michif is considered an endangered language since only 1,170 people are reoirted to be Michif speakers. Even with its endangered status, it is the most commonly spoken Metish language among French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet.\n\n            The word Michif refers to the Metis people themselves and means “of mixed blood.” Michif came between Cree and Ojibwe speakers. Their offspring are the Metis and the language has been believed to be created in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century on the Plains. Historically speaking, Michif had been spoken only by bison hunters in the winter camps. It is said that most Metis people, such as the wealthy, fishers, farmers an ranchers, did not even speak Michif. Over the 1800s and 1900s, Michif became the language of the Metis people.\n\n            Michif used to be thought of as poor French or a poor mixture of the language elements. However. Michif is quite complex and the complexity of the Michif language suggests to linguists and historians that Michif speakers spoke multiple languages, such as Cree, Ojibwe and French. However, today, not many Michif speakers can speak or even understand other languages fluently. In Michif, there are French nouns, numbers, articles and adjectives. The syntax and structure follows that of the French language. Unlike in French, Michif is written like it sounds to the people of a certain region. This means that there are several spellings for the same word based on the dialect of the area. Because Michif is considered to be an oral language, its spelling system is not very uniform. The first Michif spelling system created was the Turtle Mountain spelling system in North Dakota. The others were created by linguists named Rita Flamand, Robert Papan and Norman Fleury.\n\n            Today, Michif is spoken where bison hunters used to spend their winters, specifically around the Assiniboine and Qu’Appelle rivers in Manitoba, the Qu’Appelle valley in Saskatchewan, and the Grand Coteau du Missouri in North Dakota. In 2016, Canadian statistics indicated that only 315 people reported Michif as their first language. In the schools, Michif is not spoken or taught; rather, English and French dominate. The fact that the language has lasted this long indicates a strong cultural tradition with the Metis people. Funding has been allocated in Canada to preserve the language through the production of dictionaries and language programs.\n\n            Other Metis languages include French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet. French Cree is spoken in northern Saskatchewan, in the village of Ile-a-la-Crosse along with other communities such as Buffalo Narrows. It is the general consensus that French Cree is very different from Cree-Michif.\n\n            French Michif, known as Metis French, is a variation of the French that helped create the Michif language. It originated from traders around the Great Lakes in the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries. It is still spoken in St. Lauren and St. Ambroise, located in Lake Manitoba.\n\n            Bungi, meaning “a little” is a mix of English, Ojibwe, Cree and Gaelic. It also has some French loanwords. It was spoken by the Metis who had Scottish ancestors but is almost now extinct as only a few elders speak the language.\n\n            Lastly, Brayet is another language that came to be as a mixture between Europeans and the Indigenous people. It includes French and Ojibwe words and has also been spoken around the Great Lakes. It is considered to be extinct.','Michif Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Michif language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13800,13800,1,'Michif Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:42:19','618e2ae8-6c73-4c79-bb4b-33f9bb4b12b4','<h2>Michif interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Michif interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Michif language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Michif language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Michif language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Michif language, as well as of the culture and history of the Michif people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Michif Language</h2>\n            The Michif language is spoken in certain parts of Canada, particulalry in Manitoba and Saskatchewan along with in North Dakota and Montana. Michif is spoken by the Metis people. It is a combination of Cree and French but has English and Indigenous language(such as Ojibwe) loanwords. As of 2016, Michif is considered an endangered language since only 1,170 people are reoirted to be Michif speakers. Even with its endangered status, it is the most commonly spoken Metish language among French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet.\n\n            The word Michif refers to the Metis people themselves and means “of mixed blood.” Michif came between Cree and Ojibwe speakers. Their offspring are the Metis and the language has been believed to be created in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century on the Plains. Historically speaking, Michif had been spoken only by bison hunters in the winter camps. It is said that most Metis people, such as the wealthy, fishers, farmers an ranchers, did not even speak Michif. Over the 1800s and 1900s, Michif became the language of the Metis people.\n\n            Michif used to be thought of as poor French or a poor mixture of the language elements. However. Michif is quite complex and the complexity of the Michif language suggests to linguists and historians that Michif speakers spoke multiple languages, such as Cree, Ojibwe and French. However, today, not many Michif speakers can speak or even understand other languages fluently. In Michif, there are French nouns, numbers, articles and adjectives. The syntax and structure follows that of the French language. Unlike in French, Michif is written like it sounds to the people of a certain region. This means that there are several spellings for the same word based on the dialect of the area. Because Michif is considered to be an oral language, its spelling system is not very uniform. The first Michif spelling system created was the Turtle Mountain spelling system in North Dakota. The others were created by linguists named Rita Flamand, Robert Papan and Norman Fleury.\n\n            Today, Michif is spoken where bison hunters used to spend their winters, specifically around the Assiniboine and Qu’Appelle rivers in Manitoba, the Qu’Appelle valley in Saskatchewan, and the Grand Coteau du Missouri in North Dakota. In 2016, Canadian statistics indicated that only 315 people reported Michif as their first language. In the schools, Michif is not spoken or taught; rather, English and French dominate. The fact that the language has lasted this long indicates a strong cultural tradition with the Metis people. Funding has been allocated in Canada to preserve the language through the production of dictionaries and language programs.\n\n            Other Metis languages include French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet. French Cree is spoken in northern Saskatchewan, in the village of Ile-a-la-Crosse along with other communities such as Buffalo Narrows. It is the general consensus that French Cree is very different from Cree-Michif.\n\n            French Michif, known as Metis French, is a variation of the French that helped create the Michif language. It originated from traders around the Great Lakes in the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries. It is still spoken in St. Lauren and St. Ambroise, located in Lake Manitoba.\n\n            Bungi, meaning “a little” is a mix of English, Ojibwe, Cree and Gaelic. It also has some French loanwords. It was spoken by the Metis who had Scottish ancestors but is almost now extinct as only a few elders speak the language.\n\n            Lastly, Brayet is another language that came to be as a mixture between Europeans and the Indigenous people. It includes French and Ojibwe words and has also been spoken around the Great Lakes. It is considered to be extinct.','Michif Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Michif language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13801,13801,1,'Minangkabau Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:44:27','7f239825-dc66-4ca5-b974-685c2ff9abad','<h2>Minangkabau interpreters and translators</h2>\n            At CIT, the client is always number one. No matter what time of the day it is, you will always have an open line of communication with a brilliant representative. Our commitment goes beyond professionalism and availability, as we offer you premium services at extremely competitive rates.\n\n            The Minangkabau language is spoken by about 8.5 million people. The language is spoken in West and North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, Indonesia, and Malaysia. It is a Malayic language with several dialects. Because of this, it is extremely important to work with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator who knows the difference.\n\n            Minangkabau means “People of the Plains”. The Minangkabau are the largest ethnic group in Sumatra. Historically, their homeland is in the west-central highlands. Minangkabau people have large fields and gardens where they are known for their crops such as rice, tobacco, cinnamon, and many fruits and vegetables. Along with this, they are known for their crafting such as woodcarving, metalwork, and weaving. The Minangkabau language is very similar to other Austronesian languages, particularly Malay.\n            <h2>Minangkabau Traditions</h2>\n            The Minangkabau people are Muslim; however, they are matrilineal. When a man and woman wed, they live at the wife’s parents’ home and the husband is considered a guest who visits his wife at night. This domestic unit was called the rumah gadang, or the community house. It is under the control of the woman of the house, her sisters, daughters, and any female children. The boys would live in the house until they were circumcised, after which they would live in a local mosque. This community house was a rectangular-shaped building. Most of this building was the main room. There were then small living areas for each woman, her children, and her husband.\n\n            After World War II, this structure was no longer considered so important and many of the families left in order to establish their own homes. Typically, people within a clan did not marry one another. Understanding the social background of a Minangkabau speaker is one of the main strengths of a CIT interpreter or translator.\n\n            In the late 1800s, some of the Minangkabau people moved to Malaya, which is now known as Peninsular Malaysia. They formed the Negri Sembilan or the Nine States. Minangkabau tribesmen left Sumatra in order to find more work across the Strait of Malacca. In the 1850s, due to Malayan tin mining growth, the Minangkabau people grew to become miners or petty merchants. In the early 1900s, the Minangkabau miners began pursuing agricultural jobs in river valleys. The Minangkabau people were able to gain land if they could claim it, clear it, plant it, and live in it.\n\n            The Minangkabau language is written using a Latin alphabet but had previously been written in Arabic.\n            <h2>Hire a Minangkabau Interpreter or Translator</h2>\n            Need a Minangkabau interpreter or Minangkabau translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Minangkabau interpreting assignment, or request a Minangkabau translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Minangkabau Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Minangkabau language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13802,13802,1,'Minangkabau Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:42:19','f67bed27-0a4e-4785-9791-5bc58eb104fb','<h2>Minangkabau interpreters and translators</h2>\n            At CIT, the client is always number one. No matter what time of the day it is, you will always have an open line of communication with a brilliant representative. Our commitment goes beyond professionalism and availability, as we offer you premium services at extremely competitive rates.\n\n            The Minangkabau language is spoken by about 8.5 million people. The language is spoken in West and North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, Indonesia, and Malaysia. It is a Malayic language with several dialects. Because of this, it is extremely important to work with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator who knows the difference.\n\n            Minangkabau means “People of the Plains”. The Minangkabau are the largest ethnic group in Sumatra. Historically, their homeland is in the west-central highlands. Minangkabau people have large fields and gardens where they are known for their crops such as rice, tobacco, cinnamon, and many fruits and vegetables. Along with this, they are known for their crafting such as woodcarving, metalwork, and weaving. The Minangkabau language is very similar to other Austronesian languages, particularly Malay.\n            <h2>Minangkabau Traditions</h2>\n            The Minangkabau people are Muslim; however, they are matrilineal. When a man and woman wed, they live at the wife’s parents’ home and the husband is considered a guest who visits his wife at night. This domestic unit was called the rumah gadang, or the community house. It is under the control of the woman of the house, her sisters, daughters, and any female children. The boys would live in the house until they were circumcised, after which they would live in a local mosque. This community house was a rectangular-shaped building. Most of this building was the main room. There were then small living areas for each woman, her children, and her husband.\n\n            After World War II, this structure was no longer considered so important and many of the families left in order to establish their own homes. Typically, people within a clan did not marry one another. Understanding the social background of a Minangkabau speaker is one of the main strengths of a CIT interpreter or translator.\n\n            In the late 1800s, some of the Minangkabau people moved to Malaya, which is now known as Peninsular Malaysia. They formed the Negri Sembilan or the Nine States. Minangkabau tribesmen left Sumatra in order to find more work across the Strait of Malacca. In the 1850s, due to Malayan tin mining growth, the Minangkabau people grew to become miners or petty merchants. In the early 1900s, the Minangkabau miners began pursuing agricultural jobs in river valleys. The Minangkabau people were able to gain land if they could claim it, clear it, plant it, and live in it.\n\n            The Minangkabau language is written using a Latin alphabet but had previously been written in Arabic.\n            <h2>Hire a Minangkabau Interpreter or Translator</h2>\n            Need a Minangkabau interpreter or Minangkabau translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Minangkabau interpreting assignment, or request a Minangkabau translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Minangkabau Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Minangkabau language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13803,13803,1,'Mon Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:44:27','7ed46b03-92aa-40fe-b533-5e73a1c2339d','<h2>Mon interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Mon interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mon language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mon language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mon language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Mon language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mon people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Mon Language</h2>\n            The Mon language is an Austroasiatic language. Mon is also known as Talaing or Peguan. It is currently spoken by about 850,000 speakers in Myanmar, Burma and Thailand. More specifically, Mon is spoken in the Mon State, in the Tanintharyi Region and the Kayin State in South Myanmar. After Pagan fell, Mon was the lingua franca of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287-1539), which today, is known as Lower Myanmar. Up until the mid 1800s, Mon was spoken extensively in Burma. However, at this time, the British took over the area, causing a lot of people from India and China to move to the area. Then, Mon became less used. In the 6<sup>th</sup> century, Mon had first been written using two different scripts. These inscriptions can be found in central Thailand in older archaeological sires that have been associated with the Dvaravati Kingdom. The first script came from the Grantha script. Another script came from the Kadamba or Grantha script. The first time the Mon script appeared was in 1113 in Mayzedi inscriptions. In Mon, there are two types of consonants, clear and breathy (or chest). The Ancient Mon language was written in script that originally came from South India. It has evolved and is more similar to the Burmese writing system. Today, Mon is spoken mainly in Myanmar between Moulmein and Ye. Mon is known as “the bubble language” as it is written with several round letters.\n\n            Today, Mon is considered a developing language. It is classified as an Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer and Monic language. There are several dialects of Mon, such as Martaban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Mon Tang, Northern Mon) and Ye (Mon Nya, Southern Mon).  There are varieties of Mon in Myanmar and Thailand but they are minimal. The Mon language follows the subject-verb-order typology. Mon and Burmese are basically the same but Mon has more consonants.  Unlike Thai and Burmese, Mon is not a tonal language. There are barely any classifiers or prepositions in Mon.\n\n            Compared to those who consider themselves Mon people, the amount of people that speak the language is very small. Since 1948, when Burma declared independence, there has been a rapid decline of speakers. The older generation is somewhat literate in Mon, however, those under 40 are almost not literate in Mon. Today, Mon is taught in some monasteries in Myanmar and Thailand. Literarily speaking, Mon has some literature, a dictionary, grammar and a Mon translation of the Bible. Most of the Mon people are Buddhist. The first publication in Mon in Myanmar since 1962 was released in 2013 as part of a newspaper, the Thanlwin Times, which is based in Mawlamyine.','Mon Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Mon language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13804,13804,1,'Mon Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:42:19','e3a1020f-8646-4f18-86be-ac156a759eb5','<h2>Mon interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Mon interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mon language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mon language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mon language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Mon language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mon people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Mon Language</h2>\n            The Mon language is an Austroasiatic language. Mon is also known as Talaing or Peguan. It is currently spoken by about 850,000 speakers in Myanmar, Burma and Thailand. More specifically, Mon is spoken in the Mon State, in the Tanintharyi Region and the Kayin State in South Myanmar. After Pagan fell, Mon was the lingua franca of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287-1539), which today, is known as Lower Myanmar. Up until the mid 1800s, Mon was spoken extensively in Burma. However, at this time, the British took over the area, causing a lot of people from India and China to move to the area. Then, Mon became less used. In the 6<sup>th</sup> century, Mon had first been written using two different scripts. These inscriptions can be found in central Thailand in older archaeological sires that have been associated with the Dvaravati Kingdom. The first script came from the Grantha script. Another script came from the Kadamba or Grantha script. The first time the Mon script appeared was in 1113 in Mayzedi inscriptions. In Mon, there are two types of consonants, clear and breathy (or chest). The Ancient Mon language was written in script that originally came from South India. It has evolved and is more similar to the Burmese writing system. Today, Mon is spoken mainly in Myanmar between Moulmein and Ye. Mon is known as “the bubble language” as it is written with several round letters.\n\n            Today, Mon is considered a developing language. It is classified as an Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer and Monic language. There are several dialects of Mon, such as Martaban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Mon Tang, Northern Mon) and Ye (Mon Nya, Southern Mon).  There are varieties of Mon in Myanmar and Thailand but they are minimal. The Mon language follows the subject-verb-order typology. Mon and Burmese are basically the same but Mon has more consonants.  Unlike Thai and Burmese, Mon is not a tonal language. There are barely any classifiers or prepositions in Mon.\n\n            Compared to those who consider themselves Mon people, the amount of people that speak the language is very small. Since 1948, when Burma declared independence, there has been a rapid decline of speakers. The older generation is somewhat literate in Mon, however, those under 40 are almost not literate in Mon. Today, Mon is taught in some monasteries in Myanmar and Thailand. Literarily speaking, Mon has some literature, a dictionary, grammar and a Mon translation of the Bible. Most of the Mon people are Buddhist. The first publication in Mon in Myanmar since 1962 was released in 2013 as part of a newspaper, the Thanlwin Times, which is based in Mawlamyine.','Mon Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Mon language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13805,13805,1,'Mongolian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:44:27','f9fc9cfe-d996-4ea2-b823-b6d2f0d57f34','<h2>Mongolian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Mongolian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mongolian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mongolian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mongolian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Mongolian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mongolian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Mongolian Language</h2>\n            The Mongolian language is spoken by about 5 million people. The Altaic language is spoken in Mongolia, China. Afghanistan and Russia. There are several dialects, or varieties of Mongolian. They include Khalkha, which is the national language of Mongolia, along with Oirat, Chahar and Ordos, dialects of Mongolian that are spoken in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China. There are additional languages that are part of the Mongolian language family. They include Buryat and Kalmyk, which are spoken in Russia and Moghul (also known as Mogul), which is spoken in Afghanistan.\n            <h2>History of the Mongols</h2>\n            In the early 13<sup>th</sup> century, Chinggis Khan had defeated the Naimas, which were a Turkic tribe occupying Central Asia. Khan captured the Uyghur scribe, Tatar-Tonga, who used the Old Uyghur alphabet to write the Mongolian script. This specific script is known as Uighurt/Uyghur Script and is the classical of traditional Mongol script. The traditional Mongolian script was not idyllic for writing the Mongolian language, and even less so for writing Chinese. During the 1200s, a Tibetan monk named Drogon Chogval Phagpa created the Phags-pa script. This script is known as the new Mongolian script and was based on Tibetan script. However, this script was never predominately used and when the Yuan dynasty fell in the mid 14<sup>th</sup> century, Phags-pa was used for Mongolian phonetic glosses in Chinese writings.\n\n            A few centuries later, in the late 1600s, a Mongolian monk and scholar, Bogdo Zanabazar, created Soyombo, a new Mongolian script which was also used to write Chinese and Sanskrit. Its primary use was to translate Buddhist texts from temples into Mongolian. Zanabazar also made another script, Mongolian Square Script (aso known as Mongolian Horizontal Square Script). This script was revived in turn of the 19<sup>th</sup> century and was based on Tibetan script. Prior to this, however, in the mid 15<sup>th</sup> century, Ayuush Guush, a translator and scholar, added letters to the traditional Mongol script. This allowed loanwords from Tibetan, Sanskrit and Chinese to be written in Mongolian by emphasizing sound and pronounciation more appropriately.\n\n            Between February and March 1941, the Mongolain government got rid of the traditional Mongolian script and Mongolian was written in the Latin alphabet. After this brief time period, the Cyrillic alphabet was then used as the official writing system of Mongolian. Cyrillic was used because the Latin alphabet did not accurarely represent the sounds and pronounciations of Mongolian. However, many believe that the switch from Latin to Cyrillic may have been political.\n\n            Ever since 1994, many have wanted to reintroduce the Mongolian script. Currently, it is taught in some schools as more of a decorative subject, such as for art and calligraphy. In the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, Mongolian script is still used, although many in Mongolia known nothing about this traditional script.\n\n            When writing in Mongolian, it is important to note some specific features of the script. For example, Mongolian script is a phonemic alphabet which used different letters for consonants and vowels. The script is written from left to right in vertical colums from top to bottom. Letters have several different shapes which depend on the position of the letter in a word and which letter it proceeds. Additionally, Mongolian script is usually taught in syllables as opposed to specific letters.','Mongolian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Mongolian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13806,13806,1,'Mongolian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:42:19','dd98fe7c-d58b-499a-80d3-840e739d1050','<h2>Mongolian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Mongolian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mongolian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mongolian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mongolian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Mongolian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mongolian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Mongolian Language</h2>\n            The Mongolian language is spoken by about 5 million people. The Altaic language is spoken in Mongolia, China. Afghanistan and Russia. There are several dialects, or varieties of Mongolian. They include Khalkha, which is the national language of Mongolia, along with Oirat, Chahar and Ordos, dialects of Mongolian that are spoken in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China. There are additional languages that are part of the Mongolian language family. They include Buryat and Kalmyk, which are spoken in Russia and Moghul (also known as Mogul), which is spoken in Afghanistan.\n            <h2>History of the Mongols</h2>\n            In the early 13<sup>th</sup> century, Chinggis Khan had defeated the Naimas, which were a Turkic tribe occupying Central Asia. Khan captured the Uyghur scribe, Tatar-Tonga, who used the Old Uyghur alphabet to write the Mongolian script. This specific script is known as Uighurt/Uyghur Script and is the classical of traditional Mongol script. The traditional Mongolian script was not idyllic for writing the Mongolian language, and even less so for writing Chinese. During the 1200s, a Tibetan monk named Drogon Chogval Phagpa created the Phags-pa script. This script is known as the new Mongolian script and was based on Tibetan script. However, this script was never predominately used and when the Yuan dynasty fell in the mid 14<sup>th</sup> century, Phags-pa was used for Mongolian phonetic glosses in Chinese writings.\n\n            A few centuries later, in the late 1600s, a Mongolian monk and scholar, Bogdo Zanabazar, created Soyombo, a new Mongolian script which was also used to write Chinese and Sanskrit. Its primary use was to translate Buddhist texts from temples into Mongolian. Zanabazar also made another script, Mongolian Square Script (aso known as Mongolian Horizontal Square Script). This script was revived in turn of the 19<sup>th</sup> century and was based on Tibetan script. Prior to this, however, in the mid 15<sup>th</sup> century, Ayuush Guush, a translator and scholar, added letters to the traditional Mongol script. This allowed loanwords from Tibetan, Sanskrit and Chinese to be written in Mongolian by emphasizing sound and pronounciation more appropriately.\n\n            Between February and March 1941, the Mongolain government got rid of the traditional Mongolian script and Mongolian was written in the Latin alphabet. After this brief time period, the Cyrillic alphabet was then used as the official writing system of Mongolian. Cyrillic was used because the Latin alphabet did not accurarely represent the sounds and pronounciations of Mongolian. However, many believe that the switch from Latin to Cyrillic may have been political.\n\n            Ever since 1994, many have wanted to reintroduce the Mongolian script. Currently, it is taught in some schools as more of a decorative subject, such as for art and calligraphy. In the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, Mongolian script is still used, although many in Mongolia known nothing about this traditional script.\n\n            When writing in Mongolian, it is important to note some specific features of the script. For example, Mongolian script is a phonemic alphabet which used different letters for consonants and vowels. The script is written from left to right in vertical colums from top to bottom. Letters have several different shapes which depend on the position of the letter in a word and which letter it proceeds. Additionally, Mongolian script is usually taught in syllables as opposed to specific letters.','Mongolian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Mongolian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13807,13807,1,'Nahauatl','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:44:27','a564eb71-e348-4a9b-8c25-7b44a09bc2b3','<h2>Nahuatl Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\n            Not only do we customize our lineup of services to your particular needs, but we specify each individual communication to the job. To start with, we offer you an array of services that maximize the clarity and convenience of each assignment. Very few firms perform jobs in a customized manner, so even this firm-level of individualization is quite rare. Beyond that, even with languages like Nahuatl, a CIT interpreter or translator will ensure that every word is spoken or written according to the context of the situation. This is something that machine translators and interpreters always fail to address.\n\n            The Nahuatl language is a Uto-Aztecan language and is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Mexico. The majority of the Nahuatl speakers in Mexico live in Central Mexico, specifically in Puebla, Veracruz, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Guerrero, Mexico (the state), El Distrito Federal, Tlaxcala, Morelos, Oaxaca and in El Salvador. There are also Nahuatl speakers in parts of Mexico and the US but much smaller. Nahuatl is thought to be the most important of the Uto-Aztecan languages and was the language of the Aztec and Toltec people. Finding a Nahuatl interpreter or translator in various parts of the world can be very hard, so let CIT handle the time-consuming details.\n            <h2>Dialects</h2>\n            There are several dialects of Nahuatl, although many of them are quite similar and can be understood within dialects. Most younger Nahuatl speakers also speak Spanish. Historically speaking, Classical Nahuatl was used in the Aztec empire and was a lingua franca in most of Mesoamerica beginning in the 600s until about the 1500s. The modern dialects of Nahuatl are most similar to the Classical Nahuatl dialect.\n            <h2>Script</h2>\n            The original Nahuatl script was written in a pictographic script. Although not a complete writing system, it was used as a mnemonic which reminded its readers about the texts they had learned orally. This script was used carved in stone and in many picture books that the Spanish had unfortunately destroyed. It was the Spanish that had introduced Latin script to write Nahuatl. Since then, a lot of literature, particularly poetry and prose, has been written in Latin script. It is also because of this that many do not know how Nahuatl is actually spelled.\n\n            According to the script, the letters b,d,g,f, ñ, and rr are used only in Spanish loanwords. In Classical Nahuatl, the tl sound is notable as it is made to be one single consonant and has a glottal stop. In modern dialects, there is no glottal stop and has been replaced bu the letter h. This sound, however, is used to differentiate between three modern dialects. They are the central and northern Aztect, which used the tl sound and can be seen in the word Nahuatl. The Eastern Aztec dialects do not use the tl, rather simply the t is used., referring to the language as Nahuat. Western dialects replaced the tl with only the l and refer to the language as Nahual. The Classical Nahuatl language from around the 1500s had used 15 consonants and 4 long and short vowels.','Nahauatl','Professional Nahauatl interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13808,13808,1,'Nahauatl','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:42:19','d10fd27d-e325-4c2b-b770-a1a3801e6d38','<h2>Nahuatl Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\n            Not only do we customize our lineup of services to your particular needs, but we specify each individual communication to the job. To start with, we offer you an array of services that maximize the clarity and convenience of each assignment. Very few firms perform jobs in a customized manner, so even this firm-level of individualization is quite rare. Beyond that, even with languages like Nahuatl, a CIT interpreter or translator will ensure that every word is spoken or written according to the context of the situation. This is something that machine translators and interpreters always fail to address.\n\n            The Nahuatl language is a Uto-Aztecan language and is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Mexico. The majority of the Nahuatl speakers in Mexico live in Central Mexico, specifically in Puebla, Veracruz, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Guerrero, Mexico (the state), El Distrito Federal, Tlaxcala, Morelos, Oaxaca and in El Salvador. There are also Nahuatl speakers in parts of Mexico and the US but much smaller. Nahuatl is thought to be the most important of the Uto-Aztecan languages and was the language of the Aztec and Toltec people. Finding a Nahuatl interpreter or translator in various parts of the world can be very hard, so let CIT handle the time-consuming details.\n            <h2>Dialects</h2>\n            There are several dialects of Nahuatl, although many of them are quite similar and can be understood within dialects. Most younger Nahuatl speakers also speak Spanish. Historically speaking, Classical Nahuatl was used in the Aztec empire and was a lingua franca in most of Mesoamerica beginning in the 600s until about the 1500s. The modern dialects of Nahuatl are most similar to the Classical Nahuatl dialect.\n            <h2>Script</h2>\n            The original Nahuatl script was written in a pictographic script. Although not a complete writing system, it was used as a mnemonic which reminded its readers about the texts they had learned orally. This script was used carved in stone and in many picture books that the Spanish had unfortunately destroyed. It was the Spanish that had introduced Latin script to write Nahuatl. Since then, a lot of literature, particularly poetry and prose, has been written in Latin script. It is also because of this that many do not know how Nahuatl is actually spelled.\n\n            According to the script, the letters b,d,g,f, ñ, and rr are used only in Spanish loanwords. In Classical Nahuatl, the tl sound is notable as it is made to be one single consonant and has a glottal stop. In modern dialects, there is no glottal stop and has been replaced bu the letter h. This sound, however, is used to differentiate between three modern dialects. They are the central and northern Aztect, which used the tl sound and can be seen in the word Nahuatl. The Eastern Aztec dialects do not use the tl, rather simply the t is used., referring to the language as Nahuat. Western dialects replaced the tl with only the l and refer to the language as Nahual. The Classical Nahuatl language from around the 1500s had used 15 consonants and 4 long and short vowels.','Nahauatl','Professional Nahauatl interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13809,13809,1,'Navajo Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:44:27','67b1c38c-e5f4-4306-bb9b-9e64cd00110c','<h2>Possessing Knowledge of Navajo Language</h2>\n            CIT offers Navajo interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Navajo language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Navajo language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\n            CIT’s Navajo language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Navajo language, as well as of the culture and history of the Navajo people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Navajo Language</h2>\n            The Navajo language is part of the Athabaskan branch of Na-Dene languages. Also known as Dine to its natives, Navajo is spoken primarily in the Navajo Nation, located in northeastern <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, southeastern Utah and northwestern New Mexico.\n\n            About 170,000 people speak Navajo at home. The Navajo language is very similar and related to the Apache languages, but they are not so close that they are equally understandable.\n\n            The written Navajo language was first brought down in the mid 19th century as a word list which was published by Lt. James H. Simpson in the Journal of a Military Reconnaissance.\n\n            It was not long after, in the early 1900s, that missionaries had begun to publish religious texts, dictionaries and grammatical rules in Navajo. Each missionary had invented his own way of spelling causing several variations for the same word in Navajo.\n\n            In the 1930s, John Colliers, the head of Indian Affairs, and Willard Beatty, head of Indian Education, set out to standardize the Navajo alphabet. They commissioned four individuals, John Harrington, Robert Young, William Morgan and Oliver LaFarge, to make one Navajo alphabet and to put forth Navajo language materials.\n\n            A short 9 years later in 1939, the alphabet was finished. By the next decade, there were bilingual (English- Navajo) children’s books, dictionaries and even a monthly newspaper. However, because of the poor trust because the Navajo and Collier, this alphabet was not popular. In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in this language.\n\n            Part of this interest is in hopes to create Navajo computer fonts to facilitate reading, writing, editing and publishing literary Navajo materials. Since 1984, the Navajo language has been taught in schools.\n\n            Along with this, there are several immersion programs that have been put into place. In 1989, the Dine College in Tsaile, <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, offered an associate’s degree in Navajo. Additionally, one can take Navajo language classes at the Arizona State University.\n\n            The Navajo language has also made a mark on the media. Between 1943 and 1957, there had been a Navajo newspaper.\n\n            Additionally, there are radio stations, TV shows and even a version of the 1977 film <a href=\"https://www.cbr.com/disney-finally-adds-navajo-translation-for-star-wars-a-new-hope/\">Star Wars translated into Navajo</a>.\n\n            There are certain grammatical notes one should know regarding Navajo. For example, the letter x only appears after the letters g, s, or z. There are four tones in Navajo (high, rising, falling and low). A high tone has an acute accent mark. The rising and falling tones can only happen with a long vowel.','Navajo Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Navajo interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','navajo interpreters and translators'),(13810,13810,1,'Navajo Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:42:19','f499c3eb-ce7f-4817-9c82-8f4bdfa62c8d','<h2>Possessing Knowledge of Navajo Language</h2>\n            CIT offers Navajo interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Navajo language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Navajo language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\n            CIT’s Navajo language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Navajo language, as well as of the culture and history of the Navajo people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Navajo Language</h2>\n            The Navajo language is part of the Athabaskan branch of Na-Dene languages. Also known as Dine to its natives, Navajo is spoken primarily in the Navajo Nation, located in northeastern <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, southeastern Utah and northwestern New Mexico.\n\n            About 170,000 people speak Navajo at home. The Navajo language is very similar and related to the Apache languages, but they are not so close that they are equally understandable.\n\n            The written Navajo language was first brought down in the mid 19th century as a word list which was published by Lt. James H. Simpson in the Journal of a Military Reconnaissance.\n\n            It was not long after, in the early 1900s, that missionaries had begun to publish religious texts, dictionaries and grammatical rules in Navajo. Each missionary had invented his own way of spelling causing several variations for the same word in Navajo.\n\n            In the 1930s, John Colliers, the head of Indian Affairs, and Willard Beatty, head of Indian Education, set out to standardize the Navajo alphabet. They commissioned four individuals, John Harrington, Robert Young, William Morgan and Oliver LaFarge, to make one Navajo alphabet and to put forth Navajo language materials.\n\n            A short 9 years later in 1939, the alphabet was finished. By the next decade, there were bilingual (English- Navajo) children’s books, dictionaries and even a monthly newspaper. However, because of the poor trust because the Navajo and Collier, this alphabet was not popular. In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in this language.\n\n            Part of this interest is in hopes to create Navajo computer fonts to facilitate reading, writing, editing and publishing literary Navajo materials. Since 1984, the Navajo language has been taught in schools.\n\n            Along with this, there are several immersion programs that have been put into place. In 1989, the Dine College in Tsaile, <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, offered an associate’s degree in Navajo. Additionally, one can take Navajo language classes at the Arizona State University.\n\n            The Navajo language has also made a mark on the media. Between 1943 and 1957, there had been a Navajo newspaper.\n\n            Additionally, there are radio stations, TV shows and even a version of the 1977 film <a href=\"https://www.cbr.com/disney-finally-adds-navajo-translation-for-star-wars-a-new-hope/\">Star Wars translated into Navajo</a>.\n\n            There are certain grammatical notes one should know regarding Navajo. For example, the letter x only appears after the letters g, s, or z. There are four tones in Navajo (high, rising, falling and low). A high tone has an acute accent mark. The rising and falling tones can only happen with a long vowel.','Navajo Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Navajo interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','navajo interpreters and translators'),(13811,13811,1,'Nheengatu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:44:27','ebab7faa-430a-4765-83fd-971b3695d55d','<h2>Nheengatu interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Nheengatu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nheengatu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nheengatu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nheengatu language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nheengatu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nheengatu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Nheengatu Language</h2>\n            The Nheengatu languags is spoken by about 19,000 people worldwide in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. In Brazil, Nheengatu is spoken primarily around the Rio Negro area. It is known as the Amazonian General language and is part of the Tupi-Guarani language family. The Nheengatu language originated from the <em>tupinambe</em>, another spoken spoken only by the Tupi people, specifically in Maranhao and Para located on the north coast of Brazil. In the 1600s, Jesuit msisionaries standardized Nheengatu, thus making it the lingua franca of the Brazilian missionaries, the European settlers and the indigenous people. Not long after, in the mid 18<sup>th</sup> century, Portuguese was forced upon the people of Brazil by the Marquis of Pombal. This was due to the Jesuits being kicked out of Brazil in 1759 and because of the high levels of immigration from Portugal to Brazil.\n\n            Currently, Nheengatu is still spoken in the Amazona State and as of 2002, has official status in Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira. Nheengatu is also used as a form of communication between Indians and non-Indians alike. Sometimes, Nheengatu is used for people to affirm their tribal identity, such as with the Baresm Arapacos, Baniwa people and the Werekena.\n\n            The first literary documents were produced by the Jesuit missionaries in the 1500s and 1600s, such as <em>Arte da Grammatica da Lingoa mais usada na costa do Brasil</em>, written by Father Jose de Anchleta in 1595. Another was <em>Arte da Lingua Brasilica</em> by Luis Figueira in 1621. These texts were written to highlight their religious purposes as missionaries. More recently, a Portuguese- Nheengatu dictionary was published in 2014 by Stradelli.\n\n            A professor at the University of Sao Paulo, Eduardo de Alameida Navarro, founded an organization caled the “Tupi Here” or the <em>Tupi Aqui</em> in 1998<em>.</em> This organization was founded in order to teach high school students in Brazil about the history of the Nheengatu and Tupi. Navarro wrote a book about teaching Nheengatu and developed materials and a website through the University of Sao Paulo. A notable scholar, Moore (1994), researched how Nheengatu has changed through its contact with other languages. Moore emphasis the importance of locating and documenting the dialects of Nheengatu lest the language becomes extinct.','Nheengatu Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Nheengatu interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13812,13812,1,'Nheengatu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:42:19','347bdbd2-1fa4-4dac-8f23-059115aa8a46','<h2>Nheengatu interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Nheengatu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nheengatu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nheengatu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nheengatu language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nheengatu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nheengatu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Nheengatu Language</h2>\n            The Nheengatu languags is spoken by about 19,000 people worldwide in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. In Brazil, Nheengatu is spoken primarily around the Rio Negro area. It is known as the Amazonian General language and is part of the Tupi-Guarani language family. The Nheengatu language originated from the <em>tupinambe</em>, another spoken spoken only by the Tupi people, specifically in Maranhao and Para located on the north coast of Brazil. In the 1600s, Jesuit msisionaries standardized Nheengatu, thus making it the lingua franca of the Brazilian missionaries, the European settlers and the indigenous people. Not long after, in the mid 18<sup>th</sup> century, Portuguese was forced upon the people of Brazil by the Marquis of Pombal. This was due to the Jesuits being kicked out of Brazil in 1759 and because of the high levels of immigration from Portugal to Brazil.\n\n            Currently, Nheengatu is still spoken in the Amazona State and as of 2002, has official status in Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira. Nheengatu is also used as a form of communication between Indians and non-Indians alike. Sometimes, Nheengatu is used for people to affirm their tribal identity, such as with the Baresm Arapacos, Baniwa people and the Werekena.\n\n            The first literary documents were produced by the Jesuit missionaries in the 1500s and 1600s, such as <em>Arte da Grammatica da Lingoa mais usada na costa do Brasil</em>, written by Father Jose de Anchleta in 1595. Another was <em>Arte da Lingua Brasilica</em> by Luis Figueira in 1621. These texts were written to highlight their religious purposes as missionaries. More recently, a Portuguese- Nheengatu dictionary was published in 2014 by Stradelli.\n\n            A professor at the University of Sao Paulo, Eduardo de Alameida Navarro, founded an organization caled the “Tupi Here” or the <em>Tupi Aqui</em> in 1998<em>.</em> This organization was founded in order to teach high school students in Brazil about the history of the Nheengatu and Tupi. Navarro wrote a book about teaching Nheengatu and developed materials and a website through the University of Sao Paulo. A notable scholar, Moore (1994), researched how Nheengatu has changed through its contact with other languages. Moore emphasis the importance of locating and documenting the dialects of Nheengatu lest the language becomes extinct.','Nheengatu Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Nheengatu interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13813,13813,1,'Nigerian Pidgin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:44:27','80a78b3d-b8b0-42c2-aa45-35eb0d3ee873','<h2>Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nigerian Pidgin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nigerian Pidgin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nigerian Pidgin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nigerian Pidgin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nigerian Pidgin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Nigerian Pidgin Language</h2>\n            Nigerian Pidgin, although a language group, is the lingua franca of Nigeria, spoken natively by approximately 30 million people. It is part of the Creole language family. Nigeria, a country located in Africa with over 162 milion people, is a nation with over 500 languages. Nigeria was first visited by European explorers and traders, particularly the Portuguese, in the 1400s. It is believed the Portuguese started trading with the indigenous people of the Niger Delta in 1469. They thus established ties with the kingdoms of the area and Portugal. Additionally, schools and churches were established and Christianity was taught in Portuguese. This was the basis for the creation of Naija, a Portuguese-based language group in the Niger Delta. Because the Niger Delta had a variety of people speaking several different languages such as Annang, Edo, Efik, Ibibio, Igbo, Ijaw, Isoko, Itsekiri and Isoko, many people learned the Portuguese based language for commonality.\n\n            After the Portuguese people had left the Niger Delta, the Dutch then came along and began trading for about fifty years. Next were the French and finally, the English arrived around the middle of the 17<sup>th</sup> century and took control of trading in the area. Initially, the English were most interested in trade. This soon evolved into an interest in religion, education and colonization. With these changes came changes to the langauges in the region. Soon after, English became a main language of the government and the Portuguese-based language group began to have more English. By the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Naija was now heavy with English words. When Nigeria got its independence from Britian in 1960, the English language had already gain such popularity. Even nowadays, English is spoken more than any other language in Nigeria.\n\n            In the last three or four decades, Naija is the first language of about 5 million people in Nigeria, while another 75 million use it as a second language in parts of Nigeria, Europe, America and other places in the world. Today, education is mostly taught in English, Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. However, Naija is spoken more predominantly in cities, with the police and military along with television, ads, popular and religious music and everyday business deals. Some refer to the language as <em>Pidgin English</em> or <em>Broken English</em>.\n\n            Nigerian Pidgin used to not be taken as a serious language. Although this is changing and it is, in fact, becoming more serious, there is not much literature written using this language.','Nigerian Pidgin Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Nigerian Pidgen interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13814,13814,1,'Nigerian Pidgin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:42:19','07fce751-90c0-4a8b-91e5-b9a305fba4f6','<h2>Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nigerian Pidgin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nigerian Pidgin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nigerian Pidgin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nigerian Pidgin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nigerian Pidgin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Nigerian Pidgin Language</h2>\n            Nigerian Pidgin, although a language group, is the lingua franca of Nigeria, spoken natively by approximately 30 million people. It is part of the Creole language family. Nigeria, a country located in Africa with over 162 milion people, is a nation with over 500 languages. Nigeria was first visited by European explorers and traders, particularly the Portuguese, in the 1400s. It is believed the Portuguese started trading with the indigenous people of the Niger Delta in 1469. They thus established ties with the kingdoms of the area and Portugal. Additionally, schools and churches were established and Christianity was taught in Portuguese. This was the basis for the creation of Naija, a Portuguese-based language group in the Niger Delta. Because the Niger Delta had a variety of people speaking several different languages such as Annang, Edo, Efik, Ibibio, Igbo, Ijaw, Isoko, Itsekiri and Isoko, many people learned the Portuguese based language for commonality.\n\n            After the Portuguese people had left the Niger Delta, the Dutch then came along and began trading for about fifty years. Next were the French and finally, the English arrived around the middle of the 17<sup>th</sup> century and took control of trading in the area. Initially, the English were most interested in trade. This soon evolved into an interest in religion, education and colonization. With these changes came changes to the langauges in the region. Soon after, English became a main language of the government and the Portuguese-based language group began to have more English. By the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Naija was now heavy with English words. When Nigeria got its independence from Britian in 1960, the English language had already gain such popularity. Even nowadays, English is spoken more than any other language in Nigeria.\n\n            In the last three or four decades, Naija is the first language of about 5 million people in Nigeria, while another 75 million use it as a second language in parts of Nigeria, Europe, America and other places in the world. Today, education is mostly taught in English, Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. However, Naija is spoken more predominantly in cities, with the police and military along with television, ads, popular and religious music and everyday business deals. Some refer to the language as <em>Pidgin English</em> or <em>Broken English</em>.\n\n            Nigerian Pidgin used to not be taken as a serious language. Although this is changing and it is, in fact, becoming more serious, there is not much literature written using this language.','Nigerian Pidgin Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Nigerian Pidgen interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13815,13815,1,'Norwegian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:19','2022-09-10 21:44:27','d6af2f2b-6566-4bdb-8ab3-d79e445027ef','<h2>Norwegian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Norwegian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Norwegian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Norwegian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Norwegian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Norwegian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Norwegian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Norwegian Language</h2>\n            Norwegian, a North Germanic language, has about 5 million speakers in Norways. Apart from Norway, Norwegian is spoken in Denmark, Sweden, German, the UK, the US , Spain and Canada. It is part of the Indo-European family of languages. Norwegian was first written in the 1000s with mainly poetry and historical prose, in West Norse. After the 1300s, Norway was ruled by the Swedish and Danish. Even with these new rules, Norwegian was still spoken. The Danish language, however, became the official language for officials and in higher education.\n\n            When Norway became independent from Denmark in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century, Danish was still used in schools. Around the 1830s, there was a great push to create a new national language. This was because the written Danish language was so different from the Norwegian language that was spoken that it made it difficult to learn. Additionally, the citizens of Norway believed that each country should have its own language. At this time, there was great debate about the proceedings of creating a new language.\n\n            Because of this, two languages came to be: the first, <em>Landsmal,</em> is a national language based on informal Norwegian. The second is <em>Riksmal</em>, another national language, mainly used as a written language and very close to Danish. In 1929, <em>Landsmal</em> became known as New Norwegian and nowadays, <em>Riksmal</em> is known as <em>Bokmal</em>, or “book language.” There are only a few people, typically over 60 still speak <em>Riksmal.</em> Currently, Norwegian schools teach both variations of the language and students are required to learn both variations. However, they may choose which of the two languages they would like to major in. Those who work for the government, such as postal workers and police offiers, must be able to use both languages on a daily basis.\n\n            There had previously been a push to create one, standard Norwegian languages and although politicians had liked the idea of one, unified language, others believed it was a waste of time. This language project, which was called <em>Samnorsk</em> (meaning Union Norwegian), was officially dropped on January 1, 2002.\n\n            There are different ways a Norwegian word can be pronounced, depending on the region in which the language is spoken. Urban East Norwegian (also known as Standard East Norwegian) is the unofficial standard for the way Norwegian words are pronounced. It is spoken in Oslo and in neighboring towns and is typically the dialect version of Norwegian that is used for television and radio along with the version that is taught to foreign students.','Norwegian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Norwegian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13816,13816,1,'Norwegian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','5ab7d152-e46a-41af-ad39-4537ce776bbc','<h2>Norwegian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Norwegian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Norwegian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Norwegian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Norwegian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Norwegian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Norwegian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Norwegian Language</h2>\n            Norwegian, a North Germanic language, has about 5 million speakers in Norways. Apart from Norway, Norwegian is spoken in Denmark, Sweden, German, the UK, the US , Spain and Canada. It is part of the Indo-European family of languages. Norwegian was first written in the 1000s with mainly poetry and historical prose, in West Norse. After the 1300s, Norway was ruled by the Swedish and Danish. Even with these new rules, Norwegian was still spoken. The Danish language, however, became the official language for officials and in higher education.\n\n            When Norway became independent from Denmark in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century, Danish was still used in schools. Around the 1830s, there was a great push to create a new national language. This was because the written Danish language was so different from the Norwegian language that was spoken that it made it difficult to learn. Additionally, the citizens of Norway believed that each country should have its own language. At this time, there was great debate about the proceedings of creating a new language.\n\n            Because of this, two languages came to be: the first, <em>Landsmal,</em> is a national language based on informal Norwegian. The second is <em>Riksmal</em>, another national language, mainly used as a written language and very close to Danish. In 1929, <em>Landsmal</em> became known as New Norwegian and nowadays, <em>Riksmal</em> is known as <em>Bokmal</em>, or “book language.” There are only a few people, typically over 60 still speak <em>Riksmal.</em> Currently, Norwegian schools teach both variations of the language and students are required to learn both variations. However, they may choose which of the two languages they would like to major in. Those who work for the government, such as postal workers and police offiers, must be able to use both languages on a daily basis.\n\n            There had previously been a push to create one, standard Norwegian languages and although politicians had liked the idea of one, unified language, others believed it was a waste of time. This language project, which was called <em>Samnorsk</em> (meaning Union Norwegian), was officially dropped on January 1, 2002.\n\n            There are different ways a Norwegian word can be pronounced, depending on the region in which the language is spoken. Urban East Norwegian (also known as Standard East Norwegian) is the unofficial standard for the way Norwegian words are pronounced. It is spoken in Oslo and in neighboring towns and is typically the dialect version of Norwegian that is used for television and radio along with the version that is taught to foreign students.','Norwegian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Norwegian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13817,13817,1,'Njanja Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:27','93774f75-6c8e-439e-9461-834a7b1e1891','<h2>Njanja interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Njanja interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Njanja language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Njanja language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Njanja language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Njanja language, as well as of the culture and history of the Njanja people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Njanja Language</h2>\n            The Njanja language, also known as Chichewa or Chewa, is spoken in Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe by approximately 8 million people. It is part of the Bantu language group. Njanja is the official language of Malawi, along with Enlgish. There are small differences between the Chewa language of Malawi and the Nyanja (or Njanja) language of Zimbabwe. Although there are some differences, they are considered the same language. There is one dialect, however, called Town Nyanja, that is spoken in Lusaka and in parts of Zambia is is quite different from Njanja and Chichewa.\n\n            The Chewa people were a branch of the Maravi people. They once lived in the Eastern Province of Zambia along with the northern part of Mozambique. The word “Chewa” was first recorded by a gentleman on an expedition from Tete to the court of King Kazembe, modern day Zambia. Antonio Gamitto, at a young age of 26 was second-in-command of this expedition in 1831. According to Gamitto, these were the people that were ruled by King Undi.\n\n            Besides from the few words that Gamitto had put in writing on his expedition in Chewa, a more widespread recording of Chewa was provided by Johannes Bebmann. In 1877, he published a dictionary of the Kinlassa language, which held the recording of the Chewa language. A missionary, Bebmann got his information from a Malawi slave anmed Salimini. The first grammatical guidelines and English-Chinyanja dictionaries were writte in the 1880s by Alexander Riddel. In 1912, the Bible was transalted into the Likoma dialect of Njanja by William Johnson. About a decade later, with the help of Malawians, Dutch missionaries from the Reformed Mission and Church of Scotland translated the bible into a more widespread dialect from the Central Region. In 2016, this version was remodernised.\n\n            In 1937, an America, Mark Hanna Watkins, wrote a book titled <em>A Grammar of Chichewa</em>, which was the first book about an African language written by an American. It was a collaboration between a black PhD student and a student from Nyasaland who were studying in Chicago. The young student, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, became the first president of the Republic of Malawi in 1966.\n\n            The economy of the Chewa is built mainly on agricululture, with their main crops being corn and sorghum. Additionally, they engage in hunting and fishing. It is typical that a man will engage in polygyny, meaning he will have more than one wife. According to Chewa culture, the mother is very prominent. They follow a matrilineal culture, meaning descent, inheritance and succession are brought down from the mother. Their settlements are inherited as well.','Njanja Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Njanja interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13818,13818,1,'Njanja Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','182cfc79-7bcd-4a10-a835-5f5328673740','<h2>Njanja interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Njanja interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Njanja language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Njanja language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Njanja language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Njanja language, as well as of the culture and history of the Njanja people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Njanja Language</h2>\n            The Njanja language, also known as Chichewa or Chewa, is spoken in Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe by approximately 8 million people. It is part of the Bantu language group. Njanja is the official language of Malawi, along with Enlgish. There are small differences between the Chewa language of Malawi and the Nyanja (or Njanja) language of Zimbabwe. Although there are some differences, they are considered the same language. There is one dialect, however, called Town Nyanja, that is spoken in Lusaka and in parts of Zambia is is quite different from Njanja and Chichewa.\n\n            The Chewa people were a branch of the Maravi people. They once lived in the Eastern Province of Zambia along with the northern part of Mozambique. The word “Chewa” was first recorded by a gentleman on an expedition from Tete to the court of King Kazembe, modern day Zambia. Antonio Gamitto, at a young age of 26 was second-in-command of this expedition in 1831. According to Gamitto, these were the people that were ruled by King Undi.\n\n            Besides from the few words that Gamitto had put in writing on his expedition in Chewa, a more widespread recording of Chewa was provided by Johannes Bebmann. In 1877, he published a dictionary of the Kinlassa language, which held the recording of the Chewa language. A missionary, Bebmann got his information from a Malawi slave anmed Salimini. The first grammatical guidelines and English-Chinyanja dictionaries were writte in the 1880s by Alexander Riddel. In 1912, the Bible was transalted into the Likoma dialect of Njanja by William Johnson. About a decade later, with the help of Malawians, Dutch missionaries from the Reformed Mission and Church of Scotland translated the bible into a more widespread dialect from the Central Region. In 2016, this version was remodernised.\n\n            In 1937, an America, Mark Hanna Watkins, wrote a book titled <em>A Grammar of Chichewa</em>, which was the first book about an African language written by an American. It was a collaboration between a black PhD student and a student from Nyasaland who were studying in Chicago. The young student, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, became the first president of the Republic of Malawi in 1966.\n\n            The economy of the Chewa is built mainly on agricululture, with their main crops being corn and sorghum. Additionally, they engage in hunting and fishing. It is typical that a man will engage in polygyny, meaning he will have more than one wife. According to Chewa culture, the mother is very prominent. They follow a matrilineal culture, meaning descent, inheritance and succession are brought down from the mother. Their settlements are inherited as well.','Njanja Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Njanja interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13819,13819,1,'Ossetic Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','e0486e1b-c9cc-47a8-9355-6dde32cd800b','<h2>Ossetic interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Ossetic Language</h2>\n            The Ossetic language, part of the Northeastern Iranian branch of language, is an Indo-European language spoken by about 500,000 people in Ossetia. Ossetia is a region by the borders of Russia and Georgia. Most Ossetic speakers live in Russia. However, some live in Georgia and Turkey as well. Ossetic, or Ossetian, stems from the Alanic language group, a medieval language spoken by the Alans, an Iranian people.\n\n            Ossetic, or <em>asi</em> in many Iranian languages, is the most popular Northeastern Iranian language. There are two primary dialects of Ossetian: Iron and Digor. Iron is the more spoken dialect and is the standard dialect for written Ossetic. Jassic, another dialect, is the Osstic dialect spoken in Hungray. Currently, there are a few Ossetian newspapers and Ossetic is taught in schools. The first written records of Ossetic were in the 1700s, using an Arabic script. In the mid 19<sup>th</sup> century, Sjoegren developed a Cyrillic alphabet script of Ossetic. In the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, between 1923 and 1937, the Latin alphabet was used for script. Not long after, between 1938 and 1950s, Ossetic was written using a Georgian alphabet. Today, Ossetic is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. The Ossetic language comes from the Alani, who was Sarmatian people. There are several similarities to Old Iranian, including cases and prefixes. There are Ossetic folk epics as well, including stories of war heroes. The literary Ossetic language was created by the poet Kosta Khetagurov around the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. The Ossetian language shares similarities with Pashto and Yaghnobi considering its geographical location. There are several regions where Ossetian is spoken in conjunction with Caucasian or Turkic languages. For example, areas where people are bilingual in Ossetian and Georgian.\n\n            The Ossetic language has seven vowels. Three of them are front vowels, three are back vowels and one is a high central vowel. There are important roles of glottalization in the stops and affricates of vowels. There are velar and uvular consonants as well. The stress of a word will be on the first of second syllables of a word in the Ossetic language. Additionally, there are nine cases in Ossetic: nominative, genitive, dative, allative, ablative, incessive, adessive, equative and comitative. Personal pronouns are also an important part of Ossetic phonology. Verbs in Ossetian have a past and present tense. A verb in past tense will end in a T or a D. Turning a root into a verb in Ossetian grammar follows similar rules in other Iranian languages. A verb can be conjugated for a 6-person combination by changing a personal suffix. CIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.','Ossetic Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ossetic interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13820,13820,1,'Ossetic Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','20a7a130-6835-443c-9732-e1f05a3a8047','<h2>Ossetic interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Ossetic Language</h2>\n            The Ossetic language, part of the Northeastern Iranian branch of language, is an Indo-European language spoken by about 500,000 people in Ossetia. Ossetia is a region by the borders of Russia and Georgia. Most Ossetic speakers live in Russia. However, some live in Georgia and Turkey as well. Ossetic, or Ossetian, stems from the Alanic language group, a medieval language spoken by the Alans, an Iranian people.\n\n            Ossetic, or <em>asi</em> in many Iranian languages, is the most popular Northeastern Iranian language. There are two primary dialects of Ossetian: Iron and Digor. Iron is the more spoken dialect and is the standard dialect for written Ossetic. Jassic, another dialect, is the Osstic dialect spoken in Hungray. Currently, there are a few Ossetian newspapers and Ossetic is taught in schools. The first written records of Ossetic were in the 1700s, using an Arabic script. In the mid 19<sup>th</sup> century, Sjoegren developed a Cyrillic alphabet script of Ossetic. In the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, between 1923 and 1937, the Latin alphabet was used for script. Not long after, between 1938 and 1950s, Ossetic was written using a Georgian alphabet. Today, Ossetic is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. The Ossetic language comes from the Alani, who was Sarmatian people. There are several similarities to Old Iranian, including cases and prefixes. There are Ossetic folk epics as well, including stories of war heroes. The literary Ossetic language was created by the poet Kosta Khetagurov around the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. The Ossetian language shares similarities with Pashto and Yaghnobi considering its geographical location. There are several regions where Ossetian is spoken in conjunction with Caucasian or Turkic languages. For example, areas where people are bilingual in Ossetian and Georgian.\n\n            The Ossetic language has seven vowels. Three of them are front vowels, three are back vowels and one is a high central vowel. There are important roles of glottalization in the stops and affricates of vowels. There are velar and uvular consonants as well. The stress of a word will be on the first of second syllables of a word in the Ossetic language. Additionally, there are nine cases in Ossetic: nominative, genitive, dative, allative, ablative, incessive, adessive, equative and comitative. Personal pronouns are also an important part of Ossetic phonology. Verbs in Ossetian have a past and present tense. A verb in past tense will end in a T or a D. Turning a root into a verb in Ossetian grammar follows similar rules in other Iranian languages. A verb can be conjugated for a 6-person combination by changing a personal suffix. CIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.','Ossetic Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ossetic interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13821,13821,1,'Pashto Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','16bae188-fe8f-44dc-8f7a-1f60d6b3165b','<h2>Pashto interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Pashto interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pashto language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pashto language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pashto language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pashto language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pashto people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Pashto Language</h2>\n            The Pashto language, or Pukhto, is an Eastern Iranian language belonging to the Indo-European language family. It is also known as Afghani or Pathani. Those who speak the language are sometimes referred to as Pashtuns, Pakhtuns, Pathans or Afghans. There are about 55 million native Pashto speakers worldwide. Pashto, along with Dari, is the official language of Afghanistan and became the official language in 1936 by King Zahir Shah. It is also spoken in Pakistan and is the second-largest regional language of the country. Additionally, there are smaller communities of Pashto speakers in Iran, Tajikistan, the UAE and the UK.\n            <h2>Origins of the Pashto Language</h2>\n            There are debates as to where Pashto originated from. There are many commonalities with other languages such as Greek, Saka, Parthia and Persian along with some Indian languages such as Prakrits, Balochi and Sindhi. In Pashto, there are about 5,500 loanwords. There are two main dialects in the Pashto language: southern (more ancient <em>sh</em> and <em>zh</em> sounds) and northern (<em>kh</em> and <em>gh</em> sounds). Central Pashto is another, less popular dialect spoken primarily in Pakistan.\n            <h2>Grammar and Literature of Pashto</h2>\n            The grammar and literature of the Pashto language can be quite similar to Hindi. In Pashto, pronouns come after the adjective. The verb will agree with the subject in transitive and intransitve tenses. The Pashto language is written in the Naskh Arabic alphabet, although it is modified slightly. The Pashto alphabet has forty-four letters as opposed to standard Arabic, which only has twenty-eight letters.\n\n            The earliest form of recorded Pashto literature was poetry. Mohammad Hotak composed a text titled <em>Pata Khazana </em>(1728-1729), “The Hidden Treasure.” It was a collection of Pashto poetry from the 700s to the mid-18<sup>th</sup> century. Khushhal Khan Khatak was known as the national poet of Afghanistan, living from 1613-1694. He wrote powerful, yet impulsive poetry with a lot of charm. Several years later, his grandson, Afzal Khan, was a well-respected and known author of the history of Pashtun. Other than this, the Pashtuns are well known for their oral literature, including stories and poems that were passed down from generation to generation through rich storytelling.','Pashto Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Pashto interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13822,13822,1,'Pashto Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','ca0632b4-edb6-4fe8-8a0b-35bcd220e393','<h2>Pashto interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Pashto interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pashto language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pashto language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pashto language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pashto language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pashto people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Pashto Language</h2>\n            The Pashto language, or Pukhto, is an Eastern Iranian language belonging to the Indo-European language family. It is also known as Afghani or Pathani. Those who speak the language are sometimes referred to as Pashtuns, Pakhtuns, Pathans or Afghans. There are about 55 million native Pashto speakers worldwide. Pashto, along with Dari, is the official language of Afghanistan and became the official language in 1936 by King Zahir Shah. It is also spoken in Pakistan and is the second-largest regional language of the country. Additionally, there are smaller communities of Pashto speakers in Iran, Tajikistan, the UAE and the UK.\n            <h2>Origins of the Pashto Language</h2>\n            There are debates as to where Pashto originated from. There are many commonalities with other languages such as Greek, Saka, Parthia and Persian along with some Indian languages such as Prakrits, Balochi and Sindhi. In Pashto, there are about 5,500 loanwords. There are two main dialects in the Pashto language: southern (more ancient <em>sh</em> and <em>zh</em> sounds) and northern (<em>kh</em> and <em>gh</em> sounds). Central Pashto is another, less popular dialect spoken primarily in Pakistan.\n            <h2>Grammar and Literature of Pashto</h2>\n            The grammar and literature of the Pashto language can be quite similar to Hindi. In Pashto, pronouns come after the adjective. The verb will agree with the subject in transitive and intransitve tenses. The Pashto language is written in the Naskh Arabic alphabet, although it is modified slightly. The Pashto alphabet has forty-four letters as opposed to standard Arabic, which only has twenty-eight letters.\n\n            The earliest form of recorded Pashto literature was poetry. Mohammad Hotak composed a text titled <em>Pata Khazana </em>(1728-1729), “The Hidden Treasure.” It was a collection of Pashto poetry from the 700s to the mid-18<sup>th</sup> century. Khushhal Khan Khatak was known as the national poet of Afghanistan, living from 1613-1694. He wrote powerful, yet impulsive poetry with a lot of charm. Several years later, his grandson, Afzal Khan, was a well-respected and known author of the history of Pashtun. Other than this, the Pashtuns are well known for their oral literature, including stories and poems that were passed down from generation to generation through rich storytelling.','Pashto Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Pashto interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13823,13823,1,'Pennsylvania German Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','acb8faeb-6ed3-47ad-928a-b68d0c59d5bb','<h2>Pennsylvania German (Dutch) interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Pennsylvania German interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pennsylvania German language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pennsylvania German language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pennsylvania German language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pennsylvania German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pennsylvania German people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Pennsylvania German Language</h2>\n            Pennsylvania German, also known as Pennsylvania Dutch, is spoken by about 250,000 people in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana along with Ontario, Canada. It is a variety of the German language. Pennsylvania German came to the United States, particularly Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina in the late 1600s and early 1700s, carried by immigrants from Germany, France and Switzerland. In the early 1900s, the Pennsylvania German language was not used as much anymore, especially in urban areas. After World War II, the same occurred in rural areas and the use of the Pennsylvania German language declined as well. Today, Pennsylvania German is used largely in Amish and Mennonite communities. However, most Pennsylvania Germans who have assimilated. Even with this, they still hold on to several cultural identities, such as cooking and decorative traditions. There are some identifying factors in the Pennsylvania Germans, particularly in the Amish. For example, clothing are plain and modest. Women will wear head coverings whereas men will wear beards (but not a mustache) once married. They will travel in horse-drawn buggies and live a strict, religious lifestyle.\n\n            Pennsylvania Germans had been persecuted in their homeland. This is what drew them to Pennsylvania: the ability to live more freely under tolerance in William Penn’s land. The first Pennsylvania German immigrant was Francis Daniel Pastorius, who directed a group of German Quakers to Philadelphia in 1683. There, they settled land and named it Germantown. Not long after were the newly arriving immigrants mainly from the Lutheran and Reformed churches. By the time the American Revolution had struck, the Pennsylvania German population had risen to be 1/3 the population of Pennsylvania.\n\n            Pennsylvania German comes from the Palatinate German language. There are several similarities between the two. Today, there is still a Pennsylvania German newspaper, titled <em>Hiwwe wie Driwwe,</em> which is published biannually, containing poetry and prose in Pennsylvania German. There are two main writing systems in Pennsylvania German. The first is based on American English, including standard American English spellings. Another way of spelling in Pennsylvania German is through Standard German rules of spelling. The spelling system, or orthography, is based on the Buffington-Barba system. There are several loan words in Pennsylvania German from English.','Pennsylvania German Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Amish (Pennsylvania Dutch) interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours.',NULL),(13824,13824,1,'Pennsylvania German Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','8c2a41d0-694f-4ade-8792-5c713f06049b','<h2>Pennsylvania German (Dutch) interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Pennsylvania German interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pennsylvania German language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pennsylvania German language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pennsylvania German language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pennsylvania German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pennsylvania German people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Pennsylvania German Language</h2>\n            Pennsylvania German, also known as Pennsylvania Dutch, is spoken by about 250,000 people in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana along with Ontario, Canada. It is a variety of the German language. Pennsylvania German came to the United States, particularly Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina in the late 1600s and early 1700s, carried by immigrants from Germany, France and Switzerland. In the early 1900s, the Pennsylvania German language was not used as much anymore, especially in urban areas. After World War II, the same occurred in rural areas and the use of the Pennsylvania German language declined as well. Today, Pennsylvania German is used largely in Amish and Mennonite communities. However, most Pennsylvania Germans who have assimilated. Even with this, they still hold on to several cultural identities, such as cooking and decorative traditions. There are some identifying factors in the Pennsylvania Germans, particularly in the Amish. For example, clothing are plain and modest. Women will wear head coverings whereas men will wear beards (but not a mustache) once married. They will travel in horse-drawn buggies and live a strict, religious lifestyle.\n\n            Pennsylvania Germans had been persecuted in their homeland. This is what drew them to Pennsylvania: the ability to live more freely under tolerance in William Penn’s land. The first Pennsylvania German immigrant was Francis Daniel Pastorius, who directed a group of German Quakers to Philadelphia in 1683. There, they settled land and named it Germantown. Not long after were the newly arriving immigrants mainly from the Lutheran and Reformed churches. By the time the American Revolution had struck, the Pennsylvania German population had risen to be 1/3 the population of Pennsylvania.\n\n            Pennsylvania German comes from the Palatinate German language. There are several similarities between the two. Today, there is still a Pennsylvania German newspaper, titled <em>Hiwwe wie Driwwe,</em> which is published biannually, containing poetry and prose in Pennsylvania German. There are two main writing systems in Pennsylvania German. The first is based on American English, including standard American English spellings. Another way of spelling in Pennsylvania German is through Standard German rules of spelling. The spelling system, or orthography, is based on the Buffington-Barba system. There are several loan words in Pennsylvania German from English.','Pennsylvania German Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Amish (Pennsylvania Dutch) interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours.',NULL),(13825,13825,1,'Polish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','c50f79d6-fa17-4131-baa6-d9093455579e','<h2>Polish interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Polish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Polish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Polish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Polish language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Polish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Polish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Polish Language</h2>\n            The Polish language,  part of the Indo-European language group and in the West Slavonic language family, is spoken mainly in Poland by around 36.5 million Polish people. Outside of Poland, another estimated 4 million people speak Polish in German, the UK, Lithuanian, the US, France, Canada, Ireland, Israel, Russia, Czechia and Austria. The Polish language is quite similar to Kashubian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, Czech and Slovak. It is also known as Polski, Jezyk Polski (meaning “the polish language”) or Polszczyzna.\n\n            The first recording of Polish writing was in 1136, with the text titled “Gniezno papal bull” including 410 Polish names. It was issued by Pope Innocent II, given to the archbishop of Gniezno. This was in order to translate Latin prayers and sermons, in order that only the religious and those who were faithful would be able to understand the prayers. The first two sentences written in Polish were in 1270: one sentence was said by a peasant and one was said by a ruler. Notable Polish poets include Kan Kochanowski (1530-1584) and Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855), the author of the epic, Pan Tadeusz. The most famous Polish writer, Joseph Conrad (originally known as Konrad Korzeniowski, living from 1857 to 1924), wrote in English and was initially a sailor. Literature written in the Polish language has been done using several dialects, including Gneizno, Cracow and Warsaw dialects.\n\n            Polish is written in Roman, or Latin, alphabet, brought on by Christianity. The Polish language has several borrowed words from Italian, English, French, Czech, German, Latin, Belarusian and Ukranian. Especially in post-communist Poland, more loanwords in English were adapted in Polish. The words will try to mascarade as Polish words but are still easily detected as English. For example, the word <em>computer</em> will be known as <em>komputer</em> in Polish. In the pronunciation of words in the Polish language, the stress falls with a fixed stress accent. Many believe that the Polish language is one of the hardest languages in the world to learn.\n\n            The reason for this is a difficult pronunciation, complex gender system, the seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental and locative) and difficult grammar, including verbs and Polish words. Consonants, however, are very similar to those in English and the stress of a word is always on the second to last syllable. The Polish language has 10 vowels and 35 consonants. Learning Polish will give you additional benefits when it comes to learning other languages. Once someone learns Polish, other West Slavic languages, such as Czeck, Slovak and Sorbian are much easier to learn. And in case you were wondering, the longest word in Polish is a whopping 54 letters!','Polish Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Polish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13826,13826,1,'Polish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','53307a46-acb4-47e9-8f8d-a8a9e14a349f','<h2>Polish interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Polish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Polish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Polish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Polish language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Polish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Polish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Polish Language</h2>\n            The Polish language,  part of the Indo-European language group and in the West Slavonic language family, is spoken mainly in Poland by around 36.5 million Polish people. Outside of Poland, another estimated 4 million people speak Polish in German, the UK, Lithuanian, the US, France, Canada, Ireland, Israel, Russia, Czechia and Austria. The Polish language is quite similar to Kashubian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, Czech and Slovak. It is also known as Polski, Jezyk Polski (meaning “the polish language”) or Polszczyzna.\n\n            The first recording of Polish writing was in 1136, with the text titled “Gniezno papal bull” including 410 Polish names. It was issued by Pope Innocent II, given to the archbishop of Gniezno. This was in order to translate Latin prayers and sermons, in order that only the religious and those who were faithful would be able to understand the prayers. The first two sentences written in Polish were in 1270: one sentence was said by a peasant and one was said by a ruler. Notable Polish poets include Kan Kochanowski (1530-1584) and Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855), the author of the epic, Pan Tadeusz. The most famous Polish writer, Joseph Conrad (originally known as Konrad Korzeniowski, living from 1857 to 1924), wrote in English and was initially a sailor. Literature written in the Polish language has been done using several dialects, including Gneizno, Cracow and Warsaw dialects.\n\n            Polish is written in Roman, or Latin, alphabet, brought on by Christianity. The Polish language has several borrowed words from Italian, English, French, Czech, German, Latin, Belarusian and Ukranian. Especially in post-communist Poland, more loanwords in English were adapted in Polish. The words will try to mascarade as Polish words but are still easily detected as English. For example, the word <em>computer</em> will be known as <em>komputer</em> in Polish. In the pronunciation of words in the Polish language, the stress falls with a fixed stress accent. Many believe that the Polish language is one of the hardest languages in the world to learn.\n\n            The reason for this is a difficult pronunciation, complex gender system, the seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental and locative) and difficult grammar, including verbs and Polish words. Consonants, however, are very similar to those in English and the stress of a word is always on the second to last syllable. The Polish language has 10 vowels and 35 consonants. Learning Polish will give you additional benefits when it comes to learning other languages. Once someone learns Polish, other West Slavic languages, such as Czeck, Slovak and Sorbian are much easier to learn. And in case you were wondering, the longest word in Polish is a whopping 54 letters!','Polish Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Polish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13827,13827,1,'Portuguese Translation','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','2b8e73cc-2a0e-4471-aa70-4e1759594585','<h2>Portuguese interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Portuguese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Portuguese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Portuguese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Portuguese language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Portuguese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Portuguese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Portuguese Language</h2>\n            The Portuguese language, also known as Potugues, is a Romantic language spoken in Portugal and Brazil primarily, aong with other Portuguese colonial areas. The Galician language, which is spoken in North Spain, is very close to Portuguese. The Portuguese language is the second most popular Romance language, second only after Spanish. Over 127 million people worldwide speak Portuguese. There are about 10 million Portuguese speakers in Portugal. Additionally, there are about 8 million Portuguese speakers in Africa, including in Angola, Cabo Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe. It is also spoken in the US, mainly in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.\n\n            The Portuguese spoken in Brazil is diffierent from the Portuguese spoken in Europe. There are several differences, including changes with verb conjugating, syntax, object pronouns and other grammar. For example, in Brazilian Portuguese, the object pronoun is before the verb. In Standard Portuguese, the object pronoun is after the verb. Portuguese is very close to Spanish.\n\n            There are four main dialects. They are: Central (also known as Beira), Southern (Estremenho, which includes Lisbon, Alentejo and Algarve) Insular (including Madeira and Azores) and Brazilian. The standard Portuguese spoken was first created in the 1500s from the dialects spoken in Lisbon and Coimbra. Brazilian Portuguese is different from the Portuguese spoken in Portugal in syntax, phonology and vocabulary. There are also records of a Judeo-Portuguese dialect from the 1700s that can be traced back to Amsterdam and Livorno (Leghorn, Italy). However, today, there are no traces to that dialect.\n\n            With the Portuguese sound system comes a lot of nasal vowels. The verbs system is different than that of the Spanish language. In the year 2008, the Portuguese government mandated that the Portuguese language use Brazilian orthography.\n\n            Up until the 1400s, Portuguese and Galician were one language known as Gallego-Portuguese. The evidence of this is from Latin texts from the 800-1100s. The literature of a the Gallego-Portuguese language was more robust in the 1200s and 1300s. Poets preferred the softer Gallego-Portuguese language and the language for literature florished in the Iberian Peninsula (except for in Catalan). By the 1500s, Galician and Portuguese drifted apart. Between the 1500s and 1700s, Galician was used only in homes and not long after, in the 1700s, it was a language of culture. It became the official language of the autonomous community in Galicia, along with Spanish.','Portuguese Translation','Professional Portuguese interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','portuguese translation'),(13828,13828,1,'Portuguese Translation','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','9dcc0830-befb-4881-a191-4fe75f406c17','<h2>Portuguese interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Portuguese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Portuguese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Portuguese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Portuguese language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Portuguese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Portuguese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Portuguese Language</h2>\n            The Portuguese language, also known as Potugues, is a Romantic language spoken in Portugal and Brazil primarily, aong with other Portuguese colonial areas. The Galician language, which is spoken in North Spain, is very close to Portuguese. The Portuguese language is the second most popular Romance language, second only after Spanish. Over 127 million people worldwide speak Portuguese. There are about 10 million Portuguese speakers in Portugal. Additionally, there are about 8 million Portuguese speakers in Africa, including in Angola, Cabo Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe. It is also spoken in the US, mainly in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.\n\n            The Portuguese spoken in Brazil is diffierent from the Portuguese spoken in Europe. There are several differences, including changes with verb conjugating, syntax, object pronouns and other grammar. For example, in Brazilian Portuguese, the object pronoun is before the verb. In Standard Portuguese, the object pronoun is after the verb. Portuguese is very close to Spanish.\n\n            There are four main dialects. They are: Central (also known as Beira), Southern (Estremenho, which includes Lisbon, Alentejo and Algarve) Insular (including Madeira and Azores) and Brazilian. The standard Portuguese spoken was first created in the 1500s from the dialects spoken in Lisbon and Coimbra. Brazilian Portuguese is different from the Portuguese spoken in Portugal in syntax, phonology and vocabulary. There are also records of a Judeo-Portuguese dialect from the 1700s that can be traced back to Amsterdam and Livorno (Leghorn, Italy). However, today, there are no traces to that dialect.\n\n            With the Portuguese sound system comes a lot of nasal vowels. The verbs system is different than that of the Spanish language. In the year 2008, the Portuguese government mandated that the Portuguese language use Brazilian orthography.\n\n            Up until the 1400s, Portuguese and Galician were one language known as Gallego-Portuguese. The evidence of this is from Latin texts from the 800-1100s. The literature of a the Gallego-Portuguese language was more robust in the 1200s and 1300s. Poets preferred the softer Gallego-Portuguese language and the language for literature florished in the Iberian Peninsula (except for in Catalan). By the 1500s, Galician and Portuguese drifted apart. Between the 1500s and 1700s, Galician was used only in homes and not long after, in the 1700s, it was a language of culture. It became the official language of the autonomous community in Galicia, along with Spanish.','Portuguese Translation','Professional Portuguese interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','portuguese translation'),(13829,13829,1,'Provencal Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','ee9dd646-4206-4c78-bb42-588d02e290e7','<h2>Provencal interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Provencal interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Provencal language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Provencal language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Provencal language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Provencal language, as well as of the culture and history of the Provencal people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Provencal Language</h2>\n            The Provencal dialect, part of the Occitan language, is an ancient language spoken by about 1.5 million people all across countries in Europe. Provencal is very popular in southern regions in France. Additionally, it is spoken in parts of Spain, Monaco and in the Occitan Valleys of Italy. In the Piedmon region of Italy, where the Occitan Valleys are, Occitan speaking communities are recognized. Occitan has a total of six dialects: Provencal, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Alpine and Augergne.\n\n            The Occitan language in general, including all six dialects, are based in Latin, due to the Romans having spread the language. As the Romans spread throughout and conquered Europe, they brought their language along with them and it started to be used in areas such as France, Spain and further. Eventually, this Latin language was known as Vulgar Latin and was used and spread by the Roman soldiers. Soon enough, as the Roman Empire began to weaken, so did the language. As a result, other languages began to gain strength. Provencal was one of those languages. Not only did it gain verbal strength, but new literature came to be in the Provencal dialect around the 900s.\n\n            Between the 900s and 1400s, Occitan and its dialects was known as a poetic language. Troubadours used Occitan dialects to write plays and comedies as they traveled around France. Up until the 1400s, the Occitan language was used as the main language of reading in both France and northern Spain. Currently, Occitan is still an official language in Catalan, Spain. Due to the power of the French court, the French language began to replace Occitan entirely. Especially after the French Revolution, there was a grand push to have everyone speak the same language.\n\n            Currently, out of the six Occitan dialects, four, including Provencal, are endangered according to UNESCO. It is currently on UNESCO’s Atlas of World Languages in Danger. In the 1800s, there had been a short attempt by Frederic Mistral, a known writer and Nobel Prize winner in 1904, to revive Provencal. He began writing in Provencal. About 40 schools in Franch still teach Provencal along with the differences between the Provencal alphabet and the French alphabet. Of the presumed 1.5 millione Occitan speakers across Europe, most are elderly and perhaps cannot read or write the language. However, due to the efforts to preserve the language, many people are beginning to learn it. Additionally, it is a field of study at Oxford University. It is the hope of the linguists who are trying to preserve the language that those studying it will actually speak it as well.\n\n            In order to effectively understand French history, Provencal is a useful tool.  Many believe that it is important to keep dialects like Provencal alive as a reminder of the past of a nation.','Provencal Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Provencal interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13830,13830,1,'Provencal Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','91642364-da25-4251-8571-737547316f99','<h2>Provencal interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Provencal interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Provencal language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Provencal language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Provencal language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Provencal language, as well as of the culture and history of the Provencal people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Provencal Language</h2>\n            The Provencal dialect, part of the Occitan language, is an ancient language spoken by about 1.5 million people all across countries in Europe. Provencal is very popular in southern regions in France. Additionally, it is spoken in parts of Spain, Monaco and in the Occitan Valleys of Italy. In the Piedmon region of Italy, where the Occitan Valleys are, Occitan speaking communities are recognized. Occitan has a total of six dialects: Provencal, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Alpine and Augergne.\n\n            The Occitan language in general, including all six dialects, are based in Latin, due to the Romans having spread the language. As the Romans spread throughout and conquered Europe, they brought their language along with them and it started to be used in areas such as France, Spain and further. Eventually, this Latin language was known as Vulgar Latin and was used and spread by the Roman soldiers. Soon enough, as the Roman Empire began to weaken, so did the language. As a result, other languages began to gain strength. Provencal was one of those languages. Not only did it gain verbal strength, but new literature came to be in the Provencal dialect around the 900s.\n\n            Between the 900s and 1400s, Occitan and its dialects was known as a poetic language. Troubadours used Occitan dialects to write plays and comedies as they traveled around France. Up until the 1400s, the Occitan language was used as the main language of reading in both France and northern Spain. Currently, Occitan is still an official language in Catalan, Spain. Due to the power of the French court, the French language began to replace Occitan entirely. Especially after the French Revolution, there was a grand push to have everyone speak the same language.\n\n            Currently, out of the six Occitan dialects, four, including Provencal, are endangered according to UNESCO. It is currently on UNESCO’s Atlas of World Languages in Danger. In the 1800s, there had been a short attempt by Frederic Mistral, a known writer and Nobel Prize winner in 1904, to revive Provencal. He began writing in Provencal. About 40 schools in Franch still teach Provencal along with the differences between the Provencal alphabet and the French alphabet. Of the presumed 1.5 millione Occitan speakers across Europe, most are elderly and perhaps cannot read or write the language. However, due to the efforts to preserve the language, many people are beginning to learn it. Additionally, it is a field of study at Oxford University. It is the hope of the linguists who are trying to preserve the language that those studying it will actually speak it as well.\n\n            In order to effectively understand French history, Provencal is a useful tool.  Many believe that it is important to keep dialects like Provencal alive as a reminder of the past of a nation.','Provencal Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Provencal interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13831,13831,1,'Punjabi Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','0d3863a3-0893-422f-ab3b-8aed25619b24','<h2>Punjabi interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Punjabi interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Punjabi language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Punjabi language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Punjabi language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Punjabi language, as well as of the culture and history of the Punjabi people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Punjabi Language</h2>\n            Punjabi, also known as Panjabi, is one of the oldest Indo-Aryan languages. Punjabi, as spelled the British way, is more popular than the academic spelling of Panjabi. It is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab, with approximately 30 million speakers. It is also recognized by the Indian constitution. It is spoken by about 70 million people in Pakistan. Additionally, there are large communities of Punjab speaking people in the UK, US and Canada.\n\n            The Indian Punjabi language is written in the Gurmukhi script. It is mainly associated with the Sikhs and is a member of the Indic writing family. It is written from left to right, but is quite different from Devanagari, which is used to write the Hindi language. Urdu script, which is written from right to left, is used to write Punjabi in Pakistan and is known as Shahmukhi. Because of this difference between Indian and Pakistan Punjabi, it is one of the very few languages in the world that is written in two different scripts.\n\n            Even with such a large amount of people who speak Punjabi along with its ancient traditions and poetry, it had not be standardized and was not officially recognized by officials along with religious communities such as Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. Instead, other languages were better informed such as Persian under the Mughal Empire followed by Urdu under the British.\n\n            When the subcontinent divided in 1947 in India, there had been a lot of violence and ethnic cleansing, which expelled most Muslims who spoke Punjab from India along with the Sikhs and Hindus from Pakistan. The Muslims had identified with Urdu while the Hindus identified with Hindi. Meanwhile, it was the Sikhs that identified most with Punjabi. The Gurmukhi script was initially used in order to record Sikh religious text known as the <em>Adi Granth</em>, published in the early 17<sup>th</sup> century. It was the Sikhs that were left with the task of further developing the Punjabi language and in 1966, it became an official language of the Punjabi state under Sikh leadership.\n\n            It is safe to say there are a lot of similarities between Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu. Even with this, there are many differences in their scripts. One of the main differences is that Punjabi, as a Middle Indo-Aryna, will have double consonants following a short vowel. Historically speaking, there is a preference for the Urdu language in Pakistan.','Punjabi Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Punjabi interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13832,13832,1,'Punjabi Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','7592cf68-09c7-4b16-b5b2-d5609de2fe88','<h2>Punjabi interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Punjabi interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Punjabi language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Punjabi language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Punjabi language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Punjabi language, as well as of the culture and history of the Punjabi people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Punjabi Language</h2>\n            Punjabi, also known as Panjabi, is one of the oldest Indo-Aryan languages. Punjabi, as spelled the British way, is more popular than the academic spelling of Panjabi. It is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab, with approximately 30 million speakers. It is also recognized by the Indian constitution. It is spoken by about 70 million people in Pakistan. Additionally, there are large communities of Punjab speaking people in the UK, US and Canada.\n\n            The Indian Punjabi language is written in the Gurmukhi script. It is mainly associated with the Sikhs and is a member of the Indic writing family. It is written from left to right, but is quite different from Devanagari, which is used to write the Hindi language. Urdu script, which is written from right to left, is used to write Punjabi in Pakistan and is known as Shahmukhi. Because of this difference between Indian and Pakistan Punjabi, it is one of the very few languages in the world that is written in two different scripts.\n\n            Even with such a large amount of people who speak Punjabi along with its ancient traditions and poetry, it had not be standardized and was not officially recognized by officials along with religious communities such as Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. Instead, other languages were better informed such as Persian under the Mughal Empire followed by Urdu under the British.\n\n            When the subcontinent divided in 1947 in India, there had been a lot of violence and ethnic cleansing, which expelled most Muslims who spoke Punjab from India along with the Sikhs and Hindus from Pakistan. The Muslims had identified with Urdu while the Hindus identified with Hindi. Meanwhile, it was the Sikhs that identified most with Punjabi. The Gurmukhi script was initially used in order to record Sikh religious text known as the <em>Adi Granth</em>, published in the early 17<sup>th</sup> century. It was the Sikhs that were left with the task of further developing the Punjabi language and in 1966, it became an official language of the Punjabi state under Sikh leadership.\n\n            It is safe to say there are a lot of similarities between Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu. Even with this, there are many differences in their scripts. One of the main differences is that Punjabi, as a Middle Indo-Aryna, will have double consonants following a short vowel. Historically speaking, there is a preference for the Urdu language in Pakistan.','Punjabi Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Punjabi interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13833,13833,1,'Romanian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','68e14f46-0462-435a-89a1-085917caeecf','<h2>Romanian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Romanian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Romanian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Romanian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Romanian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Romanian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Romanian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Romanian Language</h2>\n            The Romanian language, also known as Rumanian or Romanian Limba romana, is a Romance language spoken mainly in Romania and Moldova. There are four main dialects. Dacoromanian is the basis of the standard Romanian language. It is spoken in Romania and Maldona in many reagions. Aromanian, also known as Macedoromanian, is spoken through Greece, North Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo and Serbia. Meglenoromanian is a dialect spoken by very few people in northern Greece and southeast North Macedonia.\n\n            Lastly, Istroromanian, which is also barely spoken, is spoken in Istria, which is a peninsula that is part of Croatia and Slovenia. Moldovan, the national language of Moldova, is known to be a form of Dacoromanian and is written in the Latin alphabet. It is said there are about 24 million Romanian speakers. About 20 million of them live in Romania, another 3 million in Moldovoa and the remainder speak Romanian in Ukraine, Israel, Serbia, Hungary and the US. A little over 114,000 people speak Aromanian.\n\n            The Romanian written language, both the phonology and grammar, has gone in a different direction compare to that of other Romance languages, mainly because it is slightly distanced from the other Romance languages. It is much closer to Hungarian, Turkish and Albanian. There are two cases of nouns in Romanian. They are direct (nominative and objective) and oblique (possessive and dative). They come in either singular or plural form. Verbs also have a shortened infinitive.\n\n            Standard Romanian is based on the Walachian component of Dacoromanian. Religious writers of the Orthodox Church in the 1600s further developed the standard language. It included more dialects, but the version used in Bucharest follows the present model. During the Soviet rule, the Moldova language was written in Cyrillic and was known as Maldavian. The Soviets believed it to be a separate language. In 1989, the language, now known as Romanian of Moldovan, has been written in the Roman alphabet. Even though the Meglenoromanian and Istroromanian dialects are nearly lost, the Aromanian dialect is very strong.\n\n            The first known writings in Aromanian were from 1731 and were found in 1952 in Albania. The first Dacoromanian text was written as a letter in 1521. Most of the early texts were written in Cyrillic script. The Roman alphabet was only officially adapted in 1859. It was around then that Romania turned to France and other Romance nations for cultural inspiration in an event called The Romanization of Romanian.','Romanian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Romanian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13834,13834,1,'Romanian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','ffc0600b-d8ca-4a17-8e5c-a76da3cd888c','<h2>Romanian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Romanian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Romanian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Romanian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Romanian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Romanian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Romanian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Romanian Language</h2>\n            The Romanian language, also known as Rumanian or Romanian Limba romana, is a Romance language spoken mainly in Romania and Moldova. There are four main dialects. Dacoromanian is the basis of the standard Romanian language. It is spoken in Romania and Maldona in many reagions. Aromanian, also known as Macedoromanian, is spoken through Greece, North Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo and Serbia. Meglenoromanian is a dialect spoken by very few people in northern Greece and southeast North Macedonia.\n\n            Lastly, Istroromanian, which is also barely spoken, is spoken in Istria, which is a peninsula that is part of Croatia and Slovenia. Moldovan, the national language of Moldova, is known to be a form of Dacoromanian and is written in the Latin alphabet. It is said there are about 24 million Romanian speakers. About 20 million of them live in Romania, another 3 million in Moldovoa and the remainder speak Romanian in Ukraine, Israel, Serbia, Hungary and the US. A little over 114,000 people speak Aromanian.\n\n            The Romanian written language, both the phonology and grammar, has gone in a different direction compare to that of other Romance languages, mainly because it is slightly distanced from the other Romance languages. It is much closer to Hungarian, Turkish and Albanian. There are two cases of nouns in Romanian. They are direct (nominative and objective) and oblique (possessive and dative). They come in either singular or plural form. Verbs also have a shortened infinitive.\n\n            Standard Romanian is based on the Walachian component of Dacoromanian. Religious writers of the Orthodox Church in the 1600s further developed the standard language. It included more dialects, but the version used in Bucharest follows the present model. During the Soviet rule, the Moldova language was written in Cyrillic and was known as Maldavian. The Soviets believed it to be a separate language. In 1989, the language, now known as Romanian of Moldovan, has been written in the Roman alphabet. Even though the Meglenoromanian and Istroromanian dialects are nearly lost, the Aromanian dialect is very strong.\n\n            The first known writings in Aromanian were from 1731 and were found in 1952 in Albania. The first Dacoromanian text was written as a letter in 1521. Most of the early texts were written in Cyrillic script. The Roman alphabet was only officially adapted in 1859. It was around then that Romania turned to France and other Romance nations for cultural inspiration in an event called The Romanization of Romanian.','Romanian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Romanian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13835,13835,1,'Russian Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','180deed5-31d6-42ec-a8be-84a884efd037','<h2>Complete Russian Translation Services</h2>\n            CIT offers Russian interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Russian language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Russian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Russian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Russian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Russian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Russian Language</h2>\n            The Russian language, an Eastern Slavic language, is spoken mainly in Russia by about 260 million people. Of those, more than half are Native speakers. Russian is the official language in several countries, including Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. It is also an official language in territories like Moldova, Abkhazia and the UN. Although not an official language, it is heavily spoken in other countries such as Romania, Finland, Norway, Armenia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Turkmenistan, Slovakia and Uzbekistan.\n\n            The Russian language was first written in the 900s. This text was found in Novgorod. These texts found were written in Old Russian, Old Church Slavonic, Finnish, Latin and Greek. It was during the time of Peter the Great (1672-1725) that the Russian language was beginning to be written regularly. It was he who introduced a common alphabet and pressed upon the importance of writing in a similar language as one speaks. In this case, Russian. The Russian dialect from Moscow was what was used as the foundation of written Russian.\n\n            In the 1800s, Russian literature flourished wildly. Great authors such as Tolstoi, Dostoyevskii, Gogol and Pushkin were responsible for this. During Soviet rule, some subjects in Russian literature were off limits.\n\n            Between 1750 and 1918, the Russian alphabet was as Cyrillic alphabet. Before that, the Russian alphabet was also Cyrillic but slightly different.\n\n            There are three groups of Russian dialects: Northern, Southern and Central. Russian, Ukranian and Belarusian are the three languages that make up the East Slavic languages.\n\n            The Russian language spoken today has six cases. They are nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and locative. There are both plural and singular forms of nouns along with adjectives and can be expressed in perfect and imperfect verbs.\n            <h2>Interesting Facts about the Russian Language</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>The Russian language is the 5<sup>th</sup> most spoken language in the world</li>\n                <li>The Russian language is considered to be one of the most complex languages</li>\n                <li>Stress on a word can change the meaning</li>\n                <li>It is a requirement for astronaut applicants at NASA to know Russian</li>\n                <li>10% of Russian words are similar to English words</li>\n            </ul>','Russian Translators','Professional Russian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','russian translators'),(13836,13836,1,'Russian Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','f0b3ea77-7691-47d4-af1d-941ad99ea13a','<h2>Complete Russian Translation Services</h2>\n            CIT offers Russian interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Russian language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Russian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Russian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Russian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Russian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Russian Language</h2>\n            The Russian language, an Eastern Slavic language, is spoken mainly in Russia by about 260 million people. Of those, more than half are Native speakers. Russian is the official language in several countries, including Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. It is also an official language in territories like Moldova, Abkhazia and the UN. Although not an official language, it is heavily spoken in other countries such as Romania, Finland, Norway, Armenia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Turkmenistan, Slovakia and Uzbekistan.\n\n            The Russian language was first written in the 900s. This text was found in Novgorod. These texts found were written in Old Russian, Old Church Slavonic, Finnish, Latin and Greek. It was during the time of Peter the Great (1672-1725) that the Russian language was beginning to be written regularly. It was he who introduced a common alphabet and pressed upon the importance of writing in a similar language as one speaks. In this case, Russian. The Russian dialect from Moscow was what was used as the foundation of written Russian.\n\n            In the 1800s, Russian literature flourished wildly. Great authors such as Tolstoi, Dostoyevskii, Gogol and Pushkin were responsible for this. During Soviet rule, some subjects in Russian literature were off limits.\n\n            Between 1750 and 1918, the Russian alphabet was as Cyrillic alphabet. Before that, the Russian alphabet was also Cyrillic but slightly different.\n\n            There are three groups of Russian dialects: Northern, Southern and Central. Russian, Ukranian and Belarusian are the three languages that make up the East Slavic languages.\n\n            The Russian language spoken today has six cases. They are nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and locative. There are both plural and singular forms of nouns along with adjectives and can be expressed in perfect and imperfect verbs.\n            <h2>Interesting Facts about the Russian Language</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>The Russian language is the 5<sup>th</sup> most spoken language in the world</li>\n                <li>The Russian language is considered to be one of the most complex languages</li>\n                <li>Stress on a word can change the meaning</li>\n                <li>It is a requirement for astronaut applicants at NASA to know Russian</li>\n                <li>10% of Russian words are similar to English words</li>\n            </ul>','Russian Translators','Professional Russian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','russian translators'),(13837,13837,1,'Saami','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','30ef4007-b2d7-454e-bc26-f66ec9d096e6','<h2>Saami Translator &amp; Interpreter Language Services</h2>\n            Our interpreting agency specializes provides Saami translation, interpretation, transcription and proofreading services by professional Saami linguists. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations is the premiere <a title=\"Farsi Translator Interpreter\" href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/farsi-dari-translation-service-agency/\">Saami translation</a> and interpreting service in Los Angeles, nationally and abroad.\n            <h2>Saami Language Statistics/Facts</h2>\n            Saami is a group of languages used by people mainly in northern Europe. The countries where it is spoken include northwestern Russia, Sweden, Finland and Norway. Contrary to what is believed that Sami is a single language, the truth is that Sami is a group of languages though closely related. Sami languages are divided into two groups, the western and the eastern. However there is existence of sharp language boundaries and neighbors maybe totally oblivious of the other language and can only learn it from experience or long time interaction. The number of ethnic Saami is probably just around 100,000.\n            <h2>Saami Dialects</h2>\n            <table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\"><b>Dialect</b></td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\"><b>Region</b></td>\n                    </tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Saami, Lule</td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Along Lule River. Also in Norway and Sweden</td>\n                    </tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Saami, North</td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Spoken in Sweden</td>\n                    </tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Saami, Pite</td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Spoken along Pite River</td>\n                    </tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Saami, South</td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Spoken in Lapland, also in Sweden and Norway</td>\n                    </tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Saami, Ume</td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Spoken along Ume river</td>\n                    </tr>\n                </tbody>\n            </table>\n            <h2>Countries where Saami is Spoken</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>Sweden</li>\n                <li>Norway</li>\n                <li>Finland</li>\n                <li>Parts of North-Western Russia</li>\n            </ul>\n            <h2>Saami Speaking Country Data</h2>\n            <b>Country: Sweden</b>\n\n            <b>Capital:</b> Stockholm\n\n            <b>Population:</b> 9 600 000\n            <b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> Prime Minister Fredrick Reinfeldt\n\n            <b>Currency:</b> Swedish Krona (SEK, KR)\n            <b>GDP (ppp):</b> $385.1 b\n            <b>Unemployment:</b> 8.0%\n            <b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Monarchy\n            <b>Industries:</b> Telecommunications equipment, wood pulp and paper products, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel.\n\n            <b>Country: Norway</b>\n\n            <b>Capital:</b> Oslo\n\n            <b>Population:</b> 5 077 000\n            <b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> Prime Minister Erna Solberg\n\n            <b>Currency:</b> Norwegian Kroner (NOK, KR)\n            <b>GDP (ppp):</b> $498.8 B\n            <b>Unemployment:</b> 3.2%\n            <b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Monarchy\n            <b>Industries:</b> Petroleum and Natural gas, wood pulp and paper industries, ship building, food processing, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textile and fishing.\n\n            <b>Country: Finland</b>\n\n            <b>Capital:</b> Helsinki\n\n            <b>Population:</b> 5 454 000\n\n            <b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> President Sauli Niinisto\n\n            <b>Currency:</b> Euro (<a title=\"Euro sign\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_sign\">€</a>)\n            <b>GDP (ppp):</b> $247.2 B\n            <b>Unemployment:</b> 8.4%\n            <b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Republic\n            <b>Industries:</b> Metals and metal products, Electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, ship building, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textile and clothing.\n\n            <b>Country: Russia</b>\n\n            <b>Capital:</b> Moscow\n\n            <b>Population:</b> 138 082 000\n            <b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> President Vladmir Putin\n\n            <b>Currency:</b> Russian Rubble (RUR)\n            <b>GDP (ppp):</b> $2.380 Trillion\n            <b>Unemployment:</b> 6.6%\n            <b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Republic\n            <b>Industries:</b> Mining and extractive producing coal, oil, gas, chemical and metals, All forms of machine building, defense industries, Ship building, rail and road transport equipment, agricultural machinery, electric power generating and transmitting equipment, medical and scientific equipment, consumer durables, textiles, foodstuff and handicrafts.\n            <h2>Saami History</h2>\n            Though the genetic origin of the Saami people is complex, they have been linked to have originated from the Finns. The languages they use help them to be singled out among their Indo-European neighbors. They are historically linked to each other by the Finno-Ugric language which is common between them.\n\n            Though heavily debated the Saami are alleged to have occupied the region first followed by their counterparts afterwards. The history dates back to the Viking Age where the Saami are said to have settled mainly along the rivers in the regions where they are found. The strong distinctiveness between the two languages is associated with the time that has elapsed since the two diverged. It is said to have occurred around 23, 000 BP and then reunited around 8500 AP. After they diverged the laws of heredity took place and each adapted and evolved in its own way. This is what happened to the Finns as they interacted more with the European inhabitants and so more resembled them.\n\n            Nowadays much effort has been put to get to the history of this dialect and with every day new evidence and theories are being erected often negating the ones previously put in place.\n            <h2>Interesting Saami Facts:</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>The Saami religion is strongly related to nature. Noaidi is a link between the people and the gods.</li>\n                <li>The Saami are the descendants of a onetime nomadic community that inhabited northern Scandinavia.</li>\n                <li>Reindeer herding has been the basis of the Saami economy until in recent years.</li>\n                <li>Writing came into Saami artistic expressions in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century.</li>\n            </ul>','Saami','Professional Saami interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13838,13838,1,'Saami','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','b5f7eada-0a27-4fd9-80e8-02c3b4d71033','<h2>Saami Translator &amp; Interpreter Language Services</h2>\n            Our interpreting agency specializes provides Saami translation, interpretation, transcription and proofreading services by professional Saami linguists. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations is the premiere <a title=\"Farsi Translator Interpreter\" href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/farsi-dari-translation-service-agency/\">Saami translation</a> and interpreting service in Los Angeles, nationally and abroad.\n            <h2>Saami Language Statistics/Facts</h2>\n            Saami is a group of languages used by people mainly in northern Europe. The countries where it is spoken include northwestern Russia, Sweden, Finland and Norway. Contrary to what is believed that Sami is a single language, the truth is that Sami is a group of languages though closely related. Sami languages are divided into two groups, the western and the eastern. However there is existence of sharp language boundaries and neighbors maybe totally oblivious of the other language and can only learn it from experience or long time interaction. The number of ethnic Saami is probably just around 100,000.\n            <h2>Saami Dialects</h2>\n            <table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\"><b>Dialect</b></td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\"><b>Region</b></td>\n                    </tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Saami, Lule</td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Along Lule River. Also in Norway and Sweden</td>\n                    </tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Saami, North</td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Spoken in Sweden</td>\n                    </tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Saami, Pite</td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Spoken along Pite River</td>\n                    </tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Saami, South</td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Spoken in Lapland, also in Sweden and Norway</td>\n                    </tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Saami, Ume</td>\n                        <td valign=\"top\">Spoken along Ume river</td>\n                    </tr>\n                </tbody>\n            </table>\n            <h2>Countries where Saami is Spoken</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>Sweden</li>\n                <li>Norway</li>\n                <li>Finland</li>\n                <li>Parts of North-Western Russia</li>\n            </ul>\n            <h2>Saami Speaking Country Data</h2>\n            <b>Country: Sweden</b>\n\n            <b>Capital:</b> Stockholm\n\n            <b>Population:</b> 9 600 000\n            <b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> Prime Minister Fredrick Reinfeldt\n\n            <b>Currency:</b> Swedish Krona (SEK, KR)\n            <b>GDP (ppp):</b> $385.1 b\n            <b>Unemployment:</b> 8.0%\n            <b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Monarchy\n            <b>Industries:</b> Telecommunications equipment, wood pulp and paper products, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel.\n\n            <b>Country: Norway</b>\n\n            <b>Capital:</b> Oslo\n\n            <b>Population:</b> 5 077 000\n            <b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> Prime Minister Erna Solberg\n\n            <b>Currency:</b> Norwegian Kroner (NOK, KR)\n            <b>GDP (ppp):</b> $498.8 B\n            <b>Unemployment:</b> 3.2%\n            <b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Monarchy\n            <b>Industries:</b> Petroleum and Natural gas, wood pulp and paper industries, ship building, food processing, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textile and fishing.\n\n            <b>Country: Finland</b>\n\n            <b>Capital:</b> Helsinki\n\n            <b>Population:</b> 5 454 000\n\n            <b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> President Sauli Niinisto\n\n            <b>Currency:</b> Euro (<a title=\"Euro sign\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_sign\">€</a>)\n            <b>GDP (ppp):</b> $247.2 B\n            <b>Unemployment:</b> 8.4%\n            <b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Republic\n            <b>Industries:</b> Metals and metal products, Electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, ship building, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textile and clothing.\n\n            <b>Country: Russia</b>\n\n            <b>Capital:</b> Moscow\n\n            <b>Population:</b> 138 082 000\n            <b>Constitutional Parliamentary Republic:</b> President Vladmir Putin\n\n            <b>Currency:</b> Russian Rubble (RUR)\n            <b>GDP (ppp):</b> $2.380 Trillion\n            <b>Unemployment:</b> 6.6%\n            <b>Government Type:</b> Constitutional Republic\n            <b>Industries:</b> Mining and extractive producing coal, oil, gas, chemical and metals, All forms of machine building, defense industries, Ship building, rail and road transport equipment, agricultural machinery, electric power generating and transmitting equipment, medical and scientific equipment, consumer durables, textiles, foodstuff and handicrafts.\n            <h2>Saami History</h2>\n            Though the genetic origin of the Saami people is complex, they have been linked to have originated from the Finns. The languages they use help them to be singled out among their Indo-European neighbors. They are historically linked to each other by the Finno-Ugric language which is common between them.\n\n            Though heavily debated the Saami are alleged to have occupied the region first followed by their counterparts afterwards. The history dates back to the Viking Age where the Saami are said to have settled mainly along the rivers in the regions where they are found. The strong distinctiveness between the two languages is associated with the time that has elapsed since the two diverged. It is said to have occurred around 23, 000 BP and then reunited around 8500 AP. After they diverged the laws of heredity took place and each adapted and evolved in its own way. This is what happened to the Finns as they interacted more with the European inhabitants and so more resembled them.\n\n            Nowadays much effort has been put to get to the history of this dialect and with every day new evidence and theories are being erected often negating the ones previously put in place.\n            <h2>Interesting Saami Facts:</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>The Saami religion is strongly related to nature. Noaidi is a link between the people and the gods.</li>\n                <li>The Saami are the descendants of a onetime nomadic community that inhabited northern Scandinavia.</li>\n                <li>Reindeer herding has been the basis of the Saami economy until in recent years.</li>\n                <li>Writing came into Saami artistic expressions in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century.</li>\n            </ul>','Saami','Professional Saami interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13839,13839,1,'Serbian Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','98a8ea90-c525-4d0e-8fea-1958f7c59a80','<h2>24 Hour Serbian translation Services</h2>\n            CIT offers 24-hour availability to translate official Serbian birth certificates, marriage certificates, death certificates, or official filings. We provide legal, medical and specialty document translation and interpreting for criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Serbian language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Serbian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Serbian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Serbian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Serbian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Serbian Language</h2>\n            The Serbian language, a South Slavic language, is spoken primarily in Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and Macedonia. About 10 million people worldwide speak Serbian and it is the official language of Serbia. Due to a lot of migration among the Serbian people, there has historiclaly been a lot of movement in the language.\n\n            Starting from the 11<sup>th</sup> century, Serbian was written using the Glagolitic alphabet. Later, it would be replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. In 1814, the modern Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was created by a Serbian linguist named Vuk Karadzic. In 1830, the Serbian Latin alphabet was made by a Croatian linguist named Ljudevit Gaj. In 1850, Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists came together in order to create a single written form of Serbian.\n\n            Today, the Serbian language is written in both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. They are both recognized by the country on an official matter; however, the Cyrillic alphabet became the government’s official script in 2006. The Cyrillical alphabet is known as Azbuka while the Latin alphabet is known as Abeceda. Most Serbians, at least those who are literate, are able to read and write in both scripts. Additionally, depending on what media company, a network or company will typically choose one script over another. The Serbian language is what is called a synchronic digraphia, which means that the two different alphabets are used at the same time for any word and interchangeably.\n\n            The Serbian language has two primary dialects, Shtoktavian and Torlakian. Shtoktavian, which is the more prestigious language of Serbia, is the dialect that Standard Serbian is based on. It is also the main basis for other languages, such as Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin.\n\n            In the Serbian language, there are many Greek, Italian, Greek, Hungarian and Turkish words. Serbian continues to take other words from languages as well. Serbian was once the official language of Montenegro and in 2007, the Montenegro language was made the only official language of Montenegro. However, more than half of the people of Montenegro consider Serbian to be their first language. There are also words in English that have Serbian roots, such as “vampire” and “paprika.”\n\n            It can be quite beneficial to learn the Serbian language. The Serbians are known to be very popular in literature. They have written several medieval texts from over a thousand years ago. Around the 1700s, poetry was a more popular form of literature in Serbia.','Serbian Translators','Professional Serbian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Serbian Translators'),(13840,13840,1,'Serbian Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','75347e24-e766-44fa-85e6-cd5bebccbd8d','<h2>24 Hour Serbian translation Services</h2>\n            CIT offers 24-hour availability to translate official Serbian birth certificates, marriage certificates, death certificates, or official filings. We provide legal, medical and specialty document translation and interpreting for criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Serbian language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Serbian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Serbian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Serbian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Serbian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Serbian Language</h2>\n            The Serbian language, a South Slavic language, is spoken primarily in Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and Macedonia. About 10 million people worldwide speak Serbian and it is the official language of Serbia. Due to a lot of migration among the Serbian people, there has historiclaly been a lot of movement in the language.\n\n            Starting from the 11<sup>th</sup> century, Serbian was written using the Glagolitic alphabet. Later, it would be replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. In 1814, the modern Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was created by a Serbian linguist named Vuk Karadzic. In 1830, the Serbian Latin alphabet was made by a Croatian linguist named Ljudevit Gaj. In 1850, Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists came together in order to create a single written form of Serbian.\n\n            Today, the Serbian language is written in both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. They are both recognized by the country on an official matter; however, the Cyrillic alphabet became the government’s official script in 2006. The Cyrillical alphabet is known as Azbuka while the Latin alphabet is known as Abeceda. Most Serbians, at least those who are literate, are able to read and write in both scripts. Additionally, depending on what media company, a network or company will typically choose one script over another. The Serbian language is what is called a synchronic digraphia, which means that the two different alphabets are used at the same time for any word and interchangeably.\n\n            The Serbian language has two primary dialects, Shtoktavian and Torlakian. Shtoktavian, which is the more prestigious language of Serbia, is the dialect that Standard Serbian is based on. It is also the main basis for other languages, such as Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin.\n\n            In the Serbian language, there are many Greek, Italian, Greek, Hungarian and Turkish words. Serbian continues to take other words from languages as well. Serbian was once the official language of Montenegro and in 2007, the Montenegro language was made the only official language of Montenegro. However, more than half of the people of Montenegro consider Serbian to be their first language. There are also words in English that have Serbian roots, such as “vampire” and “paprika.”\n\n            It can be quite beneficial to learn the Serbian language. The Serbians are known to be very popular in literature. They have written several medieval texts from over a thousand years ago. Around the 1700s, poetry was a more popular form of literature in Serbia.','Serbian Translators','Professional Serbian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Serbian Translators'),(13841,13841,1,'Serbian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','1276f002-6c2f-4550-8882-98d4e784de6f','CIT offers Serbo-Croatian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Serbo-Croatian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Serbo-Croatian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Serbo-Croatian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Serbo-Croatian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Serbo-Croatian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n            <strong><u> </u></strong>\n\n            <strong><u>The Serbo-Croatian Language</u></strong>\n\n            The Serbo-Croatian language is a language spoken by Serbians and Croatians along with other people living from South Slavic countries, such as Montenegrins and Bosniaks. A German writer, Jacob Grimm (of The Brothers Grimm), coined the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824. Although Serbo-Croatian is considered one language, one must remember that both Serbian and Croatian are their own separate languages as well.\n\n            The terms “Serb” and “Croats” are ancient tribal names. Between the 15<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries, many South Slavic areas were under the rule of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. It was then that the Serbian community formed around the Serbian Orthodox Chuch. At the same time, the Roman Catholic believers who inhabited the Turkish lands were more used to the name Croatian. Those from Montenegro were used to Serbian Orthodoxy and would use both the names Montenegrin and Serb. The Ottoman Turks, who were Muslim, had divided the people by their religion and thus, ruled them by this fashion as well. It is this that had strengthened their identities. Those who live in modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina had adapted Islam while others had continued to follow either Serbian Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism. They, in turn, are referred to as Serb or Croat, respectively.\n\n            There are three main dialects for the Serbo-Croatian language. They are: Kajkavian, Chakavian and Shtokavian. They dialects have many differences, including differences with vowels, consonants, word forms and vocabulary. Shtokavian is spoken in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Those inhabiting the Croatian seacoast uses the Chakavian dialect, while Kajkavian is used in the northwest near Zagreb and Shtokavian is used more inland.\n\n            The earliest known writing of any language related to Serbo-Croatian was written in Old Church Slavonic. Early Christian missionaries standardized the language around 860. The Slavs created an alphabet for the language known as Glagolitic. The next alphabet for it, Cyrillic, had letters that were similar to those of Greek and dates back to the 10<sup>th</sup> century.\n\n            Throughout the 1800s, the Serbians freed themselves from Turkish rule. However, most of Croatia was under Austro-Hungarian rule until World War I. When the war finished, Bosnia, Montenegro, Croatia and Serbia were put together as one kingdom, known as Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Later, it would be known as Yugoslavia. They would eventually break up into different nations.','Serbian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Serbian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009 #interpreting #translation #interpreters #translationservices #languageservices',NULL),(13842,13842,1,'Serbian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','5ee64152-fb01-4ba7-a2e4-35c4f8f2235a','CIT offers Serbo-Croatian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Serbo-Croatian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Serbo-Croatian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Serbo-Croatian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Serbo-Croatian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Serbo-Croatian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n            <strong><u> </u></strong>\n\n            <strong><u>The Serbo-Croatian Language</u></strong>\n\n            The Serbo-Croatian language is a language spoken by Serbians and Croatians along with other people living from South Slavic countries, such as Montenegrins and Bosniaks. A German writer, Jacob Grimm (of The Brothers Grimm), coined the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824. Although Serbo-Croatian is considered one language, one must remember that both Serbian and Croatian are their own separate languages as well.\n\n            The terms “Serb” and “Croats” are ancient tribal names. Between the 15<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries, many South Slavic areas were under the rule of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. It was then that the Serbian community formed around the Serbian Orthodox Chuch. At the same time, the Roman Catholic believers who inhabited the Turkish lands were more used to the name Croatian. Those from Montenegro were used to Serbian Orthodoxy and would use both the names Montenegrin and Serb. The Ottoman Turks, who were Muslim, had divided the people by their religion and thus, ruled them by this fashion as well. It is this that had strengthened their identities. Those who live in modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina had adapted Islam while others had continued to follow either Serbian Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism. They, in turn, are referred to as Serb or Croat, respectively.\n\n            There are three main dialects for the Serbo-Croatian language. They are: Kajkavian, Chakavian and Shtokavian. They dialects have many differences, including differences with vowels, consonants, word forms and vocabulary. Shtokavian is spoken in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Those inhabiting the Croatian seacoast uses the Chakavian dialect, while Kajkavian is used in the northwest near Zagreb and Shtokavian is used more inland.\n\n            The earliest known writing of any language related to Serbo-Croatian was written in Old Church Slavonic. Early Christian missionaries standardized the language around 860. The Slavs created an alphabet for the language known as Glagolitic. The next alphabet for it, Cyrillic, had letters that were similar to those of Greek and dates back to the 10<sup>th</sup> century.\n\n            Throughout the 1800s, the Serbians freed themselves from Turkish rule. However, most of Croatia was under Austro-Hungarian rule until World War I. When the war finished, Bosnia, Montenegro, Croatia and Serbia were put together as one kingdom, known as Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Later, it would be known as Yugoslavia. They would eventually break up into different nations.','Serbian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Serbian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009 #interpreting #translation #interpreters #translationservices #languageservices',NULL),(13843,13843,1,'Sindebele','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','64a45edb-5bfb-4b25-ae25-4bd76e5b0138','<h2>isiNdebele Language Statistics/Facts:</h2>\n            The Northern Ndebele language, also known as isiNdebele or Sindebele, is a language belonging to the Bantu speaking language group of Nguni, found in the Matebele people of Zimbabwe, South Africa. It is also used by peoples in the Republic of South Africa. The Ndebele people are related to the Zulu and share the same origin. The language is spoken by over 1,090,000 people in the region.\n            <h2>Countries where iSiNdebele is spoken:</h2>\n            Zimbabwe\n            South Africa\n            <h2>isiNdebele Speaking Country Data:</h2>\n            Country: Zimbabwe\n            Capital: Harare\n            Population: 12,754,000\n            Constitutional Parliamentary Republic: President Robert Mugabe\n            Currency: Uses multiple currencies since 2009.\n            GDP (ppp): $8.865 Miliion\n            Unemployment: 10.71%\n            Government Type: Constitutional Republic\n            Industries: Agriculture, mining industries in gold, household industries.\n\n            Country: South Africa\n            Capital: Pretoria\n            Population: 52,960,000\n            Constitutional Parliamentary Republic: President Jacob Zuma\n            Currency: Rand (ZAR)\n            GDP (ppp): $408.237 billion\n            Unemployment: 23.8%\n            Government Type: Constitutional Republic\n            Industries: Mining, telecommunications equipment, wood pulp and paper products, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, electrical items.\n            <h2>iSiNdebele History</h2>\n            The Ndebele people were originally born by the Nguni people of KwaZulu-Natal. The Ndebele people have been long known for their artistic nature, portrayed by the elaborately painted homes they built. The AmaNdebele of Zimbabwe and the Amanzunza of South Africa are closely related, and are alleged to have come from the same origin. They have much in common, including their cultures and religious beliefs.\n\n            The Ndebele people are said to have settled in the Pretoria region around 1600 AD. Their King, Musi, soon died, and this led to bloodshed, as both of the King’s sons desired the throne. The sons’, Manala and Ndzundza decided to live apart, with Manala occupying the Pretoria region, and his brother occupying further east. In the 1820’s a Zulu general called Mzilikazi fled from the King of Shaka, with his army. They overpowered Manala and decided to settle down with them in their region. After some time Mzilikazi started fearing that Shaka may want revenge, and so he lured the Ndebele people to move further north, until they settled at Bulawayo, in the modern day city of Zimbabwe.\n            <h2>Interesting iSiNdebeleFacts:</h2>\n            • The SiNdebele are famous for an interest in art. This is seen in the paintings they decorate their homes with, and paintings on rocks in areas where they lived.\n            • The SiNdebele speakers of Zimbabwe were originally living in South Africa before Mzilikazi decided to run away from Shaka and moved them north to Bulawayo in Zimbabwe.\n            • SiNdembele are in fact Bantu speakers, close to the Bantus in East Africa.','Sindebele','Professional Sindebele interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13844,13844,1,'Sindebele','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','558116b1-9507-4e0d-99df-403cf291ab8c','<h2>isiNdebele Language Statistics/Facts:</h2>\n            The Northern Ndebele language, also known as isiNdebele or Sindebele, is a language belonging to the Bantu speaking language group of Nguni, found in the Matebele people of Zimbabwe, South Africa. It is also used by peoples in the Republic of South Africa. The Ndebele people are related to the Zulu and share the same origin. The language is spoken by over 1,090,000 people in the region.\n            <h2>Countries where iSiNdebele is spoken:</h2>\n            Zimbabwe\n            South Africa\n            <h2>isiNdebele Speaking Country Data:</h2>\n            Country: Zimbabwe\n            Capital: Harare\n            Population: 12,754,000\n            Constitutional Parliamentary Republic: President Robert Mugabe\n            Currency: Uses multiple currencies since 2009.\n            GDP (ppp): $8.865 Miliion\n            Unemployment: 10.71%\n            Government Type: Constitutional Republic\n            Industries: Agriculture, mining industries in gold, household industries.\n\n            Country: South Africa\n            Capital: Pretoria\n            Population: 52,960,000\n            Constitutional Parliamentary Republic: President Jacob Zuma\n            Currency: Rand (ZAR)\n            GDP (ppp): $408.237 billion\n            Unemployment: 23.8%\n            Government Type: Constitutional Republic\n            Industries: Mining, telecommunications equipment, wood pulp and paper products, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, electrical items.\n            <h2>iSiNdebele History</h2>\n            The Ndebele people were originally born by the Nguni people of KwaZulu-Natal. The Ndebele people have been long known for their artistic nature, portrayed by the elaborately painted homes they built. The AmaNdebele of Zimbabwe and the Amanzunza of South Africa are closely related, and are alleged to have come from the same origin. They have much in common, including their cultures and religious beliefs.\n\n            The Ndebele people are said to have settled in the Pretoria region around 1600 AD. Their King, Musi, soon died, and this led to bloodshed, as both of the King’s sons desired the throne. The sons’, Manala and Ndzundza decided to live apart, with Manala occupying the Pretoria region, and his brother occupying further east. In the 1820’s a Zulu general called Mzilikazi fled from the King of Shaka, with his army. They overpowered Manala and decided to settle down with them in their region. After some time Mzilikazi started fearing that Shaka may want revenge, and so he lured the Ndebele people to move further north, until they settled at Bulawayo, in the modern day city of Zimbabwe.\n            <h2>Interesting iSiNdebeleFacts:</h2>\n            • The SiNdebele are famous for an interest in art. This is seen in the paintings they decorate their homes with, and paintings on rocks in areas where they lived.\n            • The SiNdebele speakers of Zimbabwe were originally living in South Africa before Mzilikazi decided to run away from Shaka and moved them north to Bulawayo in Zimbabwe.\n            • SiNdembele are in fact Bantu speakers, close to the Bantus in East Africa.','Sindebele','Professional Sindebele interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13845,13845,1,'Sinhalese Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','935a6549-cc33-45a4-ba30-7585c73dca79','<h2>Sinhalese interpreters and translators</h2>\n            <p>CIT offers Sinhalese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Sinhalese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Sinhalese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Sinhalese language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Sinhalese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Sinhalese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>\n            <h2>The Sinhalese Language</h2>\n            <p>The Sinhalese language, also known as Sinhala or Singhala, is an Indo-Aryan language and is the official language in Sri Lanka, previously known as Ceylon. About 16 million Sinhalese people in Sri Lanka speak Sinhalese. Sinhalese is spoken by another 3 million people from other ethnical groups in Sri Lanka. Along with Sri Lanka, Sinhalese is also spoken in Canada, the UAE, Thailand and Singapore. Additionally, certain Sinhalese dialects are spoken in the Lakshadweep and the Maldive islands.</p><p>The word “sinhala” is a Sanskrit word meaning lion seizer, lion killer or lion blood. These terms refer to the found of the Sinhalese people, Prince Vijaya, who was a descendants of Sinhabahu, the son of one of the princesses of the Vanga Kingdom and a lion.</p><p>Sinhalese traveled to Sri Lanka from India by colonists in the 5th century BCE. Considering the language was isolated from other Indo-Aryan languages, Sinhalese took on its own form. It is highly influenced by Pali, which is a sakred language of Sri Lankan Budhists. Additionally, the Sinhalese language has several loanwords from Tamil, another language spoken in Sri Lanka, along with other Dravidian languages.</p><p>The earliest found writings in the Sinhalese language were found on rocks in Brahmi letters. They are said to have dated back to 200 BC. The Sinhalese language in literature took a main form in the 13th century and this form has essentially been the same since. With this language, there have been many literary pieces that have been produced since, most of them being inspired by Buddhism. Most Sinhalese are Theraveda Buddhists; however, there is a small amount who are Christian.</p><p>Alphabet in the Sinhala language comes from the Brahmi script. It was initially used in Prakrit writings in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. However, the alphabet, along with the Sinhalese language, have changed drastically since then. Along with being used to write Sinhala, this alphabet is also used to write Pali and Sanskrit. The Sinhalese alphabet is a syllabic alphabet. It is written from left to right, horizontally.</p><p>The Sinhalese people are known for the agricultural knowledge and work. The southern and western parts of Sri Lanka have been highly influenced by European culture. The Sinhalese are classified as an endogamous culture, meaning they marry within the same class or caste. It is preferable that people marry the children of their mother’s brother or their father’s sister. In the mid 1800s, both polygyny and polyandry were outlawed.</p>','Sinhalese Language Interpreters and Translators',NULL,'Sinhalese Language Interpreters and Translators'),(13846,13846,1,'Sinhalese Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','b9e45996-facf-4fcf-97d2-b03fc4e944da','<h2>Sinhalese interpreters and translators</h2>\n            <p>CIT offers Sinhalese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Sinhalese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Sinhalese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Sinhalese language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Sinhalese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Sinhalese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>\n            <h2>The Sinhalese Language</h2>\n            <p>The Sinhalese language, also known as Sinhala or Singhala, is an Indo-Aryan language and is the official language in Sri Lanka, previously known as Ceylon. About 16 million Sinhalese people in Sri Lanka speak Sinhalese. Sinhalese is spoken by another 3 million people from other ethnical groups in Sri Lanka. Along with Sri Lanka, Sinhalese is also spoken in Canada, the UAE, Thailand and Singapore. Additionally, certain Sinhalese dialects are spoken in the Lakshadweep and the Maldive islands.</p><p>The word “sinhala” is a Sanskrit word meaning lion seizer, lion killer or lion blood. These terms refer to the found of the Sinhalese people, Prince Vijaya, who was a descendants of Sinhabahu, the son of one of the princesses of the Vanga Kingdom and a lion.</p><p>Sinhalese traveled to Sri Lanka from India by colonists in the 5th century BCE. Considering the language was isolated from other Indo-Aryan languages, Sinhalese took on its own form. It is highly influenced by Pali, which is a sakred language of Sri Lankan Budhists. Additionally, the Sinhalese language has several loanwords from Tamil, another language spoken in Sri Lanka, along with other Dravidian languages.</p><p>The earliest found writings in the Sinhalese language were found on rocks in Brahmi letters. They are said to have dated back to 200 BC. The Sinhalese language in literature took a main form in the 13th century and this form has essentially been the same since. With this language, there have been many literary pieces that have been produced since, most of them being inspired by Buddhism. Most Sinhalese are Theraveda Buddhists; however, there is a small amount who are Christian.</p><p>Alphabet in the Sinhala language comes from the Brahmi script. It was initially used in Prakrit writings in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. However, the alphabet, along with the Sinhalese language, have changed drastically since then. Along with being used to write Sinhala, this alphabet is also used to write Pali and Sanskrit. The Sinhalese alphabet is a syllabic alphabet. It is written from left to right, horizontally.</p><p>The Sinhalese people are known for the agricultural knowledge and work. The southern and western parts of Sri Lanka have been highly influenced by European culture. The Sinhalese are classified as an endogamous culture, meaning they marry within the same class or caste. It is preferable that people marry the children of their mother’s brother or their father’s sister. In the mid 1800s, both polygyny and polyandry were outlawed.</p>','Sinhalese Language Interpreters and Translators',NULL,'Sinhalese Language Interpreters and Translators'),(13847,13847,1,'Sioux Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','e12aba41-eecd-4001-9189-944552f68ee1','<h2>Sioux interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Sioux interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Sioux language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Sioux language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Sioux language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Sioux language, as well as of the culture and history of the Sioux people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Sioux Language</h2>\n            The many dialects of the Sioux languages, also known as Siouan languages, are spoken in the United States and Canada by about 23,000 people. There are a lot of commonalities between Siouan languages, such as Lakota and Dakota. However, there are not many other similarities between other Siouan languages.\n\n            There are multiple Siouan languages. Lakota is the more popular of the Siouan languages. It is spoken by about 9,000 people throughout seven tribes known as the Oglala. Lakota is spoken throughout the US in Nebraska, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and in Canada as well. Western Dakota, on the other hand, is spoken only by a few hundred people withinthe Yanton and Yanktonai tribes. Eastern Dakota is also spoken by only a few hundred people in four tribes: Santee, Sisseton, Wahpeton and Wahpekute. Lastly is Assiniboine, also known as Nakoda and Stoney. Although Assiniboine is part of the Siouan language family, it is not considered a Sioux language because it does not share commonalities with out Sioux languages. Additionally, those who speak Assiniboine do not have the same political affiliation with the Sioux.\n\n            The word “Sioux” is a French term for the Ojibwa word for “treacherous snakes,” the term <em>nadawisou</em>. The native terms for the Sioux people mean “An Alliance of Friends,” including the terms Dakhota (Santee), Nakhota (Yankton) and Lakhota (Teton). These names and terms come with a variety of different spelling options.\n\n            There have been several versions of the Sioux alphabet in history, starting with the first Sioux alphabet in 1834. This version was composed by several missionaries: Samuel Pond, Gideon Pond, Stephen Return Riggs and Dr. Thomas S. Williamson. This first Sioux alphabet was composed based on the spelling of the Santee dialect (Dakota). The missionaries used this alphabet to translate biblical texts into a language the Sioux people would understand in hopes of spreading religious knowledge and text.\n\n            Consequently, the version of the bible that was translated using the Dakota dialect was quite popular and well known. It was used by the Dakota and Lakota. Not long after, in 1852, another more modern and revised version of the Sioux alphabet was composed. It was the Riggs’ Dakota Grammar. In 1890, he published a Dakota-English dictionary. The revisions to the Sioux alphabet did not stop there and multiple Lakota and Dakota alphabet systems had been created as well.\n\n            The Sioux people were nomads and followed the bison they would hunt wherever it would lead them. They lived in teepees, made from long wooden sticks and bison hides. The Sioux relied heavily on the bison they hunted, not only for nutritional needs, but for other survival needs such as shelter and warms as well. Considering that the bison is a dangerous and very large animal, hunting was not easy. However, when the Europeans brought horses with them to America, the Sioux people benefitted and hunting became not only easier, but the Sioux were able to hunt more.\n\n             ','Sioux Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Sioux interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13848,13848,1,'Sioux Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','28b64c2f-d72e-4ad5-8d6a-ddbe81d0d834','<h2>Sioux interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Sioux interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Sioux language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Sioux language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Sioux language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Sioux language, as well as of the culture and history of the Sioux people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Sioux Language</h2>\n            The many dialects of the Sioux languages, also known as Siouan languages, are spoken in the United States and Canada by about 23,000 people. There are a lot of commonalities between Siouan languages, such as Lakota and Dakota. However, there are not many other similarities between other Siouan languages.\n\n            There are multiple Siouan languages. Lakota is the more popular of the Siouan languages. It is spoken by about 9,000 people throughout seven tribes known as the Oglala. Lakota is spoken throughout the US in Nebraska, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and in Canada as well. Western Dakota, on the other hand, is spoken only by a few hundred people withinthe Yanton and Yanktonai tribes. Eastern Dakota is also spoken by only a few hundred people in four tribes: Santee, Sisseton, Wahpeton and Wahpekute. Lastly is Assiniboine, also known as Nakoda and Stoney. Although Assiniboine is part of the Siouan language family, it is not considered a Sioux language because it does not share commonalities with out Sioux languages. Additionally, those who speak Assiniboine do not have the same political affiliation with the Sioux.\n\n            The word “Sioux” is a French term for the Ojibwa word for “treacherous snakes,” the term <em>nadawisou</em>. The native terms for the Sioux people mean “An Alliance of Friends,” including the terms Dakhota (Santee), Nakhota (Yankton) and Lakhota (Teton). These names and terms come with a variety of different spelling options.\n\n            There have been several versions of the Sioux alphabet in history, starting with the first Sioux alphabet in 1834. This version was composed by several missionaries: Samuel Pond, Gideon Pond, Stephen Return Riggs and Dr. Thomas S. Williamson. This first Sioux alphabet was composed based on the spelling of the Santee dialect (Dakota). The missionaries used this alphabet to translate biblical texts into a language the Sioux people would understand in hopes of spreading religious knowledge and text.\n\n            Consequently, the version of the bible that was translated using the Dakota dialect was quite popular and well known. It was used by the Dakota and Lakota. Not long after, in 1852, another more modern and revised version of the Sioux alphabet was composed. It was the Riggs’ Dakota Grammar. In 1890, he published a Dakota-English dictionary. The revisions to the Sioux alphabet did not stop there and multiple Lakota and Dakota alphabet systems had been created as well.\n\n            The Sioux people were nomads and followed the bison they would hunt wherever it would lead them. They lived in teepees, made from long wooden sticks and bison hides. The Sioux relied heavily on the bison they hunted, not only for nutritional needs, but for other survival needs such as shelter and warms as well. Considering that the bison is a dangerous and very large animal, hunting was not easy. However, when the Europeans brought horses with them to America, the Sioux people benefitted and hunting became not only easier, but the Sioux were able to hunt more.\n\n             ','Sioux Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Sioux interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13849,13849,1,'Slovak Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','4a7845b5-4999-42f3-adc2-2e7226ceb24e','CIT offers Slovak interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Slovak language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Slovak language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Slovak language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Slovak language, as well as of the culture and history of the Slovak people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n            <strong><u>The Slovak Language</u></strong>\n\n            The Slovak Language, known as Slovak Slovencina, is a Western Slovak language spoken by about 5.2 million people worldwide. It is close to several other languages in the region such as Czech and Polish. People in several countries such as Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and parts of Ukraine speak Slovak. Currently, Slovak is the official language of Slovakia.\n\n            The Slovak language is written using the Latin (or Roman) alphabet. The earliest recorded documants with Slovak in them were Latin documents from the 1000s to the 1400s along with in the Czeck documents between the 1300s and the 1500s. However, there were pushes to increase Slovak writings arounf the 1600s and 1700s as the Roman Catholics from the University of Trnava attempted to introduce the Slovak language for use with hymns and other books for church. The Slovak language was not an accepted literary languages until much later, in the early and mid 1800s, when a group began to write in cental Slovak dialects. This group was led by a Protestant, L’udovit Stur. This language was soon accepted as Standard Slovak. It was changed and codified by Martin Hattala using his grammatical rules around the middle of the 19<sup>th</sup> century.\n\n            Currently, there are three major dialects in the Slovak language. They are Eastern, Central and Western. The Western dialects are similar to the Moravian dialects from the Czech language. It is appropriate to say that the Slovak and Czech language dialects can be understood by each languages’ speakers.\n\n            The Slovak language follows a subject-verb-object typology. There are three genders (masculine, feminine and neutral). The Slovak language does not use articles. There are six cases. The Slovak alphabet has 27 consonants, 10 vowels and 4 diphthongs. Typically, the stress of a word is found on the first syllable.<strong> </strong>\n\n            <strong><u>Fun Facts about Slovakia</u></strong>\n            <ul>\n                <li>Per capita, Slovakia has the highest number of chateau’s and castles.</li>\n                <li>There are more than 6,000 caves in Slovakia</li>\n                <li>Slovakia is the geographical midpoint of Europe</li>\n                <li>The currency in Slovakia is the Euro</li>\n                <li>Slovakia’s capital is the only capital in the world to border two countries (Austria and Hungary)</li>\n                <li>Several people qualify for free transportation, such as students, children, elderly and the disabled</li>\n                <li>Slovakia is one of the three countries with the most beautiful women in the world</li>\n            </ul>','Slovak Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Slovak interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Slovak translator interpreter'),(13850,13850,1,'Slovak Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','5a2ce6b3-1c6b-470e-b877-65997cee67a2','CIT offers Slovak interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Slovak language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Slovak language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Slovak language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Slovak language, as well as of the culture and history of the Slovak people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n            <strong><u>The Slovak Language</u></strong>\n\n            The Slovak Language, known as Slovak Slovencina, is a Western Slovak language spoken by about 5.2 million people worldwide. It is close to several other languages in the region such as Czech and Polish. People in several countries such as Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and parts of Ukraine speak Slovak. Currently, Slovak is the official language of Slovakia.\n\n            The Slovak language is written using the Latin (or Roman) alphabet. The earliest recorded documants with Slovak in them were Latin documents from the 1000s to the 1400s along with in the Czeck documents between the 1300s and the 1500s. However, there were pushes to increase Slovak writings arounf the 1600s and 1700s as the Roman Catholics from the University of Trnava attempted to introduce the Slovak language for use with hymns and other books for church. The Slovak language was not an accepted literary languages until much later, in the early and mid 1800s, when a group began to write in cental Slovak dialects. This group was led by a Protestant, L’udovit Stur. This language was soon accepted as Standard Slovak. It was changed and codified by Martin Hattala using his grammatical rules around the middle of the 19<sup>th</sup> century.\n\n            Currently, there are three major dialects in the Slovak language. They are Eastern, Central and Western. The Western dialects are similar to the Moravian dialects from the Czech language. It is appropriate to say that the Slovak and Czech language dialects can be understood by each languages’ speakers.\n\n            The Slovak language follows a subject-verb-object typology. There are three genders (masculine, feminine and neutral). The Slovak language does not use articles. There are six cases. The Slovak alphabet has 27 consonants, 10 vowels and 4 diphthongs. Typically, the stress of a word is found on the first syllable.<strong> </strong>\n\n            <strong><u>Fun Facts about Slovakia</u></strong>\n            <ul>\n                <li>Per capita, Slovakia has the highest number of chateau’s and castles.</li>\n                <li>There are more than 6,000 caves in Slovakia</li>\n                <li>Slovakia is the geographical midpoint of Europe</li>\n                <li>The currency in Slovakia is the Euro</li>\n                <li>Slovakia’s capital is the only capital in the world to border two countries (Austria and Hungary)</li>\n                <li>Several people qualify for free transportation, such as students, children, elderly and the disabled</li>\n                <li>Slovakia is one of the three countries with the most beautiful women in the world</li>\n            </ul>','Slovak Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Slovak interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Slovak translator interpreter'),(13851,13851,1,'Slovene Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','1e1b146f-b3b2-4279-b2ee-f55a5185b6bc','CIT offers Slovene interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Slovene language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Slovene language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Slovene language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Slovene language, as well as of the culture and history of the Slovene people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n            <strong><u>The Slovene Language</u></strong>\n\n            The Slovene language, which is also known as Slovenian and Slovene Slovenscina is a South Slavic language spoken in Slovenia, Italy, Austria, Croatia and Hungary. About 2.5 million people worldwide speak Slovene. It is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. It is an Indo-European language, part of the Slavic family of languages. There are several dialects of the Slovene language, such as Prekmurje and Resian. There are about 32 standardized dialects of the Slovene language. Some linguists go as far as claiming that there are even 46 dialects of the Slovene language. Slovene is very close to the Chakavian dialect of the Serbo-Croatian language.\n\n            The first-time words in Slovene were printed were in 1515 in Vienna in a poem by German mercenaries. Not much later, towards the end of the 16<sup>th</sup> century, Standard Slovene came to be, thanks to Slovene Lutheran authors who became active and popular during the Protestant Reformation. Around the 11<sup>th</sup> century, Protestants had translated the Bible and wrote certain religious passages in Slovene. In the late 1700s, there was a Roman Catholic translated version of the bible that was published. In the mid-1800s, a standard written and spoken Slovene language was widespread and being used.\n\n            The Slovene language has 21 consonants and 8 vowels. There are 6 noun cases in Slovene: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative and instrumental. Nouns have three genders (feminine, masculine or neutral). Like many other European languages, the word ‘you’ has two forms: formal and informal. This is known as the T-V distinction. In French, for example, informal ‘you’ is referred to as ‘toi’ whereas formal ‘you’ is referred to as ‘vous,’ thus the T-V distinction.\n\n            The Slovene alphabet is written in the Latin (Roman) characters.\n\n            <strong><u>Fun Facts about Slovenia</u></strong>\n            <ul>\n                <li>About 60% of Slovenia is forest</li>\n                <li>Life expectancy is 79 years</li>\n                <li>The national day is June 25<sup>th</sup></li>\n                <li>Solkan Bridge in Slovenia is the world’s longest stone arch bridge railway</li>\n                <li>In Slovenia, there is one winery or vineyard for every 75 people</li>\n                <li>Every year on April 30<sup>th</sup>, people all around the country light bonfires</li>\n                <li>There are more than 90,000 beekeepers in Slovenia</li>\n                <li>At the Hostel Celica, one can pay to be locked up in jail</li>\n            </ul>','Slovene Language Interpreters and Translators','Cal Interpreting & Translations provides experienced translators and interpreters for the Slovene language. Slovene is spoken in Slovenia.','Slovene translator interpreter'),(13852,13852,1,'Slovene Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','4a77331b-c722-4447-962b-7ac2d433ad9c','CIT offers Slovene interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Slovene language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Slovene language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Slovene language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Slovene language, as well as of the culture and history of the Slovene people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n            <strong><u>The Slovene Language</u></strong>\n\n            The Slovene language, which is also known as Slovenian and Slovene Slovenscina is a South Slavic language spoken in Slovenia, Italy, Austria, Croatia and Hungary. About 2.5 million people worldwide speak Slovene. It is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. It is an Indo-European language, part of the Slavic family of languages. There are several dialects of the Slovene language, such as Prekmurje and Resian. There are about 32 standardized dialects of the Slovene language. Some linguists go as far as claiming that there are even 46 dialects of the Slovene language. Slovene is very close to the Chakavian dialect of the Serbo-Croatian language.\n\n            The first-time words in Slovene were printed were in 1515 in Vienna in a poem by German mercenaries. Not much later, towards the end of the 16<sup>th</sup> century, Standard Slovene came to be, thanks to Slovene Lutheran authors who became active and popular during the Protestant Reformation. Around the 11<sup>th</sup> century, Protestants had translated the Bible and wrote certain religious passages in Slovene. In the late 1700s, there was a Roman Catholic translated version of the bible that was published. In the mid-1800s, a standard written and spoken Slovene language was widespread and being used.\n\n            The Slovene language has 21 consonants and 8 vowels. There are 6 noun cases in Slovene: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative and instrumental. Nouns have three genders (feminine, masculine or neutral). Like many other European languages, the word ‘you’ has two forms: formal and informal. This is known as the T-V distinction. In French, for example, informal ‘you’ is referred to as ‘toi’ whereas formal ‘you’ is referred to as ‘vous,’ thus the T-V distinction.\n\n            The Slovene alphabet is written in the Latin (Roman) characters.\n\n            <strong><u>Fun Facts about Slovenia</u></strong>\n            <ul>\n                <li>About 60% of Slovenia is forest</li>\n                <li>Life expectancy is 79 years</li>\n                <li>The national day is June 25<sup>th</sup></li>\n                <li>Solkan Bridge in Slovenia is the world’s longest stone arch bridge railway</li>\n                <li>In Slovenia, there is one winery or vineyard for every 75 people</li>\n                <li>Every year on April 30<sup>th</sup>, people all around the country light bonfires</li>\n                <li>There are more than 90,000 beekeepers in Slovenia</li>\n                <li>At the Hostel Celica, one can pay to be locked up in jail</li>\n            </ul>','Slovene Language Interpreters and Translators','Cal Interpreting & Translations provides experienced translators and interpreters for the Slovene language. Slovene is spoken in Slovenia.','Slovene translator interpreter'),(13853,13853,1,'Somali Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','1abd68f2-30fc-400a-9b68-a35b6531be1c','<h2>Somali Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\n            Somali is considered an East Cushitic ethnic language, primarily spoken in Somalia. The language is derived from a group of Afro-Asiatic languages spoken alongside Arabic and Italian. Located in eastern Africa, Somalia is bordered by the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden. As such, it contains similarities to languages in neighboring regions, so call CIT to work with a Somali interpreter or translator who knows the difference.\n\n            CIT is available to assist you with your Somali needs in any realm. We can assist you in providing an in-person interpreter, over-the-phone interpreter and/or a document translation. Our qualified and professional linguists are available to assist you in breaking the communication barrier in industries like education, business, manufacturing, law, technology and countless more. No matter what setting you need a Somali translator or interpreter in, we can provide an expert.\n            <h2>Somalian Dialects</h2>\n            The Somali language is classified into three dialects – Northern, Central and Coastal. When looking deeper into the background of the language, most consider the dialects to be forgotten as they are from extremely exotic geographical areas.\n\n            <strong>Northern Somali</strong> – Spoken by 60% of the Somalian population. Northern Somali is where they are considered to speak proper Somali. Somalia is divided into three (3) linguistic regions which are Northern Somali proper, Darod group, and Lower Juba group.\n\n            <strong>Central Somali</strong> – Simultaneously referred to as the Rahanweyn Somalis, Central Somalia is divided into two (2) groups: the Digil and Maay. Digital consists of dialects known as Tunni, Garre, Dabarre, and Jiddu, which is considered the most ungraspable and the hardest to understand. Maay is made up of the Northern and Bur Hakaba dialects.\n\n            <strong>Coastal Somali</strong> – Known as the Benadir Coast, the dialects of Somali spoken in this region are split between two (2) dialects: Benadir and Ashraf. The Benadir coast stretches from Hoboyo to the South of Merca. The Benadir dialect of the Somali language consists of the Northern and Southern language, whereas the Ashraaf dialect is made up of the Shingani and Lower Shabelle.\n            <h2>Understanding Somali grammar</h2>\n            Anyone who has attempted to learn the Somali language can testify to the difficulty of learning the language. There are a few ways that the Somalian language uses to indicate the location of the interest or focus. For instance, the usage of the words <em>baa</em>, <em>ayaa</em>, and <em>waxaa </em>puts the attention on the nouns and phrases. The word waa pulls the attention to the verbs and verb phrase. Typically, in the Somalian language, sentences are formed in the order of Subject, Object, Verb. Nouns provide the tone, both feminine and masculine, of the sentence.\n\n            <strong>Absolutive case</strong> – known as the basic form of Somalian nouns where the word maintains the vowel\n\n            <strong>Nominative case</strong> – part of the sentence where the article takes the vowel; in cases of multiple nouns, only the last noun is to take the ending of the word\n\n            <strong>Genitive case</strong> – expressed by the tonal change of the word, including the feminine nouns that consist of the final consonant of the root word\n\n            <strong>Vocative case</strong> – designated by the suffixes and change in tone\n\n            <strong>Gender</strong> – usually obvious in its existence and does not require a rule\n\n            <strong>Pronouns</strong> are simple and comprised of <strong>short</strong> and <strong>objective</strong> forms of the noun.\n\n            <strong>Verbs</strong> – demonstrates a mood composed of four tenses, uses only with a modal verb and formed by an ending.\n\n            <strong>Infinitive/Verbal nouns</strong> – created through the suffix','Somali Translator & Interpreter','Professional Somali interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Somali translator interpreter'),(13854,13854,1,'Somali Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','35fabe3e-0102-425e-8417-42a7308ffdb1','<h2>Somali Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\n            Somali is considered an East Cushitic ethnic language, primarily spoken in Somalia. The language is derived from a group of Afro-Asiatic languages spoken alongside Arabic and Italian. Located in eastern Africa, Somalia is bordered by the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden. As such, it contains similarities to languages in neighboring regions, so call CIT to work with a Somali interpreter or translator who knows the difference.\n\n            CIT is available to assist you with your Somali needs in any realm. We can assist you in providing an in-person interpreter, over-the-phone interpreter and/or a document translation. Our qualified and professional linguists are available to assist you in breaking the communication barrier in industries like education, business, manufacturing, law, technology and countless more. No matter what setting you need a Somali translator or interpreter in, we can provide an expert.\n            <h2>Somalian Dialects</h2>\n            The Somali language is classified into three dialects – Northern, Central and Coastal. When looking deeper into the background of the language, most consider the dialects to be forgotten as they are from extremely exotic geographical areas.\n\n            <strong>Northern Somali</strong> – Spoken by 60% of the Somalian population. Northern Somali is where they are considered to speak proper Somali. Somalia is divided into three (3) linguistic regions which are Northern Somali proper, Darod group, and Lower Juba group.\n\n            <strong>Central Somali</strong> – Simultaneously referred to as the Rahanweyn Somalis, Central Somalia is divided into two (2) groups: the Digil and Maay. Digital consists of dialects known as Tunni, Garre, Dabarre, and Jiddu, which is considered the most ungraspable and the hardest to understand. Maay is made up of the Northern and Bur Hakaba dialects.\n\n            <strong>Coastal Somali</strong> – Known as the Benadir Coast, the dialects of Somali spoken in this region are split between two (2) dialects: Benadir and Ashraf. The Benadir coast stretches from Hoboyo to the South of Merca. The Benadir dialect of the Somali language consists of the Northern and Southern language, whereas the Ashraaf dialect is made up of the Shingani and Lower Shabelle.\n            <h2>Understanding Somali grammar</h2>\n            Anyone who has attempted to learn the Somali language can testify to the difficulty of learning the language. There are a few ways that the Somalian language uses to indicate the location of the interest or focus. For instance, the usage of the words <em>baa</em>, <em>ayaa</em>, and <em>waxaa </em>puts the attention on the nouns and phrases. The word waa pulls the attention to the verbs and verb phrase. Typically, in the Somalian language, sentences are formed in the order of Subject, Object, Verb. Nouns provide the tone, both feminine and masculine, of the sentence.\n\n            <strong>Absolutive case</strong> – known as the basic form of Somalian nouns where the word maintains the vowel\n\n            <strong>Nominative case</strong> – part of the sentence where the article takes the vowel; in cases of multiple nouns, only the last noun is to take the ending of the word\n\n            <strong>Genitive case</strong> – expressed by the tonal change of the word, including the feminine nouns that consist of the final consonant of the root word\n\n            <strong>Vocative case</strong> – designated by the suffixes and change in tone\n\n            <strong>Gender</strong> – usually obvious in its existence and does not require a rule\n\n            <strong>Pronouns</strong> are simple and comprised of <strong>short</strong> and <strong>objective</strong> forms of the noun.\n\n            <strong>Verbs</strong> – demonstrates a mood composed of four tenses, uses only with a modal verb and formed by an ending.\n\n            <strong>Infinitive/Verbal nouns</strong> – created through the suffix','Somali Translator & Interpreter','Professional Somali interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Somali translator interpreter'),(13855,13855,1,'Spanish Language Translation Services','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','75bc40a5-1be6-46ac-84ac-0a6472858cc2','<h2>Our Spanish Language Services</h2>\n            <p>Consistent quality and best pricing are just two reasons Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations service (CIT) is a leading provider of language services throughout the United States and California.</p><p>Our 24-hour access means Spanish speakers can expect the best spoken Latin American Spanish interpreting and Spanish translation services. We have expert translators fluent in Spanish variations including Argentinean Spanish, Chilean Spanish, and Mexican Spanish.</p><p>Most CIT clients are southern Latin neighbors in Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica to as far south as Brazil, Chile, and Peru who need <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/official-document-translation/\">official documents translated into English</a>.</p><p>We provide translation for many Central American and South American Spanish languages which include, K\'iche\', Mixteco, Q’anjob’al, Trique, and Zapotec.</p>\n            <h3>sPANISH					</h3>\n            INTERPRETING SERVICES\n            Spoken Translation\n            <ul>\n                <li>\n                    Consecutive Interpreting\n                </li>\n                </ul><p>Real-time spoken translation.</p>\n                \n                    Simultaneous Interpreting\n                \n                <p>A must for any conference.</p>\n                \n                    Equipment Rental\n                \n                <p>For multi-national corporations, VIP travelers and tourists in need of constant communication.</p>\n                \n                    Escort Interpreting\n                \n                <p>For multi-national corporations, VIP travelers and tourists in need of constant communication.</p>\n                \n                    Examinations Under Oath\n                \n                <p>We started in courtroom interpreting. Expect the best.</p>\n                \n                    Captioning/Subtitling\n                \n                <ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/captioning/\">Captioning</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/captioning/\">Closed Captioning</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/dubbing/\">Dubbing</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/subtitling-service/\">Subtitling</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/multilingual-transcription/\">Transcription</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/voice-over/\">Voice Over</a></li></ul>\n                \n                    Sign Language Interpreting\n                \n                <p>Sign language interpreting includes American Sign Language (ASL).</p>\n                \n                    Telephonic Interpreting\n                \n                <p>Over the phone interpreting.</p>\n                \n                    Video Remote Interpreting (VRI)\n                \n                <p>Video Remote Interpreting (VRI). </p>\n                \n                    Workers Compensation\n                \n                <p>Assistance for non-English speakers.</p>\n            \n            <h3>SPANISH					</h3>\n            TRANSLATION SERVICES\n            Written Translation\n            <ul>\n                <li>\n                    Birth Certificate Translation\n                <ul><li>Details &amp; Request Service</li></ul></li>\n                \n                <li>\n                    Marriage Certificate Translation\n                <ul><li>Details &amp; Request Service</li></ul></li>\n                \n                <li>\n                    Academic Documents\n                <ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/academic-transcript-translations/\">Complete translation of High School &amp; College Transcripts</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/diploma-transcript-translation/\">Diploma translation</a></li></ul></li>\n                \n                <li>\n                    Apostille Translations\n                <ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/translation-apostille-services/\">A certificate that accompanies the original document to verify that the public official’s signature on a document is authenticated</a></li></ul></li>\n                \n                <li>\n                    Business Documents\n                <ul><li>Financial records</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/annual-report-document-translation/\">Annual reports</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/balance-sheet-translators/\">Balance Sheets</a></li></ul> \n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    Certified Documents\n                </li>\n                </ul><p>Documents requiring certification.</p>\n                \n                    Legal Documents\n                \n                <p>Contracts to government filings.</p>\n                \n                    Localization\n                \n                <ul><li>Advertising Localization</li><li>Brand Localization</li><li>Broadcast Commercial</li><li>Localization</li><li>Certificate Localization</li><li>Content Localization</li><li>Digital Localizations</li><li>Document Localization</li><li>E-Commerce App Localization</li><li>Gaming Localizations</li><li>Graphic User Interface</li><li>Localization</li><li>iPad App Localization</li><li>iPhone App Localization</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/localization/manufacturing-localizations/\">Manufacturing Localizations</a></li><li>Marketing Content Localization</li><li>Marketing Localization</li><li>Mobile App</li><li>Multimedia Localization</li><li>SEO Localization</li><li>Software App Localization</li><li>Software Localizations</li><li>Subtitling Localization</li><li>Tourism Localizations</li><li>Web App Localization</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/localization/website-localizations/\">Website Localization</a></li></ul>\n                \n                    Official Documents\n                \n                <ul><li>AGREEMENTS/CONTRACTS<ul><li>Arbitration</li><li>Confidentiality</li><li>Employment</li><li>Lease/Rental</li><li>Memorandum of Understanding</li><li>Partnership</li><li>Procurement</li><li>Professional Services</li><li>Prenuptial</li><li>Purchase</li><li>Severance</li></ul></li><li>CERTIFICATES<ul><li>Apostille</li><li>Birth</li><li>Certificate of No Criminal Record</li><li>Death</li><li>Marriage</li><li>Vaccination/Immunization</li></ul></li><li>FORMS<ul><li>Adoption</li><li>Enrollment</li><li>Financial Assistance Application</li><li>Immigration</li><li>Tax</li></ul></li><li>IDENTIFICATION<ul><li>Driver\'s License</li><li>Government ID Card</li><li>Military ID</li><li>Passport</li><li>Permanent Resident ID</li><li>Visa</li></ul></li><li>COMMERCIAL <ul><li>Balance Sheets</li><li>Bank Statements</li><li>Bill of Lading</li><li>Cash Flow Statement</li><li>Credit Report</li><li>Invoices</li><li>Patents</li><li>Proforma Invoices</li><li>Promissory Notes</li><li>Tax Returns/Declarations</li></ul></li><li>EDUCATIONAL<ul><li>Admission paperwork</li><li>Diploma</li><li>Grant Paperwork</li><li>Report Card</li><li>Transcript of Records</li></ul></li><li>JUDICIAL<ul><li>Affidavit</li><li>Divorce decree</li><li>Divorce judgement</li><li>Power of Attorney</li><li>Summons</li><li>Warrants</li></ul></li></ul>\n                \n                    Rush Translation\n                \n                <ul><li>Any document <em>RUSH</em></li></ul>\n            \n            <h2>The Spanish Language</h2>\n            <p>CIT offers Spanish interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Spanish language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. </p><p>Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Spanish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Spanish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Spanish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Spanish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>\n            <h2>Relationships To Nearby Languages</h2>\n            <p>The Spanish language has several dialects. It is also known as Castilian, which is a modern standard that was developed from Spanish. Castilian first became popular in the 800s in north-central Spain, in a town called Burgos. </p><p>Once Spain was conquered from the Moors, Castilian became more widespread towards Madrid and Toledo. When Castile and Leon merged with the kingdom of Aragon, Castilian became the official language of Spain. Today, the dialects of Aragon, Navarra, Leon, Asturias and Santander exist only minimally due to the fading out that occurred when the kingdoms merged. </p><p>The Galician language, which is similar to Portuguese and Catalan were spoken far less at this time but have increased in popularity starting in the late 1900s. Another dialect of Spanish is Mozarabic, which is Spanish that was used in Spain when Arabs occupied it before the 1100s. Castilian spoken in southern Spain is known as Andalusian and was shared with the New World between the mid 1400s and 1500s during the Age of Discovery.</p><p>In Spanish, nouns can be masculine, feminine, plural or singular. Verbs have a complex system but are typically regular. There are indicative, imperative and subjunctive moves along with preterit, imperfect, present, future, condition, perfect and progressive tenses. Additionally, there are passive and reflexive constructions.</p>\n            <h2>Modern Era</h2>\n            <p>In Spanish, nouns can be masculine, feminine, plural or singular. Verbs have a complex system but are typically regular. There are indicative, imperative and subjunctive moves along with preterit, imperfect, present, future, condition, perfect and progressive tenses. Additionally, there are passive and reflexive constructions.</p><p>The countries that speak Spanish in the Americas have their own language standards. They have different phonology and vocabulary, which includes a lot more loanwords from English. However, many Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas consider Castilian to be the basis of their language. </p><p>It’s accepted to say that Spanish of the Americas is more musical than Castilian Spanish from Spain. Considering how much time has passed and how many countries speak the language, it is amazing to see how little the language has transformed.</p><p>Judeo Spanish is very similar to Castilian. When the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, the richer class who chose to stay and convert to Christianity eventually would move to England or the Netherlands. There, their Sephardic language survived and was a form of a religious language for the communities. Other Spanish Jews who fled moved to the Middle East and wrote Castilian Spanish in Hebrew script.</p><p>The first records of Spanish were from the 900s from Rioja and Castile, showing few differences between the two documents. The Kharjahs in Mozarabic were the next texts to survive, dating back to the 1100s. The famous poem, Cantar de mio Cid was in a language that was essentially Castilian and can date back to the mid 12th century.</p>\n            <h2>Interpreting and Translation Near You</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/virginia/spanish-interpreters-in-arlington/\">\n                        Arlington, Virginia\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/bakersfield-california/\">\n                        Bakersfield, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/illinois/legal-translator-chicago/\">\n                        Chicago, Illinois\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/el-centro-california/\">\n                        El Centro, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/fresno-california/\">\n                        Fresno, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/texas/legal-translaton-houston/\">\n                        Houston, Texas\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/long-beach-california/\">\n                        Long Beach, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/los-angeles/\">\n                        Los Angeles, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/florida/spanish-interpreters-in-miami/\">\n                        Miami, Florida\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/monterey/\">\n                        Monterey, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/new-york/spanish-interpreters-in-new-york-city/\">\n                        New York City, New York\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/new-jersey/\">\n                        Newark, New Jersey\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/orange-county/\">\n                        Orange County, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n            </ul>\n            <ul>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/legal-translator-phoenix/\">\n                        Phoenix, Arizona\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/rancho-cucamonga/\">\n                        Rancho Cucamonga, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/sacramento-california/\">\n                        Sacramento, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/monterey/\">\n                        Salinas, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-diego/spanish-interpreters-san-diego/\">\n                        San Diego, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/bakersfield-california/\">\n                        San Fernando Valley, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-francisco-translation-services/\">\n                        San Francisco, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/interpreting-services/california-interpreting-service/spanish-interpreters-in-san-jose/\">\n                        San Jose, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-luis-obispo-legal-translator/\">\n                        San Luis Obispo, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/interpreting-services/california-interpreting-service/spanish-interpreters-in-santa-ana/\">\n                        Santa Ana, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/washington/spanish-interpreters-in-seattle/\">\n                        Seattle, Washington\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n            </ul>\n            <p>Our translators offer comprehensive Spanish language translation services including verbal and written transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Spanish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.</p><p>CIT’s Spanish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Spanish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Spanish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>','Spanish Language Translation Services','Professional Spanish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Spanish Language Translation Services'),(13856,13856,1,'Spanish Language Translation Services','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','4af916b4-a213-4c55-a900-6e51822a12d0','<h2>Our Spanish Language Services</h2>\n            <p>Consistent quality and best pricing are just two reasons Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations service (CIT) is a leading provider of language services throughout the United States and California.</p><p>Our 24-hour access means Spanish speakers can expect the best spoken Latin American Spanish interpreting and Spanish translation services. We have expert translators fluent in Spanish variations including Argentinean Spanish, Chilean Spanish, and Mexican Spanish.</p><p>Most CIT clients are southern Latin neighbors in Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica to as far south as Brazil, Chile, and Peru who need <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/official-document-translation/\">official documents translated into English</a>.</p><p>We provide translation for many Central American and South American Spanish languages which include, K\'iche\', Mixteco, Q’anjob’al, Trique, and Zapotec.</p>\n            <h3>sPANISH					</h3>\n            INTERPRETING SERVICES\n            Spoken Translation\n            <ul>\n                <li>\n                    Consecutive Interpreting\n                </li>\n                </ul><p>Real-time spoken translation.</p>\n                \n                    Simultaneous Interpreting\n                \n                <p>A must for any conference.</p>\n                \n                    Equipment Rental\n                \n                <p>For multi-national corporations, VIP travelers and tourists in need of constant communication.</p>\n                \n                    Escort Interpreting\n                \n                <p>For multi-national corporations, VIP travelers and tourists in need of constant communication.</p>\n                \n                    Examinations Under Oath\n                \n                <p>We started in courtroom interpreting. Expect the best.</p>\n                \n                    Captioning/Subtitling\n                \n                <ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/captioning/\">Captioning</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/captioning/\">Closed Captioning</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/dubbing/\">Dubbing</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/subtitling-service/\">Subtitling</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/multilingual-transcription/\">Transcription</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/audiovisual-translation/voice-over/\">Voice Over</a></li></ul>\n                \n                    Sign Language Interpreting\n                \n                <p>Sign language interpreting includes American Sign Language (ASL).</p>\n                \n                    Telephonic Interpreting\n                \n                <p>Over the phone interpreting.</p>\n                \n                    Video Remote Interpreting (VRI)\n                \n                <p>Video Remote Interpreting (VRI). </p>\n                \n                    Workers Compensation\n                \n                <p>Assistance for non-English speakers.</p>\n            \n            <h3>SPANISH					</h3>\n            TRANSLATION SERVICES\n            Written Translation\n            <ul>\n                <li>\n                    Birth Certificate Translation\n                <ul><li>Details &amp; Request Service</li></ul></li>\n                \n                <li>\n                    Marriage Certificate Translation\n                <ul><li>Details &amp; Request Service</li></ul></li>\n                \n                <li>\n                    Academic Documents\n                <ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/academic-transcript-translations/\">Complete translation of High School &amp; College Transcripts</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/diploma-transcript-translation/\">Diploma translation</a></li></ul></li>\n                \n                <li>\n                    Apostille Translations\n                <ul><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/translation-apostille-services/\">A certificate that accompanies the original document to verify that the public official’s signature on a document is authenticated</a></li></ul></li>\n                \n                <li>\n                    Business Documents\n                <ul><li>Financial records</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/annual-report-document-translation/\">Annual reports</a></li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/balance-sheet-translators/\">Balance Sheets</a></li></ul> \n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    Certified Documents\n                </li>\n                </ul><p>Documents requiring certification.</p>\n                \n                    Legal Documents\n                \n                <p>Contracts to government filings.</p>\n                \n                    Localization\n                \n                <ul><li>Advertising Localization</li><li>Brand Localization</li><li>Broadcast Commercial</li><li>Localization</li><li>Certificate Localization</li><li>Content Localization</li><li>Digital Localizations</li><li>Document Localization</li><li>E-Commerce App Localization</li><li>Gaming Localizations</li><li>Graphic User Interface</li><li>Localization</li><li>iPad App Localization</li><li>iPhone App Localization</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/localization/manufacturing-localizations/\">Manufacturing Localizations</a></li><li>Marketing Content Localization</li><li>Marketing Localization</li><li>Mobile App</li><li>Multimedia Localization</li><li>SEO Localization</li><li>Software App Localization</li><li>Software Localizations</li><li>Subtitling Localization</li><li>Tourism Localizations</li><li>Web App Localization</li><li><a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/localization/website-localizations/\">Website Localization</a></li></ul>\n                \n                    Official Documents\n                \n                <ul><li>AGREEMENTS/CONTRACTS<ul><li>Arbitration</li><li>Confidentiality</li><li>Employment</li><li>Lease/Rental</li><li>Memorandum of Understanding</li><li>Partnership</li><li>Procurement</li><li>Professional Services</li><li>Prenuptial</li><li>Purchase</li><li>Severance</li></ul></li><li>CERTIFICATES<ul><li>Apostille</li><li>Birth</li><li>Certificate of No Criminal Record</li><li>Death</li><li>Marriage</li><li>Vaccination/Immunization</li></ul></li><li>FORMS<ul><li>Adoption</li><li>Enrollment</li><li>Financial Assistance Application</li><li>Immigration</li><li>Tax</li></ul></li><li>IDENTIFICATION<ul><li>Driver\'s License</li><li>Government ID Card</li><li>Military ID</li><li>Passport</li><li>Permanent Resident ID</li><li>Visa</li></ul></li><li>COMMERCIAL <ul><li>Balance Sheets</li><li>Bank Statements</li><li>Bill of Lading</li><li>Cash Flow Statement</li><li>Credit Report</li><li>Invoices</li><li>Patents</li><li>Proforma Invoices</li><li>Promissory Notes</li><li>Tax Returns/Declarations</li></ul></li><li>EDUCATIONAL<ul><li>Admission paperwork</li><li>Diploma</li><li>Grant Paperwork</li><li>Report Card</li><li>Transcript of Records</li></ul></li><li>JUDICIAL<ul><li>Affidavit</li><li>Divorce decree</li><li>Divorce judgement</li><li>Power of Attorney</li><li>Summons</li><li>Warrants</li></ul></li></ul>\n                \n                    Rush Translation\n                \n                <ul><li>Any document <em>RUSH</em></li></ul>\n            \n            <h2>The Spanish Language</h2>\n            <p>CIT offers Spanish interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Spanish language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. </p><p>Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Spanish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Spanish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Spanish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Spanish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>\n            <h2>Relationships To Nearby Languages</h2>\n            <p>The Spanish language has several dialects. It is also known as Castilian, which is a modern standard that was developed from Spanish. Castilian first became popular in the 800s in north-central Spain, in a town called Burgos. </p><p>Once Spain was conquered from the Moors, Castilian became more widespread towards Madrid and Toledo. When Castile and Leon merged with the kingdom of Aragon, Castilian became the official language of Spain. Today, the dialects of Aragon, Navarra, Leon, Asturias and Santander exist only minimally due to the fading out that occurred when the kingdoms merged. </p><p>The Galician language, which is similar to Portuguese and Catalan were spoken far less at this time but have increased in popularity starting in the late 1900s. Another dialect of Spanish is Mozarabic, which is Spanish that was used in Spain when Arabs occupied it before the 1100s. Castilian spoken in southern Spain is known as Andalusian and was shared with the New World between the mid 1400s and 1500s during the Age of Discovery.</p><p>In Spanish, nouns can be masculine, feminine, plural or singular. Verbs have a complex system but are typically regular. There are indicative, imperative and subjunctive moves along with preterit, imperfect, present, future, condition, perfect and progressive tenses. Additionally, there are passive and reflexive constructions.</p>\n            <h2>Modern Era</h2>\n            <p>In Spanish, nouns can be masculine, feminine, plural or singular. Verbs have a complex system but are typically regular. There are indicative, imperative and subjunctive moves along with preterit, imperfect, present, future, condition, perfect and progressive tenses. Additionally, there are passive and reflexive constructions.</p><p>The countries that speak Spanish in the Americas have their own language standards. They have different phonology and vocabulary, which includes a lot more loanwords from English. However, many Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas consider Castilian to be the basis of their language. </p><p>It’s accepted to say that Spanish of the Americas is more musical than Castilian Spanish from Spain. Considering how much time has passed and how many countries speak the language, it is amazing to see how little the language has transformed.</p><p>Judeo Spanish is very similar to Castilian. When the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, the richer class who chose to stay and convert to Christianity eventually would move to England or the Netherlands. There, their Sephardic language survived and was a form of a religious language for the communities. Other Spanish Jews who fled moved to the Middle East and wrote Castilian Spanish in Hebrew script.</p><p>The first records of Spanish were from the 900s from Rioja and Castile, showing few differences between the two documents. The Kharjahs in Mozarabic were the next texts to survive, dating back to the 1100s. The famous poem, Cantar de mio Cid was in a language that was essentially Castilian and can date back to the mid 12th century.</p>\n            <h2>Interpreting and Translation Near You</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/virginia/spanish-interpreters-in-arlington/\">\n                        Arlington, Virginia\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/bakersfield-california/\">\n                        Bakersfield, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/illinois/legal-translator-chicago/\">\n                        Chicago, Illinois\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/el-centro-california/\">\n                        El Centro, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/fresno-california/\">\n                        Fresno, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/texas/legal-translaton-houston/\">\n                        Houston, Texas\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/long-beach-california/\">\n                        Long Beach, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/los-angeles/\">\n                        Los Angeles, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/florida/spanish-interpreters-in-miami/\">\n                        Miami, Florida\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/monterey/\">\n                        Monterey, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/new-york/spanish-interpreters-in-new-york-city/\">\n                        New York City, New York\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/new-jersey/\">\n                        Newark, New Jersey\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/orange-county/\">\n                        Orange County, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n            </ul>\n            <ul>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/legal-translator-phoenix/\">\n                        Phoenix, Arizona\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/rancho-cucamonga/\">\n                        Rancho Cucamonga, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/sacramento-california/\">\n                        Sacramento, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/monterey/\">\n                        Salinas, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-diego/spanish-interpreters-san-diego/\">\n                        San Diego, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/bakersfield-california/\">\n                        San Fernando Valley, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-francisco-translation-services/\">\n                        San Francisco, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/interpreting-services/california-interpreting-service/spanish-interpreters-in-san-jose/\">\n                        San Jose, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/california/san-luis-obispo-legal-translator/\">\n                        San Luis Obispo, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/services/interpreting-services/california-interpreting-service/spanish-interpreters-in-santa-ana/\">\n                        Santa Ana, California\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n                <li>\n                    <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/united-states/washington/spanish-interpreters-in-seattle/\">\n                        Seattle, Washington\n                    </a>\n                </li>\n            </ul>\n            <p>Our translators offer comprehensive Spanish language translation services including verbal and written transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Spanish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.</p><p>CIT’s Spanish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Spanish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Spanish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>','Spanish Language Translation Services','Professional Spanish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Spanish Language Translation Services'),(13857,13857,1,'Swedish','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','58774d66-ac65-4d3d-9ba7-abdad67146bf','<h2>Swedish Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\n            As one expands their horizons, they must remain vigilant of the challenges of breaking the language barrier. Because of the nuances involved in transcription, translation, localization, and interpretation, it is essential that you turn to an expert firm like CIT for your linguistic needs. Our services cover over 200 languages and we strive to bring you perfection in each one. The CIT guarantee comes standard with every job. This way, you know that you are getting screened and trained language experts. In addition, our work with Swedish separates us from our market rivals, as we can consistently supply you with an interpreter or translator at the shortest notice.\n\n            When it comes to using an ultra-low-cost machine interpreting tool that works along the lines of Google Translate, you will undoubtedly lose a number of key elements in your communication. These avenues often leave out things like tone, context, and historical references. As such, you will get a huge amount of misinterpretation or mistranslation in addition to not seeing the entire picture. Our experts possess a rich amount of cultural knowledge, this way they can advise you on different elements of the conversation. Norms and tendencies are not static among societies so it is important to have someone you can trust.\n            <h2>History of the Swedish Language</h2>\n            As the official language of Sweden and one of the two national languages of Finland, Swedish falls under the Scandinavian umbrella. Today, over eight million speak it. It bears a number of similarities to languages spoken in neighboring regions, like Norwegian and Danish.\n\n            Swedish history goes back as far as the seventh century. While they possessed a written language early on, their languages underwent major alterations by the 1400s. As discussed before, the influence of neighboring languages, specifically Danish, occurred during this time. Differentiating between them despite the loan words proves a challenge for the average amateur Swedish interpreter or translator.\n\n            In the 18th century, the Swedish government made aggressive efforts to improve the written language. They did this out of nationalism. At the same time, various dialects like Svea and Gota began cropping up. Swedish literature is extremely well known throughout the globe and its impact on what came after it is extremely profound.\n            <h2>Swedish Grammar</h2>\n            Just like any other Scandanavian language, Swedish uses the definite article following the noun. In addition, it does not include case endings. The use of gender varies by dialect, but it commonly uses three and sometimes even two.\n            <h2>Hire a Swedish Interpreter or Translator</h2>\n            Need a Swedish interpreter or Swedish translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Swedish interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Swedish interpreting assignment, or request a Swedish translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Swedish','Professional Swedish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13858,13858,1,'Swedish','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','48f760c4-833a-4683-b0ab-36b236bb7f84','<h2>Swedish Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\n            As one expands their horizons, they must remain vigilant of the challenges of breaking the language barrier. Because of the nuances involved in transcription, translation, localization, and interpretation, it is essential that you turn to an expert firm like CIT for your linguistic needs. Our services cover over 200 languages and we strive to bring you perfection in each one. The CIT guarantee comes standard with every job. This way, you know that you are getting screened and trained language experts. In addition, our work with Swedish separates us from our market rivals, as we can consistently supply you with an interpreter or translator at the shortest notice.\n\n            When it comes to using an ultra-low-cost machine interpreting tool that works along the lines of Google Translate, you will undoubtedly lose a number of key elements in your communication. These avenues often leave out things like tone, context, and historical references. As such, you will get a huge amount of misinterpretation or mistranslation in addition to not seeing the entire picture. Our experts possess a rich amount of cultural knowledge, this way they can advise you on different elements of the conversation. Norms and tendencies are not static among societies so it is important to have someone you can trust.\n            <h2>History of the Swedish Language</h2>\n            As the official language of Sweden and one of the two national languages of Finland, Swedish falls under the Scandinavian umbrella. Today, over eight million speak it. It bears a number of similarities to languages spoken in neighboring regions, like Norwegian and Danish.\n\n            Swedish history goes back as far as the seventh century. While they possessed a written language early on, their languages underwent major alterations by the 1400s. As discussed before, the influence of neighboring languages, specifically Danish, occurred during this time. Differentiating between them despite the loan words proves a challenge for the average amateur Swedish interpreter or translator.\n\n            In the 18th century, the Swedish government made aggressive efforts to improve the written language. They did this out of nationalism. At the same time, various dialects like Svea and Gota began cropping up. Swedish literature is extremely well known throughout the globe and its impact on what came after it is extremely profound.\n            <h2>Swedish Grammar</h2>\n            Just like any other Scandanavian language, Swedish uses the definite article following the noun. In addition, it does not include case endings. The use of gender varies by dialect, but it commonly uses three and sometimes even two.\n            <h2>Hire a Swedish Interpreter or Translator</h2>\n            Need a Swedish interpreter or Swedish translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Swedish interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Swedish interpreting assignment, or request a Swedish translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Swedish','Professional Swedish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13859,13859,1,'Tagalog','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','edc33d05-253d-40bc-852c-e343e623d23e','<h2>Tagalog Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Tagalog interpreting and translating services are highly sought in California due to the high number of Tagalog speaking persons in California, compounded by the extremely limited number of court certified interpreters in the state. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers interpreters and translators in all 100 + languages and dialects of the Philippines, including Tagalog, Filipino, Cebuano, and Ilocano.  We offer California court-certified Tagalog language interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Tagalog language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Tagalog languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Tagalog language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tagalog language, as well as of Filipino culture and history, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>What is the difference between Tagalog and Filipino?</h2>\n            Often times this question is dismissed out of hand by less attentive interpreting agencies. It is often asserted that these language terms are not indicative of serious differences, since native speakers of both languages are able to understand each other in conversation.\n\n            However, Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations is aware that technical translations always call for more precise language, necessitating that we be more sensitive about whether to use Tagalog or Filipino. In order to understand the difference between the two languages, we must first understand the history of the evolution of the national language from Tagalog to Filipino.\n            <h2>An evolving linguistic history</h2>\n            The national language of the Philippines is Filipino, which is Tagalog based. While Tagalog is only spoken in the capital city of Manila and its neighboring areas, Tagalog has existed as the lingua franca of the Philippines since the 1930s. In the 1930s the Commonwealth Constitution of the Philippines was drafted. This constitution did not specify a national language, and therefore Tagalog became the de facto national language, as it was understood by inhabitants of the entirety of the Philippine islands.\n\n            When a new constitution was issued in 1970, a new national language was introduced- Pilipino. Newly coined words and expressions were added to the Tagalog vocabulary, replacing words of foreign origins. This program failed, as the old vocabulary was already deeply seated in the daily lives and conversations of the Filipino people.\n\n            In the 1980s, a new constitution was ratified, which labeled the national language as Filipino. The goal of this new national language was to accommodate Filipino people’s preference for multiple existing words that were derived from English and Spanish words. Because of this, the formerly non-native letters and speech sounds c, ch, f, j, x, and z were introduced into the Filipino alphabet.\n            <h2>So… what’s the difference?</h2>\n            The notable difference between Filipino and Tagalog is that Filipino is more inclusive and all-encompassing, as it incorporates contributions from other languages besides Tagalog. For example, in Filipino, the correct translation of the word ‘dictionary’ is <em>diksyunaryo, </em>derived from the Spanish <em>diccionario</em>. Tagalog purists would insist on <em>talatinigan </em>as the translation for dictionary. Though this translation is indigenous to Tagalog speaking regions, it is considered more politically appropriate to use Filipino than Tagalog. As an unwritten rule in translation practices, words that have been universally used for long periods of time in the Tagalog regions are safe to be classified as Tagalog. Modern words and other borrowings are distinguished as Filipino.\n\n            As you can see, the language history of the over 7,000 islands that make up the archipelago of the Philippines is extensive and complex, and Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations takes great pains to ensure that we always provide you and your clients with the most accurate and up to date translation, transcription, and interpretation services.','Tagalog','Professional Tagalog language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours.','Tagalog'),(13860,13860,1,'Tagalog','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','58201f11-3fdc-4a50-93b5-c2f0419a6380','<h2>Tagalog Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Tagalog interpreting and translating services are highly sought in California due to the high number of Tagalog speaking persons in California, compounded by the extremely limited number of court certified interpreters in the state. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers interpreters and translators in all 100 + languages and dialects of the Philippines, including Tagalog, Filipino, Cebuano, and Ilocano.  We offer California court-certified Tagalog language interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Tagalog language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Tagalog languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Tagalog language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tagalog language, as well as of Filipino culture and history, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>What is the difference between Tagalog and Filipino?</h2>\n            Often times this question is dismissed out of hand by less attentive interpreting agencies. It is often asserted that these language terms are not indicative of serious differences, since native speakers of both languages are able to understand each other in conversation.\n\n            However, Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations is aware that technical translations always call for more precise language, necessitating that we be more sensitive about whether to use Tagalog or Filipino. In order to understand the difference between the two languages, we must first understand the history of the evolution of the national language from Tagalog to Filipino.\n            <h2>An evolving linguistic history</h2>\n            The national language of the Philippines is Filipino, which is Tagalog based. While Tagalog is only spoken in the capital city of Manila and its neighboring areas, Tagalog has existed as the lingua franca of the Philippines since the 1930s. In the 1930s the Commonwealth Constitution of the Philippines was drafted. This constitution did not specify a national language, and therefore Tagalog became the de facto national language, as it was understood by inhabitants of the entirety of the Philippine islands.\n\n            When a new constitution was issued in 1970, a new national language was introduced- Pilipino. Newly coined words and expressions were added to the Tagalog vocabulary, replacing words of foreign origins. This program failed, as the old vocabulary was already deeply seated in the daily lives and conversations of the Filipino people.\n\n            In the 1980s, a new constitution was ratified, which labeled the national language as Filipino. The goal of this new national language was to accommodate Filipino people’s preference for multiple existing words that were derived from English and Spanish words. Because of this, the formerly non-native letters and speech sounds c, ch, f, j, x, and z were introduced into the Filipino alphabet.\n            <h2>So… what’s the difference?</h2>\n            The notable difference between Filipino and Tagalog is that Filipino is more inclusive and all-encompassing, as it incorporates contributions from other languages besides Tagalog. For example, in Filipino, the correct translation of the word ‘dictionary’ is <em>diksyunaryo, </em>derived from the Spanish <em>diccionario</em>. Tagalog purists would insist on <em>talatinigan </em>as the translation for dictionary. Though this translation is indigenous to Tagalog speaking regions, it is considered more politically appropriate to use Filipino than Tagalog. As an unwritten rule in translation practices, words that have been universally used for long periods of time in the Tagalog regions are safe to be classified as Tagalog. Modern words and other borrowings are distinguished as Filipino.\n\n            As you can see, the language history of the over 7,000 islands that make up the archipelago of the Philippines is extensive and complex, and Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations takes great pains to ensure that we always provide you and your clients with the most accurate and up to date translation, transcription, and interpretation services.','Tagalog','Professional Tagalog language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours.','Tagalog'),(13861,13861,1,'Tahitian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','0cc79919-2b41-4cf9-8895-44b8b97fd32e','<h2>Tahitian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tahitian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tahitian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tahitian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tahitian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tahitian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tahitian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tahitian Language</h2>\n            The Tahitian language, a Polynesian language, is spoken in Tahiti and other French Polynesian Islands. It is also known as Reo Tahiti. According to census in 2007, almost 70,000 people speak Tahitian. These Tahitian speakers live primarily in the Society Islands. Other Tahitian speakers live in the Tuamotu Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Vanuatu. The Tahitian language is very close to the Rarontongan and Hawai’ian languages.\n\n            Before the 1800s, Tahitian was a solely oral language. A Welsh historian and linguist, John Davis suggested developing a Tahitian alphabet based on Latin. Davis would later produce the first Tahitian book in 1810 called <em>Te Aebi no Tahiti.</em> Since then, most literature printed in Tahitian has been for religious or educational purposes. Davis’ alphabet used 8 consonants and 5 vowels. There are only about one thousand words. One may think it would be easy for foreigners to learn Tahitian but because it is extremely different from European languages, it is actually quite difficult for foreigners to learn. The French language has a heavy influence on Tahitian.\n\n            In 1975, the Tahitian Academy came into existence. It is a group of 20 members. Up until then, Tahitian was considered a foreign language. In 1982, it began being used in schools again. Prior to that in 1980, Tahitian achieved the same status as French as an official language in Tahiti. However, because the French Constitution does not allow for more than one official language in French territories, it was not included in the 1996 French Polynesian status. Because of this, French Tahitian is only considered to be a dialect.\n            <h2>Fun Facts about Tahiti</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>Tahiti and Her Islands spans about 2 million square miles in the South Pacific Ocean</li>\n                <li>The capital of Tahiti is Papeete, meaning “water basket”</li>\n                <li>About 285,000 people live in French Polynesia</li>\n                <li>It is accepted to put the Tahitian national flower, a Tiare behind the ear. If you are taken, you place the flower behind the left ear. If you place it behind the right, you are single.</li>\n                <li>The nickname of Moorea is The Island of Love. “Bora Bora” is known as “The Romantic Island.”</li>\n                <li>Black pearls are indigenous to the Tuomotu Islands.</li>\n                <li>What seems to be mailboxes outside of homes are actually French bread delivery boxes. In Tahiti, one must go to the mailbox to get their mail!</li>\n            </ul>','Tahitian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tahitian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13862,13862,1,'Tahitian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','cbf01acb-9984-4a91-9580-c37bfe5f5ac0','<h2>Tahitian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tahitian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tahitian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tahitian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tahitian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tahitian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tahitian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tahitian Language</h2>\n            The Tahitian language, a Polynesian language, is spoken in Tahiti and other French Polynesian Islands. It is also known as Reo Tahiti. According to census in 2007, almost 70,000 people speak Tahitian. These Tahitian speakers live primarily in the Society Islands. Other Tahitian speakers live in the Tuamotu Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Vanuatu. The Tahitian language is very close to the Rarontongan and Hawai’ian languages.\n\n            Before the 1800s, Tahitian was a solely oral language. A Welsh historian and linguist, John Davis suggested developing a Tahitian alphabet based on Latin. Davis would later produce the first Tahitian book in 1810 called <em>Te Aebi no Tahiti.</em> Since then, most literature printed in Tahitian has been for religious or educational purposes. Davis’ alphabet used 8 consonants and 5 vowels. There are only about one thousand words. One may think it would be easy for foreigners to learn Tahitian but because it is extremely different from European languages, it is actually quite difficult for foreigners to learn. The French language has a heavy influence on Tahitian.\n\n            In 1975, the Tahitian Academy came into existence. It is a group of 20 members. Up until then, Tahitian was considered a foreign language. In 1982, it began being used in schools again. Prior to that in 1980, Tahitian achieved the same status as French as an official language in Tahiti. However, because the French Constitution does not allow for more than one official language in French territories, it was not included in the 1996 French Polynesian status. Because of this, French Tahitian is only considered to be a dialect.\n            <h2>Fun Facts about Tahiti</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>Tahiti and Her Islands spans about 2 million square miles in the South Pacific Ocean</li>\n                <li>The capital of Tahiti is Papeete, meaning “water basket”</li>\n                <li>About 285,000 people live in French Polynesia</li>\n                <li>It is accepted to put the Tahitian national flower, a Tiare behind the ear. If you are taken, you place the flower behind the left ear. If you place it behind the right, you are single.</li>\n                <li>The nickname of Moorea is The Island of Love. “Bora Bora” is known as “The Romantic Island.”</li>\n                <li>Black pearls are indigenous to the Tuomotu Islands.</li>\n                <li>What seems to be mailboxes outside of homes are actually French bread delivery boxes. In Tahiti, one must go to the mailbox to get their mail!</li>\n            </ul>','Tahitian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tahitian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13863,13863,1,'Tajik Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','f316cbe4-a0bd-442a-9eaf-a56db2842f54','<h2>Tajik interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tajik interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tajik language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tajik language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tajik language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tajik language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tajik people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tajik Language</h2>\n            The Tajik language is spoken by about 8.5 million people in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It is the official language of Tajikistan, although Russian comes in at a close second for languages spoken in the country. Tajikistan is in Central Asia and surrounded by only land. Because so many people from different backgrounds have lived in the area, the Tajik language is influenced by a variety of other languages. Russian gained popularity in the area during the Soviet era. Tajik is used for a variety of purposes in Tajikistan, such as government, education, business, legal and in the everyday lives of the people of Tajikistan. Tajik is thought to be a form of the Persian language. There are some that oppose this thought due to the geographical location and political barriers that had played a role in the development of both languages.\n\n            In Tajikistan, the Russian language is used heavily as well as Tajik. Although the Tajikistani constitution does not state Russian as an official language of the country, it is stilled used both formally and informally. The constitution, however, touched upon the Russian language and how it can be used for communication. However, in 2009, this was removed. Besides Russian and Tajik, there are many other languages that are spoken in Tajikistan, including Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Persian, Arabic and Pashto. Other languages that are spoken, but far less than others, include Yaghnobi, Parya, Shughni and Wakhi. Along with this, due to immigration, other languages are spoken such as Armenian, Romanian, Lithuanian, Korean, Belarusian, Kazakh and Turkish.\n\n            The Tajik language is written using the Cyrillic script. In 1928, it began being written in Latin. Before 1928, it was written in Arabic. In 1939, the Cyrillic script replaced the Latin script. At this time, six new letters were added to the Cyrillic script.\n\n            The Tajik language has many loanwords from the Russian language, mainly due to the influence of the Soviet Union on Tajikistan. Many of these loanwords are particularly used within fields such as socioeconomics, technology and government. There is also influence from other languages, such as Uzbek and Arabic, on the Tajik language vocabulary.\n            <h2>Interesting Facts about Tajikistan</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>93% of Tajikistan is mountain</li>\n                <li>There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan</li>\n                <li>It is a landlocked country</li>\n                <li>By area, it is the 94<sup>th</sup> largest country in the world</li>\n                <li>The Silk Road passed through Tajikistan</li>\n            </ul>','Tajik Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tajik language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13864,13864,1,'Tajik Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','cc9a551e-7e06-4b77-b124-efa9398b1ca5','<h2>Tajik interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tajik interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tajik language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tajik language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tajik language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tajik language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tajik people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tajik Language</h2>\n            The Tajik language is spoken by about 8.5 million people in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It is the official language of Tajikistan, although Russian comes in at a close second for languages spoken in the country. Tajikistan is in Central Asia and surrounded by only land. Because so many people from different backgrounds have lived in the area, the Tajik language is influenced by a variety of other languages. Russian gained popularity in the area during the Soviet era. Tajik is used for a variety of purposes in Tajikistan, such as government, education, business, legal and in the everyday lives of the people of Tajikistan. Tajik is thought to be a form of the Persian language. There are some that oppose this thought due to the geographical location and political barriers that had played a role in the development of both languages.\n\n            In Tajikistan, the Russian language is used heavily as well as Tajik. Although the Tajikistani constitution does not state Russian as an official language of the country, it is stilled used both formally and informally. The constitution, however, touched upon the Russian language and how it can be used for communication. However, in 2009, this was removed. Besides Russian and Tajik, there are many other languages that are spoken in Tajikistan, including Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Persian, Arabic and Pashto. Other languages that are spoken, but far less than others, include Yaghnobi, Parya, Shughni and Wakhi. Along with this, due to immigration, other languages are spoken such as Armenian, Romanian, Lithuanian, Korean, Belarusian, Kazakh and Turkish.\n\n            The Tajik language is written using the Cyrillic script. In 1928, it began being written in Latin. Before 1928, it was written in Arabic. In 1939, the Cyrillic script replaced the Latin script. At this time, six new letters were added to the Cyrillic script.\n\n            The Tajik language has many loanwords from the Russian language, mainly due to the influence of the Soviet Union on Tajikistan. Many of these loanwords are particularly used within fields such as socioeconomics, technology and government. There is also influence from other languages, such as Uzbek and Arabic, on the Tajik language vocabulary.\n            <h2>Interesting Facts about Tajikistan</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>93% of Tajikistan is mountain</li>\n                <li>There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan</li>\n                <li>It is a landlocked country</li>\n                <li>By area, it is the 94<sup>th</sup> largest country in the world</li>\n                <li>The Silk Road passed through Tajikistan</li>\n            </ul>','Tajik Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tajik language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(13865,13865,1,'Tamil Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','47d2705f-04e7-4bf9-ac75-5a4eaef2a7cd','<h2>Tamil interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tamil interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tamil language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tamil language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tamil language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tamil language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tamil people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tamil Language</h2>\n            The Tamil language is a Dravidian language spoken by over 67 million people worldwide. Tamil is spoken in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, the UK, the US, Canada, South Africa, Singapore, France, Mauritius and other countries. About 60 million of the worldwide Tamil speakers live in India. Tamil is spoken mainly in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry (although it is used in other states as well). The Tamil language is used in education in both Malaysia and Singapore.\n\n            The Tamil language was first said to be written in 500 BC. There are even debates that it is the oldest language! In 300 BC, literature in the Tamil language began to appear. Up until the 8<sup>th</sup> century AD, Tamil was known as Old Tamil. Between the 8<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries AD, the Tamil used is referred to as Middle Tamil whereas the Tamil used from then until now is called Modern Tamil.\n\n            Originally, Tamil was written in Brahmi script. In the 400s AD, Tamil Brahmi script became more rounded and turned into the Vatteluttu (‘round’) script. The Chola-Pallava script, which was another Tamil script developed during the Pallava dynasty, was created in the 6<sup>th</sup> century. From this script, the modern Tamil script came to be. In the 1800s, the script used to write Tamil was simplified in order to make typing easier. There is also an Arabic script of the Tamil language, known as Arwi and is used by Tamil speaking Muslims.\n\n            In 2004, Tamil officially became a classical Indian language. This means that its origins were verified as ancient, it had independent traditions and there is a considerable amount of Tamil literature. The spoken Tamil language has also changed. These changes include the phonological changes in structures of words. The major differences are between Tamil spoken in Indian and Tamil spoken in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Within the Tamil language, there are also differences, almost like dialects, between northern, western and southern Tamil speakers. The speech may vary between social class.\n\n            Just like other Dravidian language, Tamil has retroflex consonants. The Tamil language is a verb-final language. Tamil has a syllabic alphabet. It is written from left to right, horizontally. If a verb is written at the beginning of a syllable, it is going to be written as an independent letter. The Tamil alphabet had originally been written on palm leaves, thus having letters with many curves in order to avoid tearing the leaves.','Tamil Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tamil language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tamil translator interpreter'),(13866,13866,1,'Tamil Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','b3a51d44-1cef-4e5f-af4f-e9ff703d9974','<h2>Tamil interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tamil interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tamil language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tamil language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tamil language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tamil language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tamil people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tamil Language</h2>\n            The Tamil language is a Dravidian language spoken by over 67 million people worldwide. Tamil is spoken in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, the UK, the US, Canada, South Africa, Singapore, France, Mauritius and other countries. About 60 million of the worldwide Tamil speakers live in India. Tamil is spoken mainly in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry (although it is used in other states as well). The Tamil language is used in education in both Malaysia and Singapore.\n\n            The Tamil language was first said to be written in 500 BC. There are even debates that it is the oldest language! In 300 BC, literature in the Tamil language began to appear. Up until the 8<sup>th</sup> century AD, Tamil was known as Old Tamil. Between the 8<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries AD, the Tamil used is referred to as Middle Tamil whereas the Tamil used from then until now is called Modern Tamil.\n\n            Originally, Tamil was written in Brahmi script. In the 400s AD, Tamil Brahmi script became more rounded and turned into the Vatteluttu (‘round’) script. The Chola-Pallava script, which was another Tamil script developed during the Pallava dynasty, was created in the 6<sup>th</sup> century. From this script, the modern Tamil script came to be. In the 1800s, the script used to write Tamil was simplified in order to make typing easier. There is also an Arabic script of the Tamil language, known as Arwi and is used by Tamil speaking Muslims.\n\n            In 2004, Tamil officially became a classical Indian language. This means that its origins were verified as ancient, it had independent traditions and there is a considerable amount of Tamil literature. The spoken Tamil language has also changed. These changes include the phonological changes in structures of words. The major differences are between Tamil spoken in Indian and Tamil spoken in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Within the Tamil language, there are also differences, almost like dialects, between northern, western and southern Tamil speakers. The speech may vary between social class.\n\n            Just like other Dravidian language, Tamil has retroflex consonants. The Tamil language is a verb-final language. Tamil has a syllabic alphabet. It is written from left to right, horizontally. If a verb is written at the beginning of a syllable, it is going to be written as an independent letter. The Tamil alphabet had originally been written on palm leaves, thus having letters with many curves in order to avoid tearing the leaves.','Tamil Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tamil language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tamil translator interpreter'),(13867,13867,1,'Tatar Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','d425d97d-466e-4bc7-9477-6d790e4097c1','<h2>Tatar interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tatar interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tatar language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tatar language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tatar language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tatar language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tatar people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tatar Language</h2>\n            The Tatar language, a Turkic language, is spoken by approximately 7 million people worldwide. Tatar is spoken in Russia, Tatarstan, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuanian, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the US and Uzbekistan. The Tatar language has several dialects. The most popular dialects are Kazan Tatar, which is spoken in Tatarstan, along with Western Tatar (known as Misher Tatar) and other minor dialects, known as Siberian dialects, such as Kasimov, Tepter, Astrakhan and Ural. Kazan Tatar is the dialect in which the Tatar language is written.\n\n            Another form, Crimean Tatar, is part of the same section of Turkic languages. Crimean Tatar was the official language of Crimean up until the 1600s and then it was replaced by Turkish from the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Crimean Tatar originated from the Golden Horde around the 1200s. In the 1800s, Crimean Tatar was brought back, but solely as a literary language. However, not long later, Joseph Stalin’s deportation of the Crimean Tatars forced a decline in the use and popularity of the language. After the fall of the Soviet Union, many of those who were forced out of Crimean returned. At this point, the Ukrainian government placed status on Crimean Tatar and named it a  minority language.\n\n            The Tatar language, at different points in history, had been written using a variety of alphabets. Prior to the 800s AD, Tatar was written using the Orkhon alphabet. After and until 1920, Tatar used an Arabic alphabet. Between 1920 and 1927, a modified version of the Arabic alphabet was used for Tatar. Since 1927, the Tatar alphabet was written using the Cyrillic alphabet and a variety of Latin alphabets as well.\n            <h2>Fun Facts about Tatarstan</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>Kazan is the capital of Tatarstan</li>\n                <li>The longest river in Europe runs through Tatarstan</li>\n                <li>Tatarstan has one of Europe’s biggest mosques</li>\n                <li>Kazan is the 3<sup>rd</sup> largest city in Russia, after Moscow and St. Petersburg</li>\n                <li>Kazan is older than Moscow</li>\n                <li>The metro system in Kazan only has 10 stops</li>\n            </ul>','Tatar Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tatar language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tatar translator interpreter'),(13868,13868,1,'Tatar Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','67f2b358-28d4-4924-9537-a1456a999558','<h2>Tatar interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tatar interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tatar language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tatar language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tatar language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tatar language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tatar people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tatar Language</h2>\n            The Tatar language, a Turkic language, is spoken by approximately 7 million people worldwide. Tatar is spoken in Russia, Tatarstan, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuanian, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the US and Uzbekistan. The Tatar language has several dialects. The most popular dialects are Kazan Tatar, which is spoken in Tatarstan, along with Western Tatar (known as Misher Tatar) and other minor dialects, known as Siberian dialects, such as Kasimov, Tepter, Astrakhan and Ural. Kazan Tatar is the dialect in which the Tatar language is written.\n\n            Another form, Crimean Tatar, is part of the same section of Turkic languages. Crimean Tatar was the official language of Crimean up until the 1600s and then it was replaced by Turkish from the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Crimean Tatar originated from the Golden Horde around the 1200s. In the 1800s, Crimean Tatar was brought back, but solely as a literary language. However, not long later, Joseph Stalin’s deportation of the Crimean Tatars forced a decline in the use and popularity of the language. After the fall of the Soviet Union, many of those who were forced out of Crimean returned. At this point, the Ukrainian government placed status on Crimean Tatar and named it a  minority language.\n\n            The Tatar language, at different points in history, had been written using a variety of alphabets. Prior to the 800s AD, Tatar was written using the Orkhon alphabet. After and until 1920, Tatar used an Arabic alphabet. Between 1920 and 1927, a modified version of the Arabic alphabet was used for Tatar. Since 1927, the Tatar alphabet was written using the Cyrillic alphabet and a variety of Latin alphabets as well.\n            <h2>Fun Facts about Tatarstan</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>Kazan is the capital of Tatarstan</li>\n                <li>The longest river in Europe runs through Tatarstan</li>\n                <li>Tatarstan has one of Europe’s biggest mosques</li>\n                <li>Kazan is the 3<sup>rd</sup> largest city in Russia, after Moscow and St. Petersburg</li>\n                <li>Kazan is older than Moscow</li>\n                <li>The metro system in Kazan only has 10 stops</li>\n            </ul>','Tatar Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tatar language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tatar translator interpreter'),(13869,13869,1,'Thai','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','49eed0b3-3824-46b0-bf35-6a098e9a1b8f','<h2>Thai Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Professional Thai interpreting and translating services can be difficult to secure in parts of California, due to the limited number of court-certified Thai interpreters in the state. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) has years-long positive relationships with these interpreters and can provide the highest qualified Thai interpreters in the state.\n\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations offers Thai interpreters and translators in all dialects of Thai. We offer California court certified Thai interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT’s Thai language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our Thai interpreters and Thai translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Thai languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translation’s Thai interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Thai language, as well as of Thai culture and history, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Thai, Khmer, Laotian… What’s the difference?</h2>\n            Most experts agree that the Thai script is derived from the Khmer script, which itself is modeled after the Brahmic script. Thai and its script are closely related to Laotian language and script (of Laos). In fact, more than half of the Thai grammar, vocabulary, and intonation are common with the Lao language. Most Lao are therefore able to understand spoken Thai.\n\n            The Thai writing system was created based on the Khmer writing system. The oldest known Khmer inscription dates back to 611 CE. The first Thai writings appeared around 1292 CE.\n            <h2>Dialects of Thai</h2>\n            There are multiple dialects of Thai. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations provides Thai interpreting and translating services in all dialects, including Phunan, Shan, Isan, Northern Thai, Southern Thai, and Phu Thai.','Thai','Professional Thai language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Thai'),(13870,13870,1,'Thai','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','9ee5c8f2-2744-4f19-9e36-b28500e6eb29','<h2>Thai Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Professional Thai interpreting and translating services can be difficult to secure in parts of California, due to the limited number of court-certified Thai interpreters in the state. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) has years-long positive relationships with these interpreters and can provide the highest qualified Thai interpreters in the state.\n\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations offers Thai interpreters and translators in all dialects of Thai. We offer California court certified Thai interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT’s Thai language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our Thai interpreters and Thai translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Thai languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translation’s Thai interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Thai language, as well as of Thai culture and history, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Thai, Khmer, Laotian… What’s the difference?</h2>\n            Most experts agree that the Thai script is derived from the Khmer script, which itself is modeled after the Brahmic script. Thai and its script are closely related to Laotian language and script (of Laos). In fact, more than half of the Thai grammar, vocabulary, and intonation are common with the Lao language. Most Lao are therefore able to understand spoken Thai.\n\n            The Thai writing system was created based on the Khmer writing system. The oldest known Khmer inscription dates back to 611 CE. The first Thai writings appeared around 1292 CE.\n            <h2>Dialects of Thai</h2>\n            There are multiple dialects of Thai. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations provides Thai interpreting and translating services in all dialects, including Phunan, Shan, Isan, Northern Thai, Southern Thai, and Phu Thai.','Thai','Professional Thai language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Thai'),(13871,13871,1,'Tibetan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','f31ff90d-c3a5-4b96-a9bb-83e7d7b4bb81','<h2>Tibetan interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tibetan interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tibetan language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tibetan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tibetan language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tibetan language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tibetan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tibetan Language</h2>\n            The Tibetan language is spoken in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Tibetan is part of the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language. About 1.2 million people speak Tibetan, also known as Lhasa Tibetan. It is spoken in Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal and in some parts of India, particularly in the north. It is a Tibetic language and is the most spoken Tibetic language.\n\n            There are four main dialects of Tibetan: Central, Southern, Northern and Western. Lhasa, named after the capital of Tibet and the form of Tibetan which is most used, is part of the Central dialect. Prior to 1950, Tibet was made up of three provinces. They were Amdo, Kham and U-Tsang. Amdo is now Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan. The Standard Tibetan language has three main forms: vernacular (known as phal-skad), formal (zhe-sa) and a formal literary and religious form, used for religious and classical literature (Chos-skad). In the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, the Tibetan language is an official language of the region. It is the language in which education is taught in primary schools. As children grow older, starting in middle school, the primary language of educational instruction shifts to Mandarin. One can, however, learn certain subjects in Tibetan in college.\n\n            In the 600s AD, Songstem Gampo, who was the 33<sup>rd</sup> king of the Yarlung Dynasty and the first Emperor of Tibet, sent a minister named Thonmi Sambhota to India in order to bring back information on Buddhism. Sambhota then made a script for Tibetan. This script was heavily based on the Devanagari model. The newer Tibetan alphabet had been used initially to translate Buddhist texts into Tibetan. In the 800s, a Sanskrit-Tibetan dictionary called <em>Mahayyutpatti</em> was released. It used wood block printing that came from China. This wood block printing is still used today in certain monasteries.\n\n            Literature in Tibet typically follows Buddhist themes along with literary pieces that were translated from Sanskrit and Chinese. Some other Tibetan works are about the Bon religion, which came before Buddhism and is native to Tibet. There is another form of Tibetan literature, called the gter-ma, which is work that had been concealed in scattered caves for several hundred years.\n\n            The Tibetan language is written using a syllabic alphabet, or an abugida, that comes from Indian origin. It is written from left to right in horizontal lines. Each syllable is marked by a dot.','Tibetan Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tibetan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tibetan translator interpreter'),(13872,13872,1,'Tibetan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','60b4d5b5-b0e4-4334-8194-c9539e1933d2','<h2>Tibetan interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tibetan interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tibetan language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tibetan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tibetan language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tibetan language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tibetan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tibetan Language</h2>\n            The Tibetan language is spoken in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Tibetan is part of the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language. About 1.2 million people speak Tibetan, also known as Lhasa Tibetan. It is spoken in Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal and in some parts of India, particularly in the north. It is a Tibetic language and is the most spoken Tibetic language.\n\n            There are four main dialects of Tibetan: Central, Southern, Northern and Western. Lhasa, named after the capital of Tibet and the form of Tibetan which is most used, is part of the Central dialect. Prior to 1950, Tibet was made up of three provinces. They were Amdo, Kham and U-Tsang. Amdo is now Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan. The Standard Tibetan language has three main forms: vernacular (known as phal-skad), formal (zhe-sa) and a formal literary and religious form, used for religious and classical literature (Chos-skad). In the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, the Tibetan language is an official language of the region. It is the language in which education is taught in primary schools. As children grow older, starting in middle school, the primary language of educational instruction shifts to Mandarin. One can, however, learn certain subjects in Tibetan in college.\n\n            In the 600s AD, Songstem Gampo, who was the 33<sup>rd</sup> king of the Yarlung Dynasty and the first Emperor of Tibet, sent a minister named Thonmi Sambhota to India in order to bring back information on Buddhism. Sambhota then made a script for Tibetan. This script was heavily based on the Devanagari model. The newer Tibetan alphabet had been used initially to translate Buddhist texts into Tibetan. In the 800s, a Sanskrit-Tibetan dictionary called <em>Mahayyutpatti</em> was released. It used wood block printing that came from China. This wood block printing is still used today in certain monasteries.\n\n            Literature in Tibet typically follows Buddhist themes along with literary pieces that were translated from Sanskrit and Chinese. Some other Tibetan works are about the Bon religion, which came before Buddhism and is native to Tibet. There is another form of Tibetan literature, called the gter-ma, which is work that had been concealed in scattered caves for several hundred years.\n\n            The Tibetan language is written using a syllabic alphabet, or an abugida, that comes from Indian origin. It is written from left to right in horizontal lines. Each syllable is marked by a dot.','Tibetan Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tibetan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tibetan translator interpreter'),(13873,13873,1,'Tigre Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','4d142a1c-0ec8-42ce-994a-13ed8bc00bfa','<h2>Tigre interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tigre interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tigre language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tigre language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tigre language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tigre language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tigre people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tigre Language</h2>\n            Tigre, a Semitic language spoken by the Tigre people of Eritrea and parts of Sudan, is spoken by about 1.4 million people. It is Native to Eritrea and is part of the Afro-Asiatic language family. It is also a second language for Cushitic and Nilotic groups. Tigre is related to the Ge’ez language along with the more modern Tigrinya. In fact, historians and linguists alike believe that Tigre originated from Ge’ez, which as a language used in the Ethiopian and Erithean Orthodox Tewahedo Church.\n            <h2>Tigre Dialects</h2>\n            There are multiple dialects of the Tigre language. They include, Mansa, Habab, Barka, Semhar, Algeden, Senhit and Dahalik. Most of the dialects are understood amongst each other, except for Dahalik, which is less understood by speakers of the other Tigre dialects.\n            <h2>Grammar in Tigre</h2>\n            Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.Similarly to the Ge’ez language, Tigre has two pharyngeal consonants. There are three consonants that are only present in loanwords. A pair of words can be different depending on the length of the consonant. This is known as a phonemic consonant length. Some consonants, such as the pharyngeal and glottal consonants, are not long consonants.\n            <h2>Tigre Writing and Grammar</h2>\n            Starting in 1889, the Ge’ez or Ethipian script was used to write Tigre. The Tigre people who follow the Muslim religion will write Tigre using Arabic script. On the other hand, Christian Tigres along with the Eritrean government will use a Ge’ez or Ethiopian alphabet, which was created in order to translate the New Testament in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century. Tigre is an abugida script, which means that each character in the Tigre script is part vowel, part consonant.\n\n            In Tigre, there are two genders: masculine and feminine. With some words, depending on the emphasis of a syllable, it could indicate if the word is plural or singular, even though it is technically the same word.\n            <h2>The Tigre People</h2>\n            The Tigre people are known to be nomads from a pastoral ancestry. They live in communities located in the north, west and on the coastal lowlands of Eritrea. Additionally, the Tigre can be found in eastern Sudan. Over 95% of the Tigre people are Sunni Muslim. It is recorded that the first Tigre people who converted to Islam were those living on the Islands in the Red Sea in the 600s AD, very close to the origin of the religion.','Tigre Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tigre language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tigre translator interpreter'),(13874,13874,1,'Tigre Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','08ab9c2b-11cd-439a-a2b5-a8ee3219363e','<h2>Tigre interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tigre interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tigre language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tigre language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tigre language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tigre language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tigre people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tigre Language</h2>\n            Tigre, a Semitic language spoken by the Tigre people of Eritrea and parts of Sudan, is spoken by about 1.4 million people. It is Native to Eritrea and is part of the Afro-Asiatic language family. It is also a second language for Cushitic and Nilotic groups. Tigre is related to the Ge’ez language along with the more modern Tigrinya. In fact, historians and linguists alike believe that Tigre originated from Ge’ez, which as a language used in the Ethiopian and Erithean Orthodox Tewahedo Church.\n            <h2>Tigre Dialects</h2>\n            There are multiple dialects of the Tigre language. They include, Mansa, Habab, Barka, Semhar, Algeden, Senhit and Dahalik. Most of the dialects are understood amongst each other, except for Dahalik, which is less understood by speakers of the other Tigre dialects.\n            <h2>Grammar in Tigre</h2>\n            Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.Similarly to the Ge’ez language, Tigre has two pharyngeal consonants. There are three consonants that are only present in loanwords. A pair of words can be different depending on the length of the consonant. This is known as a phonemic consonant length. Some consonants, such as the pharyngeal and glottal consonants, are not long consonants.\n            <h2>Tigre Writing and Grammar</h2>\n            Starting in 1889, the Ge’ez or Ethipian script was used to write Tigre. The Tigre people who follow the Muslim religion will write Tigre using Arabic script. On the other hand, Christian Tigres along with the Eritrean government will use a Ge’ez or Ethiopian alphabet, which was created in order to translate the New Testament in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century. Tigre is an abugida script, which means that each character in the Tigre script is part vowel, part consonant.\n\n            In Tigre, there are two genders: masculine and feminine. With some words, depending on the emphasis of a syllable, it could indicate if the word is plural or singular, even though it is technically the same word.\n            <h2>The Tigre People</h2>\n            The Tigre people are known to be nomads from a pastoral ancestry. They live in communities located in the north, west and on the coastal lowlands of Eritrea. Additionally, the Tigre can be found in eastern Sudan. Over 95% of the Tigre people are Sunni Muslim. It is recorded that the first Tigre people who converted to Islam were those living on the Islands in the Red Sea in the 600s AD, very close to the origin of the religion.','Tigre Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tigre language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tigre translator interpreter'),(13875,13875,1,'Tok Pisin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','ac90614b-158e-4377-98ba-95502b77da8c','<h2>Tok Pisin Translation Services</h2>\n            CIT offers Tok Pisin interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tok Pisin language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide.\n\n            Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tok Pisin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\n            CIT’s Tok Pisin language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Tok Pisin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Papua New Guinea people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tok Pisin Language</h2>\n            Tok Pisin pidgin is English based and spoken by about 4 million people. The language is primarily spoken in Papua New Guinea. Of this amount, about 120,000 speak Tok Pisin as their first language. It is the most popular official language of Papua New Guinea. Other official languages of Papua New Guinea include English and Hiri Motu.\n\n            Tok Pisin came to be between the 1850s and 1900s. The language was popular on plantations among the laborers who were brought from Melanesia, Malaysia and China. “Tok” means word or speech and “pisin” means pidgin. A pidgin is a heavily simplified language between groups that donot have a shared language. Others translate Tok Pisin to mean “bird talk.”\n\n            Tok Pisin is also known as New Guinea Pidgin, Melanesian Pidgin English or Neo-Melanesian. Although Tok Pisin was originally just a pidgin, it has now developed into a creole with a more intricate grammar system. Most of the words in the language are from English, although there are some words in other languages such as German, Portuguese, Tolai and Malay.\n\n            Melanesian languages have several grammatical similarities. Some include a transitive marker on a verb, plural distinction, inclusive and exclusive distinction and a numeral classification.\n\n            In New Guinea, Tok Pisin is used in some media and government. It is also the language used in schools for the first few years on instruction only. It is written using the Latin script. Originally, the literature in Tok Pisin was mainly to spread religion and to translate the Bible. It was only in 1970 that the language was used for other aspects, such as a newspaper.\n\n            <img src=\"https://calinterpreting.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/LANGUAGE-INFO-GRAPHIC-RIGHT-TOK-PISIN-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Tok Pisin interpreters and translation services by CIT\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" />\n            <h2>Interesting Facts about Tok Pisin and Papua New Guinea</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>There are over 850 languages spoken in New Guinea.</li>\n                <li>Tok Pisin\'s two ISO language codes are: ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3.</li>\n                <li>New Guinea is one of the biggest islands in the world.</li>\n                <li>Papua New Guinea has a very tropical climate as it is located just south of the equator.</li>\n                <li>There are many different types of birds and animals that can be found in New Guinea. Several of them are close to animals found in Australia.</li>\n                <li>The only poisonous bird in the world, the Hooded Pitohui, is a New Guinea bird.</li>\n                <li>Many believe that humans landed in Papua New Guinea over 50,000 years ago.</li>\n            </ul>\n            <h2>Tok Pisin Culture</h2>\n            Tok Pisin (or, \"New Guinea Pidgin\"), a creole language that is spoken throughout Papua New Guinea for centuries. It\'s an official second language of the country and can be considered one of its most widely used languages too! though sometimes referred to by English speakers simply as \"Pidgin.\"\n\n            Numerous studies have shown that there are many links between Pnbili languages like Tok Pisin (or “New Guinea Pidgin\") with other creole languages around the world due largely because both share certain unique features not found anywhere else -- but how do they compare?\n\n            Well, depending on who you ask this question could yield any number of responses; some will say one resembles another quite closely while others feel otherwise!','Tok Pisin Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tok Pisin language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tok Pisin translator interpreter'),(13876,13876,1,'Tok Pisin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','7db1b779-c95b-492c-9a5f-4d441c194ef4','<h2>Tok Pisin Translation Services</h2>\n            CIT offers Tok Pisin interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tok Pisin language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide.\n\n            Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tok Pisin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\n            CIT’s Tok Pisin language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Tok Pisin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Papua New Guinea people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tok Pisin Language</h2>\n            Tok Pisin pidgin is English based and spoken by about 4 million people. The language is primarily spoken in Papua New Guinea. Of this amount, about 120,000 speak Tok Pisin as their first language. It is the most popular official language of Papua New Guinea. Other official languages of Papua New Guinea include English and Hiri Motu.\n\n            Tok Pisin came to be between the 1850s and 1900s. The language was popular on plantations among the laborers who were brought from Melanesia, Malaysia and China. “Tok” means word or speech and “pisin” means pidgin. A pidgin is a heavily simplified language between groups that donot have a shared language. Others translate Tok Pisin to mean “bird talk.”\n\n            Tok Pisin is also known as New Guinea Pidgin, Melanesian Pidgin English or Neo-Melanesian. Although Tok Pisin was originally just a pidgin, it has now developed into a creole with a more intricate grammar system. Most of the words in the language are from English, although there are some words in other languages such as German, Portuguese, Tolai and Malay.\n\n            Melanesian languages have several grammatical similarities. Some include a transitive marker on a verb, plural distinction, inclusive and exclusive distinction and a numeral classification.\n\n            In New Guinea, Tok Pisin is used in some media and government. It is also the language used in schools for the first few years on instruction only. It is written using the Latin script. Originally, the literature in Tok Pisin was mainly to spread religion and to translate the Bible. It was only in 1970 that the language was used for other aspects, such as a newspaper.\n\n            <img src=\"https://calinterpreting.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/LANGUAGE-INFO-GRAPHIC-RIGHT-TOK-PISIN-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Tok Pisin interpreters and translation services by CIT\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" />\n            <h2>Interesting Facts about Tok Pisin and Papua New Guinea</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>There are over 850 languages spoken in New Guinea.</li>\n                <li>Tok Pisin\'s two ISO language codes are: ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3.</li>\n                <li>New Guinea is one of the biggest islands in the world.</li>\n                <li>Papua New Guinea has a very tropical climate as it is located just south of the equator.</li>\n                <li>There are many different types of birds and animals that can be found in New Guinea. Several of them are close to animals found in Australia.</li>\n                <li>The only poisonous bird in the world, the Hooded Pitohui, is a New Guinea bird.</li>\n                <li>Many believe that humans landed in Papua New Guinea over 50,000 years ago.</li>\n            </ul>\n            <h2>Tok Pisin Culture</h2>\n            Tok Pisin (or, \"New Guinea Pidgin\"), a creole language that is spoken throughout Papua New Guinea for centuries. It\'s an official second language of the country and can be considered one of its most widely used languages too! though sometimes referred to by English speakers simply as \"Pidgin.\"\n\n            Numerous studies have shown that there are many links between Pnbili languages like Tok Pisin (or “New Guinea Pidgin\") with other creole languages around the world due largely because both share certain unique features not found anywhere else -- but how do they compare?\n\n            Well, depending on who you ask this question could yield any number of responses; some will say one resembles another quite closely while others feel otherwise!','Tok Pisin Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tok Pisin language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tok Pisin translator interpreter'),(13877,13877,1,'Tongan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','ad3e1c85-17b2-4cde-b7c5-04eee0bf5e4e','<h2>Tongan interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tongan interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tonga language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tongan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\n            CIT’s Tongan language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tonga language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tongan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tongan Language</h2>\n            The Tonga language, spoken by about 95,000 people, is a Polynesian language part of the Austonesian languages. The Tongan language is spoken mainly in Tonga. However, there are other countries that have Tongan speakers such as American Samoa, Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Canada and the US. The Tongan language is quite similar to Niue, Wallisian and Simoan. Tonga is located in the southwest of the Pacific Ocean. There are three main groups that the 170 Tongan Islands are divided into. They are Tongatapu (south), Ha’apai (center) and Vava’u (north).\n\n            The first recordings of the Tongan language were in the early 1800s, a job done by missionaries. Modern day written Tongan was originally broadcasted in 1943 by the Privy Council of Tonga.\n\n            Tonga is made up of two sections, or chains, or islands. The capital of Nuku’alofa is located on the Tongatapu Island. The islands on the west are known as high islands whereas the islands on the east are referred to as low islands. The high islands are referred to this name because they are much higher than sea level due to volcanoes. There are four islands that currently have active volcanoes. The largest island is Tongatapu Island. It is also the most densely populated Tongan island. Due to natural erosion, particularly in Vava’u, the result is a lot of caves, sheer cliffs and sandspits. The weather in Tonga is semitropical. Because the northern islands are closer to the equator, they are more susceptible to experiencing typhoons.\n\n            There are several birds that are popular in Tonga, including rails, kingfishers, doves and starlings, among many others. Additionally, some of the most beautiful birds in the world, such as the red-breasted musk parrot live on Tongan islands.\n\n            As Tonga is a Polynesian country, almost all those living on the islands have Polynesian ancestry. However, it is becoming increasingly common that Tongans are marrying Europeans since the 1970s. The Tongans take religion very seriously. The most common religion is Christianity, although some are also part of the Methodist, Catholic and Mormon churches. Some belong to a small group of Protestants as well. Tongan is taught in schools and is an official language along with English.\n\n            The primary staple of the Tongan economy is agriculture. The most popular crops are coconuts, vanilla bean, bananas and squash. Other imported crops are corn, breadfruit, pineapple, watermelons, limes and tomatoes. Along with agriculture, Tonga is known for livestock, fishing and timber. Tonga imports products from New Zealand, Singapore, the US and Fiji and exports to New Zealand, Japan, Australia and the US.','Tongan Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tongan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tongan translator interpreter'),(13878,13878,1,'Tongan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','bdae4ee7-b51e-460e-88d5-fcf749bbd646','<h2>Tongan interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tongan interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tonga language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tongan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\n            CIT’s Tongan language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tonga language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tongan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tongan Language</h2>\n            The Tonga language, spoken by about 95,000 people, is a Polynesian language part of the Austonesian languages. The Tongan language is spoken mainly in Tonga. However, there are other countries that have Tongan speakers such as American Samoa, Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Canada and the US. The Tongan language is quite similar to Niue, Wallisian and Simoan. Tonga is located in the southwest of the Pacific Ocean. There are three main groups that the 170 Tongan Islands are divided into. They are Tongatapu (south), Ha’apai (center) and Vava’u (north).\n\n            The first recordings of the Tongan language were in the early 1800s, a job done by missionaries. Modern day written Tongan was originally broadcasted in 1943 by the Privy Council of Tonga.\n\n            Tonga is made up of two sections, or chains, or islands. The capital of Nuku’alofa is located on the Tongatapu Island. The islands on the west are known as high islands whereas the islands on the east are referred to as low islands. The high islands are referred to this name because they are much higher than sea level due to volcanoes. There are four islands that currently have active volcanoes. The largest island is Tongatapu Island. It is also the most densely populated Tongan island. Due to natural erosion, particularly in Vava’u, the result is a lot of caves, sheer cliffs and sandspits. The weather in Tonga is semitropical. Because the northern islands are closer to the equator, they are more susceptible to experiencing typhoons.\n\n            There are several birds that are popular in Tonga, including rails, kingfishers, doves and starlings, among many others. Additionally, some of the most beautiful birds in the world, such as the red-breasted musk parrot live on Tongan islands.\n\n            As Tonga is a Polynesian country, almost all those living on the islands have Polynesian ancestry. However, it is becoming increasingly common that Tongans are marrying Europeans since the 1970s. The Tongans take religion very seriously. The most common religion is Christianity, although some are also part of the Methodist, Catholic and Mormon churches. Some belong to a small group of Protestants as well. Tongan is taught in schools and is an official language along with English.\n\n            The primary staple of the Tongan economy is agriculture. The most popular crops are coconuts, vanilla bean, bananas and squash. Other imported crops are corn, breadfruit, pineapple, watermelons, limes and tomatoes. Along with agriculture, Tonga is known for livestock, fishing and timber. Tonga imports products from New Zealand, Singapore, the US and Fiji and exports to New Zealand, Japan, Australia and the US.','Tongan Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tongan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tongan translator interpreter'),(13879,13879,1,'Tsimshian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:44:26','f59a6daa-0b7a-4d85-9050-2360a5c14a2f','<h2>Tsimshian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tsimshian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tsimshian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tsimshian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tsimshian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tsimshian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tsimshian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tsimshian Language</h2>\n            The Tsimshian language is a Tsimshiac language spoken in Canada and in Alaska. In Canada, it is spoken specifically by the Skeena River in British Columbia. In Alaska, it is spoken at the Metlakatla on Annette Island. It is estimated that less than 1,000 people speak Tsimshian. The amount is not certain, as some believe that only about 70 Tsimshian speakers live in Alaska and a little over 600 live in Canada. Others believe that the number of Tsimshian speakers in Canada is far less. The word “Tsimshian” itself means Inside the Skeena River.\n\n            The Tsimshian language has two primary dialects. The first is the Coastal and the second is Southern. The Coastal dialect is spoken in Alaska while the Southern dialect is spoken in Canada. Most who speak the Tsimshian language are older than 70. It is a very endangered language. Today, Tsimshian is taught at the University of Alaska Southeast at Juneau.\n\n            The conventional writing system of Tsimshian that is currently used in Canada was created in the 1960s along with the similar languages like Gitskan and Nisga’a. In 1990, it was revised in order to be incorporated into textbooks. In Alaska, the Tsimshian writing system is slightly different than that of Canada. It is taught by the Dum baal-dum organization and is referred to as Shm’algyack. In Tsimshian, Shm’algyack means “real” or “true language.” In English Shm’algyack is written in Zimshian.\n\n            The Tsimshian are the largest group of First Nations living in British Columbia. Like other Native American tribes, the Tsimshian live according to a matrilineal kinship. Their societal structure is a clan system. Both property and descent come from the mother. Tsimshian folklore indicates that after terrible disasters and curses struck a village, the chief took his people away from the village to an area called Kitkatla Village, which is one of the three South Tsimshian villages. Today, Kitkatla still exists and is considered the most conservative of the three. During the winter, the Tsimshian would move to the islands  (Metlakatla) and return to Kitkatla in the summer once the salmon returned as well. When several European immigrants arrived, the Tsimshian people contracted smallpox, wiping out many of the tribe. About 25% of Tsimshian people died due to these outbreaks.','Tsimshian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tsimshian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tsimshian translator interpreter'),(13880,13880,1,'Tsimshian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:20','2022-09-10 21:42:20','ce70f389-12e6-4fb5-9fd6-21881cf85eab','<h2>Tsimshian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tsimshian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tsimshian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tsimshian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tsimshian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tsimshian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tsimshian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tsimshian Language</h2>\n            The Tsimshian language is a Tsimshiac language spoken in Canada and in Alaska. In Canada, it is spoken specifically by the Skeena River in British Columbia. In Alaska, it is spoken at the Metlakatla on Annette Island. It is estimated that less than 1,000 people speak Tsimshian. The amount is not certain, as some believe that only about 70 Tsimshian speakers live in Alaska and a little over 600 live in Canada. Others believe that the number of Tsimshian speakers in Canada is far less. The word “Tsimshian” itself means Inside the Skeena River.\n\n            The Tsimshian language has two primary dialects. The first is the Coastal and the second is Southern. The Coastal dialect is spoken in Alaska while the Southern dialect is spoken in Canada. Most who speak the Tsimshian language are older than 70. It is a very endangered language. Today, Tsimshian is taught at the University of Alaska Southeast at Juneau.\n\n            The conventional writing system of Tsimshian that is currently used in Canada was created in the 1960s along with the similar languages like Gitskan and Nisga’a. In 1990, it was revised in order to be incorporated into textbooks. In Alaska, the Tsimshian writing system is slightly different than that of Canada. It is taught by the Dum baal-dum organization and is referred to as Shm’algyack. In Tsimshian, Shm’algyack means “real” or “true language.” In English Shm’algyack is written in Zimshian.\n\n            The Tsimshian are the largest group of First Nations living in British Columbia. Like other Native American tribes, the Tsimshian live according to a matrilineal kinship. Their societal structure is a clan system. Both property and descent come from the mother. Tsimshian folklore indicates that after terrible disasters and curses struck a village, the chief took his people away from the village to an area called Kitkatla Village, which is one of the three South Tsimshian villages. Today, Kitkatla still exists and is considered the most conservative of the three. During the winter, the Tsimshian would move to the islands  (Metlakatla) and return to Kitkatla in the summer once the salmon returned as well. When several European immigrants arrived, the Tsimshian people contracted smallpox, wiping out many of the tribe. About 25% of Tsimshian people died due to these outbreaks.','Tsimshian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tsimshian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tsimshian translator interpreter'),(13881,13881,1,'Tswana Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','40560843-984c-408b-b38e-9e953fe36ce2','<h2>Tswana  translators and interpreters</h2>\n            No matter what situation you find yourself in, you cannot afford to compromise on the quality of your interpretation or translation services. At the same time, one must be wary not to break the bank. As such, CIT has put forward an incredible business model aimed at pleasing customers across the board. While we do this, we also customize the structure of services to each job, so that clients receive the most efficient, enjoyable, and accurate work possible. Even when it comes to languages like Tswana, we bring you a translator or interpreter with the relevant skills for your job. We cover work in every industry from technology to education. This means that our linguists understand complex concepts and possess the diction to easily communicate big ideas.\n\n            Working with an unskilled or untrained linguist has many pitfalls. When providing language services, one must keep things like figurative language, historical context, and the parties involved in mind. This way, this facilitator of communication can provide the clearest picture possible. At CIT, we understand that things like doctor’s appointments and depositions can make a huge impact on your health or finances, so we strive to provide excellence with every job. We become your partner in anything you undertake. This way, you can ensure that you clearly understand those who you interact with. For over a decade, thousands have commented on our dedication to the welfare of our customers. We give you the proper attention and still charge some of the lowest rates in the industry!\n            <h2>Tswana Demographics</h2>\n            About five million people, primarily focused in South Africa, speak the Bantu language of Tswana. The language bears relation to the Sotho languages, the Kgalagadi language, and the Lozi language. Some refer to Tswana as Western Sotho, but it is important for any translator or interpreter to differentiate between Tswana and it’s neighboring languages. Botswana and South Africa include it as their official languages. In Pretoria, they speak a specific dialect of Tswana that mixes together a variety of Sotho languages.\n\n            Historically, Hinrich Lichtenstein became the first European to document the language back in 1806. Although some of his work misinterpreted the people and the language, it brought much of their history and culture to the rest of the work. Following that, Robert Moffat lived among the Batihaping in 1826 and translated the Bible for them. His work spurred many missionaries to take to Africa. Later on, in the 19th century, various Europeans created the language’s grammar and other means of making it official.\n\n            Our work with Tswana represents the culmination of hundreds of years of history and development. CIT linguists do know only understand the language but also its background. Call us today for a free quote!\n            <h2>Hire a Tswana Interpreter or Translator</h2>\n            Need a Tswana interpreter or Tswana translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Tswana interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Tswana interpreting assignment, or request a Tswana translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Tswana Translator & Interpreter','Professional Tswana language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tswana translator interpreter'),(13882,13882,1,'Tswana Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2c7f2915-6928-4f98-8103-3458ad077c56','<h2>Tswana  translators and interpreters</h2>\n            No matter what situation you find yourself in, you cannot afford to compromise on the quality of your interpretation or translation services. At the same time, one must be wary not to break the bank. As such, CIT has put forward an incredible business model aimed at pleasing customers across the board. While we do this, we also customize the structure of services to each job, so that clients receive the most efficient, enjoyable, and accurate work possible. Even when it comes to languages like Tswana, we bring you a translator or interpreter with the relevant skills for your job. We cover work in every industry from technology to education. This means that our linguists understand complex concepts and possess the diction to easily communicate big ideas.\n\n            Working with an unskilled or untrained linguist has many pitfalls. When providing language services, one must keep things like figurative language, historical context, and the parties involved in mind. This way, this facilitator of communication can provide the clearest picture possible. At CIT, we understand that things like doctor’s appointments and depositions can make a huge impact on your health or finances, so we strive to provide excellence with every job. We become your partner in anything you undertake. This way, you can ensure that you clearly understand those who you interact with. For over a decade, thousands have commented on our dedication to the welfare of our customers. We give you the proper attention and still charge some of the lowest rates in the industry!\n            <h2>Tswana Demographics</h2>\n            About five million people, primarily focused in South Africa, speak the Bantu language of Tswana. The language bears relation to the Sotho languages, the Kgalagadi language, and the Lozi language. Some refer to Tswana as Western Sotho, but it is important for any translator or interpreter to differentiate between Tswana and it’s neighboring languages. Botswana and South Africa include it as their official languages. In Pretoria, they speak a specific dialect of Tswana that mixes together a variety of Sotho languages.\n\n            Historically, Hinrich Lichtenstein became the first European to document the language back in 1806. Although some of his work misinterpreted the people and the language, it brought much of their history and culture to the rest of the work. Following that, Robert Moffat lived among the Batihaping in 1826 and translated the Bible for them. His work spurred many missionaries to take to Africa. Later on, in the 19th century, various Europeans created the language’s grammar and other means of making it official.\n\n            Our work with Tswana represents the culmination of hundreds of years of history and development. CIT linguists do know only understand the language but also its background. Call us today for a free quote!\n            <h2>Hire a Tswana Interpreter or Translator</h2>\n            Need a Tswana interpreter or Tswana translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Tswana interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Tswana interpreting assignment, or request a Tswana translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Tswana Translator & Interpreter','Professional Tswana language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tswana translator interpreter'),(13883,13883,1,'Turkish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','7a3b94e8-f4b0-4c2a-aefb-abaaa4925bf8','<h2>Turkish interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Turkish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Turkish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Turkish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Turkish language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Turkish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Turkish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Turkish Language</h2>\n            The Turkish language, the main language of Turkey and spoken in Cyprus, is a Turkic language spoken by over 88 million people worldwide. 71 million of Turkish speakers speak the language as a first language. The remainder speak Turkish as a second language. Turkey is also spoken in German, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Greece and other areas in Europe and Central Asia. There are also about 40,000 Turkish speakers in the United States.\n\n            Turkish is part of the Oghuz branch within in the Turkic family of languages. It belongs to the Altay branch within the Ural-Altaic family, along with Finnish and Hungarian. The Turkish language is very similar to other Turkic languages, such as Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashgai, Gagauz, Tatar, Uzbek and Balka Gagauz Turkish. Often times, those who speak Turkish are able to understand, if not speak the other languages mentioned. The Oghuz language, which is a more ancient version of Turkish, came to Anatolia in the 1000s by Seljug Turks. This would later become Ottoman Turkish, which would include several loanwords from Arabic and Persian.\n\n            Prior to 1928, the Turkish language was written in Ottoman Turkish script, which was a version of a Perso-Arabic writing. In an effort to modernize Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatatuk ordered that the Arabic text be replaced with the Latin alphabet. This new, more modern text has been used ever since 1928. The Ottoman Turkish script is not taught anywhere and only scholars or those who learned it prior to 1928 can read it.\n\n            As the Turks have been known to spread across many geographical areas, they took the Turkish language with them. Therefore, the Turkish language is spoken across a large area. There are several dialects in the Turkish language and they can be divided into Western and Eastern dialects. Danubian, a major dialect, is the sole dialect in the Western dialect of Turkish. Other dialects in the Eastern group include Eskisehir, Razgrad, Dinler, Rumelian, Karamanli, Edirne, Gaziantep and Urfa. Additionally, there are other classifications that have created more dialects such as Southwestern, Central Anatolia, Eastern, Rumelian, Kastamonu. Today’s Turkish language is based on an Istanbul dialect of Anatolian.\n\n            The history of the Turkish language has been divided into three time frames: old Turkish (600s-1200s), mid Turkish (1200s-1900s) and new Turkish (1900s onward). The Turkish language is agglutinative. There are different suffixes on nouns that can indicate gender or number. However, there is not grammatical gender. There are six noun cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative and ablative. There is subject-verb agreements and no definite article. The word order for Turkish is subject-object verb. The Turkish language has eight vowels and 21 consonants.','Turkish Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Turkish language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Turkish translator interpreter'),(13884,13884,1,'Turkish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','7d85785d-65d9-4852-a627-b608d6a547ef','<h2>Turkish interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Turkish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Turkish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Turkish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Turkish language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Turkish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Turkish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Turkish Language</h2>\n            The Turkish language, the main language of Turkey and spoken in Cyprus, is a Turkic language spoken by over 88 million people worldwide. 71 million of Turkish speakers speak the language as a first language. The remainder speak Turkish as a second language. Turkey is also spoken in German, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Greece and other areas in Europe and Central Asia. There are also about 40,000 Turkish speakers in the United States.\n\n            Turkish is part of the Oghuz branch within in the Turkic family of languages. It belongs to the Altay branch within the Ural-Altaic family, along with Finnish and Hungarian. The Turkish language is very similar to other Turkic languages, such as Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashgai, Gagauz, Tatar, Uzbek and Balka Gagauz Turkish. Often times, those who speak Turkish are able to understand, if not speak the other languages mentioned. The Oghuz language, which is a more ancient version of Turkish, came to Anatolia in the 1000s by Seljug Turks. This would later become Ottoman Turkish, which would include several loanwords from Arabic and Persian.\n\n            Prior to 1928, the Turkish language was written in Ottoman Turkish script, which was a version of a Perso-Arabic writing. In an effort to modernize Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatatuk ordered that the Arabic text be replaced with the Latin alphabet. This new, more modern text has been used ever since 1928. The Ottoman Turkish script is not taught anywhere and only scholars or those who learned it prior to 1928 can read it.\n\n            As the Turks have been known to spread across many geographical areas, they took the Turkish language with them. Therefore, the Turkish language is spoken across a large area. There are several dialects in the Turkish language and they can be divided into Western and Eastern dialects. Danubian, a major dialect, is the sole dialect in the Western dialect of Turkish. Other dialects in the Eastern group include Eskisehir, Razgrad, Dinler, Rumelian, Karamanli, Edirne, Gaziantep and Urfa. Additionally, there are other classifications that have created more dialects such as Southwestern, Central Anatolia, Eastern, Rumelian, Kastamonu. Today’s Turkish language is based on an Istanbul dialect of Anatolian.\n\n            The history of the Turkish language has been divided into three time frames: old Turkish (600s-1200s), mid Turkish (1200s-1900s) and new Turkish (1900s onward). The Turkish language is agglutinative. There are different suffixes on nouns that can indicate gender or number. However, there is not grammatical gender. There are six noun cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative and ablative. There is subject-verb agreements and no definite article. The word order for Turkish is subject-object verb. The Turkish language has eight vowels and 21 consonants.','Turkish Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Turkish language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Turkish translator interpreter'),(13885,13885,1,'Tuvan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','1cba5fcd-5902-46ca-8cfd-d31592e4a7f3','<h2>Tuvan interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tuvan interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tuvan language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tuvan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tuvan language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tuvan language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tuvan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tuvan Language</h2>\n            The Tuvan language, also known as Tuvinia, Tyvan or Tuvin, is a Turkic language native to the Republic of Tuva, located in southcentral Siberia. Tuvan is also spoken in relatively smaller groups in China and Mongolia. It is estimated that about 280,000 native Tuvan speakers live today. Tuvan is very close to the Khahas and Altai languages within the Turkic language family group. Tuvan has been highly influenced by both Mongolian and Russian languages.\n\n            The Tuvan language has four major dialects. They are: Western, Central, Northeastern and Southeaster. The written Tuvan language is based on the Central Tuvan dialect. Initially, Tuvan was written using the Latin alphabet, around 1930. This Latin alphabet system for Tuvan was written by a Tuvan Buddhist monk, Mongush Lopsang-Chinmit. However, since 1943, Tuvan has been written using the Cyrillic alphabet.\n\n            Many linguists have determined that the Tuvan language has been associated with the socio-historical language of Tuvan. The earliest recordings of Tuvan come from the early and mid 1800s. The name of the language comes from the people, the Tuva, who have in the past been referred to as Soyons, Soyots or Urlankhals. The Tuvan had been ruled by many empires and leaders, such as China, Russia and Mongolia for many centuries. In 1921, they gained independence and were referred to as the Tuvan’s People’s Republic.\n\n            There have been many historical tensions between the Tuvan and the Soviet Union/ Russian Federation. For example, in 1990s, there was violence between the USSR and the Tuvans. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Tuvans wanted to be as independent from Russia as possible, particularly for their language and culture. A study completed by social scientists Hagendoorn, Poppe and Minescu (2008) indicated that this hope for independence was triggered by prejudice. Since 2000, the Russian Federation has tried to decrease the separate tendencies of smaller groups living in Russia. However, these small groups have continued to use and embrace their culture and ethnicities.\n\n            Tuvan has 19 consonants. There are three variations of vowels in Tuvan. They are short, long and short with a low pitch. The long vowels are twice as long as the short vowels. The low pitch can lead to a creaky voice for the Tuvan speaker.\n\n            There are several loan words in the Tuvan languages. Loanwords from the early layer of the Tuvan language come from Mongolic preserved. Late layer words had vowels that did not change as the word became a Tuvan word.\n\n            The Tuvan language has six cases of nouns. They are accusative, dative, ablative, locative and allative. Tuvan follows the subject-object-verb word order. Currently, the Tuvan alphabet is a modification of the Russian alphabet plus three letters.','Tuvan Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tuvan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tuvan translator interpreter'),(13886,13886,1,'Tuvan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','4b4b328b-9015-4a79-9302-abd157e5c408','<h2>Tuvan interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Tuvan interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Tuvan language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Tuvan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Tuvan language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Tuvan language, as well as of the culture and history of the Tuvan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Tuvan Language</h2>\n            The Tuvan language, also known as Tuvinia, Tyvan or Tuvin, is a Turkic language native to the Republic of Tuva, located in southcentral Siberia. Tuvan is also spoken in relatively smaller groups in China and Mongolia. It is estimated that about 280,000 native Tuvan speakers live today. Tuvan is very close to the Khahas and Altai languages within the Turkic language family group. Tuvan has been highly influenced by both Mongolian and Russian languages.\n\n            The Tuvan language has four major dialects. They are: Western, Central, Northeastern and Southeaster. The written Tuvan language is based on the Central Tuvan dialect. Initially, Tuvan was written using the Latin alphabet, around 1930. This Latin alphabet system for Tuvan was written by a Tuvan Buddhist monk, Mongush Lopsang-Chinmit. However, since 1943, Tuvan has been written using the Cyrillic alphabet.\n\n            Many linguists have determined that the Tuvan language has been associated with the socio-historical language of Tuvan. The earliest recordings of Tuvan come from the early and mid 1800s. The name of the language comes from the people, the Tuva, who have in the past been referred to as Soyons, Soyots or Urlankhals. The Tuvan had been ruled by many empires and leaders, such as China, Russia and Mongolia for many centuries. In 1921, they gained independence and were referred to as the Tuvan’s People’s Republic.\n\n            There have been many historical tensions between the Tuvan and the Soviet Union/ Russian Federation. For example, in 1990s, there was violence between the USSR and the Tuvans. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Tuvans wanted to be as independent from Russia as possible, particularly for their language and culture. A study completed by social scientists Hagendoorn, Poppe and Minescu (2008) indicated that this hope for independence was triggered by prejudice. Since 2000, the Russian Federation has tried to decrease the separate tendencies of smaller groups living in Russia. However, these small groups have continued to use and embrace their culture and ethnicities.\n\n            Tuvan has 19 consonants. There are three variations of vowels in Tuvan. They are short, long and short with a low pitch. The long vowels are twice as long as the short vowels. The low pitch can lead to a creaky voice for the Tuvan speaker.\n\n            There are several loan words in the Tuvan languages. Loanwords from the early layer of the Tuvan language come from Mongolic preserved. Late layer words had vowels that did not change as the word became a Tuvan word.\n\n            The Tuvan language has six cases of nouns. They are accusative, dative, ablative, locative and allative. Tuvan follows the subject-object-verb word order. Currently, the Tuvan alphabet is a modification of the Russian alphabet plus three letters.','Tuvan Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Tuvan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Tuvan translator interpreter'),(13887,13887,1,'Ukrainian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','64b787a3-2000-4bdd-873d-84c1484a21a0','<h2>Ukrainian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Ukrainian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ukrainian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ukrainian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ukrainian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ukrainian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ukrainian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Ukrainian Language</h2>\n            The Ukrainian language, sometimes referred to as Ruthenian, is spoken in Ukraine along with in Kazakhstan, Moldova, Poland, Romanian, Slovakia and Lithuania among many others. Ukrainian is spoken by about 51 million people. Ukrainian is very similar to other East Slavonic languages like Belarusian, Polish and Serbian.\n\n            The first record of the Ukrainian language dates back to the late 10<sup>th</sup> century when Kiev had been converted to Christianity. The religious material that had been translated to Ukrainian was written in Old Slavonic as it was the missionaries’ language of choice to convert the Slavic people. In the 1200s, Ukraine became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian and Ruthenian. Ukrainian then became the primary language. In the 1500s, parts of Ukraine were conquered by the Polish. Latin and Polish became the primary languages for any official business. At this time, Ruthenian began to split into Ukrainian and Belarusian.\n\n            When the Cossacks moved into Ukraine, their leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky invited the Russians to help against the Polish. The Cossacks moved to the eastern front of Russia under the leadership of Catherine the Great. However, Ukraine stayed under the Russians. At this point, the Russians considered the Ukrainian language to be a Russian dialect. In 1876, a degree was set which banned any printing or import of any Ukrainian books. Even as this decree was set, Ukrainian poetry and history texts were brought back during the 1800s.\n\n            It was only for a short time that the Ukrainians were independent, from 1918 to 1919. After, they were conquered by the USSR and were now a Soviet Republic. During this time, Russian was the main language used and Ukrainian was put on a back burner. In 1991, Ukraine declared independence. Many Ukrainian immigrants, particularly those from central Asia and Siberia, had gone back to Ukraine.\n\n            The capital of Ukraine is, as it is written in English, Kiev. However, the Ukrainian government writes it as Kyiv. This is also how it is written for any international resources and with the UN and BBC.\n\n            Ukrainian is written using a Cyrillic script of the Ukrainian alphabet. There is also Ukrainian Braille. The Ukrainian National transliteration program has been the official program since 1996 for effectively transliterating Ukrainian names, such as personal for passports and geographical for city and road signs.','Ukrainian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ukrainian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Ukrainian translator interpreter'),(13888,13888,1,'Ukrainian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','8b5c8bb8-d21c-49ad-aa03-6b6e19d059ee','<h2>Ukrainian interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Ukrainian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ukrainian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ukrainian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ukrainian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ukrainian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ukrainian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Ukrainian Language</h2>\n            The Ukrainian language, sometimes referred to as Ruthenian, is spoken in Ukraine along with in Kazakhstan, Moldova, Poland, Romanian, Slovakia and Lithuania among many others. Ukrainian is spoken by about 51 million people. Ukrainian is very similar to other East Slavonic languages like Belarusian, Polish and Serbian.\n\n            The first record of the Ukrainian language dates back to the late 10<sup>th</sup> century when Kiev had been converted to Christianity. The religious material that had been translated to Ukrainian was written in Old Slavonic as it was the missionaries’ language of choice to convert the Slavic people. In the 1200s, Ukraine became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian and Ruthenian. Ukrainian then became the primary language. In the 1500s, parts of Ukraine were conquered by the Polish. Latin and Polish became the primary languages for any official business. At this time, Ruthenian began to split into Ukrainian and Belarusian.\n\n            When the Cossacks moved into Ukraine, their leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky invited the Russians to help against the Polish. The Cossacks moved to the eastern front of Russia under the leadership of Catherine the Great. However, Ukraine stayed under the Russians. At this point, the Russians considered the Ukrainian language to be a Russian dialect. In 1876, a degree was set which banned any printing or import of any Ukrainian books. Even as this decree was set, Ukrainian poetry and history texts were brought back during the 1800s.\n\n            It was only for a short time that the Ukrainians were independent, from 1918 to 1919. After, they were conquered by the USSR and were now a Soviet Republic. During this time, Russian was the main language used and Ukrainian was put on a back burner. In 1991, Ukraine declared independence. Many Ukrainian immigrants, particularly those from central Asia and Siberia, had gone back to Ukraine.\n\n            The capital of Ukraine is, as it is written in English, Kiev. However, the Ukrainian government writes it as Kyiv. This is also how it is written for any international resources and with the UN and BBC.\n\n            Ukrainian is written using a Cyrillic script of the Ukrainian alphabet. There is also Ukrainian Braille. The Ukrainian National transliteration program has been the official program since 1996 for effectively transliterating Ukrainian names, such as personal for passports and geographical for city and road signs.','Ukrainian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ukrainian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Ukrainian translator interpreter'),(13889,13889,1,'Ulster-Scots Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','bd585ecc-a6f3-4f77-b8e9-f408687d828d','<h2>Ulster-Scots interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Ulster-Scots interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ulster-Scots language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ulster-Scots language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ulster-Scots language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ulster-Scots language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ulster-Scots people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Ulster-Scots Language</h2>\n            The Ulster-Scots language, known as Scots, is a West German language. Ulster-Scots is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Scotland and Northern Island. There are anywhere between 100,000 and 125,000 native Scots speakers. There are far more second language speakers, around 1.5 million. The language originated from the Angles who had settled northern Britain in what is known today as Northumbria and the southern part of Scotland in the 400s. Ulster-Scots was originally referred to as Inglis. Other similar languages, such as Gaelic, Norse, Latin, Dutch, French and English have influenced the language’s development. The Ulster-Scots language is also referred to as Scots, Doric, Scotch and Lallans.\n\n            Already in the 1300s, Ulster-Scots had become the primary language of Scotland. At this point, it was being used for several purposes such as education, literature, government and documents. It was around this same time that Scottish literature began to gain popularity. Some famous literature would be Brus, Kronykil and Wallace.\n\n            When the Scottish and English governments merged in the beginning of the 18<sup>th</sup> century, English was now the main language. However, many people still spoke Ulster-Scots. In Scotland, Scots was slowly but surely replacing English as the main language. In the early 1980s, the New Testament had been translated and published in Scots and a couple of years later, a Scots Dictionary was released. By the 1990s, the Scots language was not really being used in education, literature nor in media.\n\n            To some, Scots had been considered English, especially since it is very close to some English dialects spoken in Northumbria. Even with such similarities, the Scots language has its own voice and has since the 1300s.\n\n            Scots is written using a Latin alphabet. Scots follows a subject-verb-object order, just like English does.\n            <h2>Interesting Facts about Scots</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>The national animal of Scotland is a unicorn</li>\n                <li>Scotland has the highest percentage of redheads on earth</li>\n                <li>The world’s tallest hedge is in Scotland</li>\n                <li>There are over 700 islands in Scotland</li>\n                <li>One of the world’s oldest trees is in Scotland</li>\n                <li>The Scottish people invented golf</li>\n            </ul>','Ulster-Scots Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ulster-Scots language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Ulster Scots translator interpreter'),(13890,13890,1,'Ulster-Scots Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','c6457a8a-c01d-4886-9074-0f2b2ca6df7c','<h2>Ulster-Scots interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Ulster-Scots interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ulster-Scots language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ulster-Scots language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ulster-Scots language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ulster-Scots language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ulster-Scots people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Ulster-Scots Language</h2>\n            The Ulster-Scots language, known as Scots, is a West German language. Ulster-Scots is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Scotland and Northern Island. There are anywhere between 100,000 and 125,000 native Scots speakers. There are far more second language speakers, around 1.5 million. The language originated from the Angles who had settled northern Britain in what is known today as Northumbria and the southern part of Scotland in the 400s. Ulster-Scots was originally referred to as Inglis. Other similar languages, such as Gaelic, Norse, Latin, Dutch, French and English have influenced the language’s development. The Ulster-Scots language is also referred to as Scots, Doric, Scotch and Lallans.\n\n            Already in the 1300s, Ulster-Scots had become the primary language of Scotland. At this point, it was being used for several purposes such as education, literature, government and documents. It was around this same time that Scottish literature began to gain popularity. Some famous literature would be Brus, Kronykil and Wallace.\n\n            When the Scottish and English governments merged in the beginning of the 18<sup>th</sup> century, English was now the main language. However, many people still spoke Ulster-Scots. In Scotland, Scots was slowly but surely replacing English as the main language. In the early 1980s, the New Testament had been translated and published in Scots and a couple of years later, a Scots Dictionary was released. By the 1990s, the Scots language was not really being used in education, literature nor in media.\n\n            To some, Scots had been considered English, especially since it is very close to some English dialects spoken in Northumbria. Even with such similarities, the Scots language has its own voice and has since the 1300s.\n\n            Scots is written using a Latin alphabet. Scots follows a subject-verb-object order, just like English does.\n            <h2>Interesting Facts about Scots</h2>\n            <ul>\n                <li>The national animal of Scotland is a unicorn</li>\n                <li>Scotland has the highest percentage of redheads on earth</li>\n                <li>The world’s tallest hedge is in Scotland</li>\n                <li>There are over 700 islands in Scotland</li>\n                <li>One of the world’s oldest trees is in Scotland</li>\n                <li>The Scottish people invented golf</li>\n            </ul>','Ulster-Scots Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ulster-Scots language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Ulster Scots translator interpreter'),(13891,13891,1,'Urdu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','44a3a34b-11ae-4dcc-88b1-d9c97e3d5e9f','<h2>Urdu interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Urdu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Urdu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Urdu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Urdu language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Urdu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Urdu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Urdu Language</h2>\n            The Urdu language, an Indo-Aryan language, is spoken by about 170 million people. Around 70 million speak Urdu as a first language and the rest speak it as a second language. Urdu is spoken primarily in Pakistan and India, although only about 7.5% of Pakistanis list Urdu as their first language. However, it is also spoken on a smaller scale in Nepal, Bangladesh, South Africa, Mauritius, Guyana and other places. There are also speech communities in the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. Urdu is also known as Modern Standard Urdu or Lashkari. In India, Urdu is spoken in specific areas such as Jammu, Kashmir and Maharashtra. It is also recognized in the Indian Constitution. There are three main dialects of Urdu. They are Dakhni, Rekhta and Modern Vernacular Urdu.\n\n            Urdu, the official language of Pakistan, can be often times mistaken with Hindi as it does share several similarities. Many vocabulary words in Urdu come from Persian and Arabic. On the other hand, Hindi has many words from Sanskrit. Many linguists believe that both Urdi and Hindi come from Hindustani (or Khari Boli), which would explain their similarities. Urdu means “language of the camp.” Some linguists believe there is evidence that referred to the language as Hindustani around the 1600s. Regardless, the language was most often referred to as Hindvi or Hindi until the early 1800s.\n\n            The Urdu language came to be around 1100s CE. It was a modus vivendi, or a mode of living, after the Muslim conquest. One of the first major writers of Urdu was a poet named Amir Khosrow, who lives from the mid 13<sup>th</sup> century to the early 14<sup>th</sup> century. The Urdu language is known to be a poetic one.\n\n            Perhaps the reason why Urdu and Hindi are mixed often is because they share a lot of components. They are both Indo-Aryan and have many similarities in phonology and grammar. However, Urdu has loanwords from Arabic and Persian whereas Hindi has loanwords from Sanskrit. Urdu uses the Nastaliq script, which is a Perso-Arabic script. Hindi used Devanagari. Both languages have similar phonics. Urdu is written from right to left. Unlike Arabic, Urdu is written following the Nasta’iq style of Persian writing. Because of its difficulty to type, Urdu newspapers were handwritten by professional calligraphers until as late as the 1980s. There is still one handwritten newspaper that is published every day in Chennai.','Urdu Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Urdu language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Urdu translator interpreter'),(13892,13892,1,'Urdu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','65f987f9-62f8-422a-aea7-569229712d09','<h2>Urdu interpreters and translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Urdu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Urdu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Urdu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Urdu language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Urdu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Urdu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Urdu Language</h2>\n            The Urdu language, an Indo-Aryan language, is spoken by about 170 million people. Around 70 million speak Urdu as a first language and the rest speak it as a second language. Urdu is spoken primarily in Pakistan and India, although only about 7.5% of Pakistanis list Urdu as their first language. However, it is also spoken on a smaller scale in Nepal, Bangladesh, South Africa, Mauritius, Guyana and other places. There are also speech communities in the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. Urdu is also known as Modern Standard Urdu or Lashkari. In India, Urdu is spoken in specific areas such as Jammu, Kashmir and Maharashtra. It is also recognized in the Indian Constitution. There are three main dialects of Urdu. They are Dakhni, Rekhta and Modern Vernacular Urdu.\n\n            Urdu, the official language of Pakistan, can be often times mistaken with Hindi as it does share several similarities. Many vocabulary words in Urdu come from Persian and Arabic. On the other hand, Hindi has many words from Sanskrit. Many linguists believe that both Urdi and Hindi come from Hindustani (or Khari Boli), which would explain their similarities. Urdu means “language of the camp.” Some linguists believe there is evidence that referred to the language as Hindustani around the 1600s. Regardless, the language was most often referred to as Hindvi or Hindi until the early 1800s.\n\n            The Urdu language came to be around 1100s CE. It was a modus vivendi, or a mode of living, after the Muslim conquest. One of the first major writers of Urdu was a poet named Amir Khosrow, who lives from the mid 13<sup>th</sup> century to the early 14<sup>th</sup> century. The Urdu language is known to be a poetic one.\n\n            Perhaps the reason why Urdu and Hindi are mixed often is because they share a lot of components. They are both Indo-Aryan and have many similarities in phonology and grammar. However, Urdu has loanwords from Arabic and Persian whereas Hindi has loanwords from Sanskrit. Urdu uses the Nastaliq script, which is a Perso-Arabic script. Hindi used Devanagari. Both languages have similar phonics. Urdu is written from right to left. Unlike Arabic, Urdu is written following the Nasta’iq style of Persian writing. Because of its difficulty to type, Urdu newspapers were handwritten by professional calligraphers until as late as the 1980s. There is still one handwritten newspaper that is published every day in Chennai.','Urdu Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Urdu language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Urdu translator interpreter'),(13893,13893,1,'Uzbek Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','38d756c0-8ba2-41e5-90fc-ae32d7bf8079','<h2>Uzbek Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Uzbek interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Uzbek language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Uzbek language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\n            CIT’s Uzbek language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Uzbek language, as well as of the culture and history of the Uzbek people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Uzbek Language</h2>\n            The Uzbek language is a Turkic language spoken in several countries such as Uzbekistan, Australia, China, Germany, Kazakhstan, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, Russia Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Turkmenistan and the US. Uzbek ultimately comes from the Altaic family of languages. Approximately 16.5 million people speak Uzbek. One of the earliest forms of Uzbek was named after one of the sons of Genghis Khan, Chagatai. It was the literary form of the language and had came about in the 1300s.\n\n            There are two main dialects of Uzbek. The Southern dialect, or the Iranized and semi-Iranized dialects are spoken in Tashkent, Bukhara and Samarkand. The other semi-Iranized dialects are spoken in Fergana and Kokand. The other group of dialects includes northern Uzbek and southern Kazakhstan dialects along with other dialects from Khiva. These dialects are far less influenced by the Iranian language.\n\n            The Uzbek form of Chagatai had been written in Arabic script. In 1927, Uzbek went from Arabic to Latin alphabet. Not long after in 1940, it was then be replaced by a Cyrillic script. In 1993, The Uzbeki government reestablished a Latin alphabet for the Uzbek language.\n            <h2>Interesting Facts about Uzbek and Uzbekistan</h2>\n            <ul style=\"font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:0.1px;\">\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">88% of those living in Uzbekistan are Muslim</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">The land that is now Uzbekistan had been conquered by Alexander the Great</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">Genghis Khan (Mongolia) seized the area from the Seljuk Turks</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">In 1924, after much resistance, the Socialist Republic of Uzbekistan came to be. In 1991, after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan declared independence.</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">Uzbekistan had its first elections in 2016 since 1991.</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">The national dish of Uzbekistan is palov. It is a dish made of mutton, rice, carrots and onions. It had initially been invented by the personal chefs of Alexander the Great.</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">It is only respectful for two men to shake hands. When a woman is greeted, the greeter will gently bow and place his hand on his heart.</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">The most honored guest in a home will sit farther from the door.</li>\n            </ul>','Uzbek Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Uzbek language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Uzbek translator interpreter'),(13894,13894,1,'Uzbek Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','29fa9151-d303-4e47-a7b8-e3b15ba08888','<h2>Uzbek Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Uzbek interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Uzbek language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Uzbek language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\n            CIT’s Uzbek language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Uzbek language, as well as of the culture and history of the Uzbek people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Uzbek Language</h2>\n            The Uzbek language is a Turkic language spoken in several countries such as Uzbekistan, Australia, China, Germany, Kazakhstan, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, Russia Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Turkmenistan and the US. Uzbek ultimately comes from the Altaic family of languages. Approximately 16.5 million people speak Uzbek. One of the earliest forms of Uzbek was named after one of the sons of Genghis Khan, Chagatai. It was the literary form of the language and had came about in the 1300s.\n\n            There are two main dialects of Uzbek. The Southern dialect, or the Iranized and semi-Iranized dialects are spoken in Tashkent, Bukhara and Samarkand. The other semi-Iranized dialects are spoken in Fergana and Kokand. The other group of dialects includes northern Uzbek and southern Kazakhstan dialects along with other dialects from Khiva. These dialects are far less influenced by the Iranian language.\n\n            The Uzbek form of Chagatai had been written in Arabic script. In 1927, Uzbek went from Arabic to Latin alphabet. Not long after in 1940, it was then be replaced by a Cyrillic script. In 1993, The Uzbeki government reestablished a Latin alphabet for the Uzbek language.\n            <h2>Interesting Facts about Uzbek and Uzbekistan</h2>\n            <ul style=\"font-size:16px;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:0.1px;\">\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">88% of those living in Uzbekistan are Muslim</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">The land that is now Uzbekistan had been conquered by Alexander the Great</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">Genghis Khan (Mongolia) seized the area from the Seljuk Turks</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">In 1924, after much resistance, the Socialist Republic of Uzbekistan came to be. In 1991, after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan declared independence.</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">Uzbekistan had its first elections in 2016 since 1991.</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">The national dish of Uzbekistan is palov. It is a dish made of mutton, rice, carrots and onions. It had initially been invented by the personal chefs of Alexander the Great.</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">It is only respectful for two men to shake hands. When a woman is greeted, the greeter will gently bow and place his hand on his heart.</li>\n                <li style=\"font-size:16px;\">The most honored guest in a home will sit farther from the door.</li>\n            </ul>','Uzbek Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Uzbek language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Uzbek translator interpreter'),(13895,13895,1,'Vietnamese Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','ec297b2e-7748-47fe-8f8c-3629a798b978','<h2>Vietnamese Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Vietnamese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Vietnamese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Vietnamese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Vietnamese language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Vietnamese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Vietnamese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Vietnamese Language</h2>\n            Vietnamese is part of the Vietic branch within the Austroasiatic family of languages. Vietnamese is spoken primarily in Vietnam but is also spoken in the Guangxi Province (South China), Cambodia, Laos, France, Australia and the US. Vietnamese is a recognized second language in the Czech Republic.\n\n            About 75 million people worldwide speak Vietnamese. It is the first language of the Kinh people, which makes up over 82% of Vietnam. Vietnamese has historically been part of the Mon-Khmer branch within the Austroasiatic family of languages. Only recently have linguists suggested that Vietnamese and Muong should be part of a different branch. This branch is referred to as Vietic of Viet-Muong.\n\n            When Vietnam was under Chinese rule between the 10<sup>th</sup> century and early 20<sup>th</sup> century, the primary language for writing was Chinese. At that time, Vietnamese was only an oral language. Even Chinese texts had been read using Vietnamese pronunciation. Several Chinese words were incorporated into the Vietnamese language. This was referred to as Sino-Vietnamese. Around the 1200s, the written Vietnamese language used a Chinese script known as Chur-nom or Nom.\n\n            When Vietnamese literature was being written, it was initially written using Chinese structure along with Chinese vocabulary. Even though the Vietnamese would later develop its own literary style, there were still several Chinese loanwords. The most popular Vietnamese works of literature were <em>Kim Van Kieu</em>, a romantic piece by Nguyen-Du (1765-1820).\n\n            The Chu-Nom written script was effectively used until the 1900s. One could even take courses in Chu-nom at Ho Chi Minh University until 1993. Chu-nom is still studied and taught at Han-Nom Institute in Hanoi and a dictionary of the characters of Chu-nom was recently published.\n\n            In the 1600s, Roman Catholic missionaries had presented a Latin writing system for the Vietnamese language. It was named Quoc Ngut and it is currently the only orthography of Vietnam. There are six different tones of the Vietnamese language. Additionally, there have been six language periods of Vietnamese.\n\n            They are pre-Vietnamese, Proto-Vietnamese, Archaic Vietnamese, Ancient Vietnamese, Middle Vietnamese, and Modern Vietnamese (used today).','Vietnamese Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Vietnamese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Vietnamese translator interpreter'),(13896,13896,1,'Vietnamese Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','a29beed8-82b3-4d64-8899-ec8e0ab2511c','<h2>Vietnamese Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            CIT offers Vietnamese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\n            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Vietnamese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Vietnamese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Vietnamese language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Vietnamese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Vietnamese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>The Vietnamese Language</h2>\n            Vietnamese is part of the Vietic branch within the Austroasiatic family of languages. Vietnamese is spoken primarily in Vietnam but is also spoken in the Guangxi Province (South China), Cambodia, Laos, France, Australia and the US. Vietnamese is a recognized second language in the Czech Republic.\n\n            About 75 million people worldwide speak Vietnamese. It is the first language of the Kinh people, which makes up over 82% of Vietnam. Vietnamese has historically been part of the Mon-Khmer branch within the Austroasiatic family of languages. Only recently have linguists suggested that Vietnamese and Muong should be part of a different branch. This branch is referred to as Vietic of Viet-Muong.\n\n            When Vietnam was under Chinese rule between the 10<sup>th</sup> century and early 20<sup>th</sup> century, the primary language for writing was Chinese. At that time, Vietnamese was only an oral language. Even Chinese texts had been read using Vietnamese pronunciation. Several Chinese words were incorporated into the Vietnamese language. This was referred to as Sino-Vietnamese. Around the 1200s, the written Vietnamese language used a Chinese script known as Chur-nom or Nom.\n\n            When Vietnamese literature was being written, it was initially written using Chinese structure along with Chinese vocabulary. Even though the Vietnamese would later develop its own literary style, there were still several Chinese loanwords. The most popular Vietnamese works of literature were <em>Kim Van Kieu</em>, a romantic piece by Nguyen-Du (1765-1820).\n\n            The Chu-Nom written script was effectively used until the 1900s. One could even take courses in Chu-nom at Ho Chi Minh University until 1993. Chu-nom is still studied and taught at Han-Nom Institute in Hanoi and a dictionary of the characters of Chu-nom was recently published.\n\n            In the 1600s, Roman Catholic missionaries had presented a Latin writing system for the Vietnamese language. It was named Quoc Ngut and it is currently the only orthography of Vietnam. There are six different tones of the Vietnamese language. Additionally, there have been six language periods of Vietnamese.\n\n            They are pre-Vietnamese, Proto-Vietnamese, Archaic Vietnamese, Ancient Vietnamese, Middle Vietnamese, and Modern Vietnamese (used today).','Vietnamese Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Vietnamese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Vietnamese translator interpreter'),(13897,13897,1,'Walloon Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','f3259258-d491-4d28-a58a-dd6ad3f5dc83','<h2>Walloon Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Walloon interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Walloon language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Walloon languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Walloon language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Walloon language, as well as of the culture and history of the Walloon people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Walloon?</h2>\n            Walloon, (or <em>Walon</em>) is a Romance language spoken in most of Wallonia, a region in southern Belgium, as well as in some villages in northern France. Walloon belongs to the langue d’oïl language family. The most prominent member of this language family is French. Walloon is very nearly considered a dead language, with less than one million remaining speakers, many of whom are from older generations.\n            <h2>A History of the Walloon Language</h2>\n            Descending from Vulgar Latin, written Walloon began appearing in the 16th century. However, use of Walloon began a rapid decline following France’s annexation of Wallonia in 1795. During this time, the French language underwent a climb in social use and hierarchy. After World War I, public schools provided French-speaking education to all children, but not Walloon-speaking education. This caused a disparagement of Walloon, which was especially compounded by official orders in 1952 to actually punish the use of Walloon in public schools. Because of these acts, usage of Walloon has steadily decreased.\n\n            Before the 1900s, Walloon was usually classified as a dialect of French, both of which are descendants of Vulgar Latin. However, linguist Jules Feller (1859–1940) argued that a French-speaking person could not understand Walloon. Feller insisted that Walloon had an original “superior unity”, which made it its own distinct language, not a dialect.\n            <h2>Dialects of Walloon</h2>\n            Four dialects of Walloon exist today. These dialects developed in four different areas of Wallonia:\n            -Central Walloon, spoken in Namur (Nameur), the Wallon capital, and the cities of Wavre (Åve) and Dinant.\n            -Eastern Walloon, spoken in Liège (Lidje), Verviers (Vervî), Malmedy (Måmdi), Huy (Hu), and Waremme (Wareme).\n            -Western Walloon, spoken in Charleroi (Tchårlerwè), Nivelles (Nivele), and Philippeville (Flipvile). This dialect is the closest dialect to French.\n            -Southern Walloon, Spoken in Bastogne, Marche-en-Famenne (Måtche-el-Fåmene), and Neufchâteau (Li Tchestea), all in the Ardennes region. Similar to the Lorrain and Champenois languages.\n            <h2>Walloon Today</h2>\n            A great number of professional associations and organizations, including many theatre companies, are today working to keep the Walloon language alive. In 1990, Walloon was formally recognized as a regional indigenous language in France. Beginning in the 1990s, a common orthography was formed (the Rifondou walon). This allowed larger print companies to begin translation of beloved works into Walloon. One of the first such works to be translated was Tintin.\n\n            Walloon is more distinct as a language than Belgian French, which differs from the French spoken in France only in some minor points of vocabulary and pronunciation. Wallonia is mostly French-speaking and comprises more than half of Belgium. The capital city is Namur.','Walloon Translator & Interpreter','Professional Walloon language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Walloon'),(13898,13898,1,'Walloon Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','a65caf90-6901-4951-bfc6-3f46b2848572','<h2>Walloon Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Walloon interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Walloon language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Walloon languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Walloon language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Walloon language, as well as of the culture and history of the Walloon people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Walloon?</h2>\n            Walloon, (or <em>Walon</em>) is a Romance language spoken in most of Wallonia, a region in southern Belgium, as well as in some villages in northern France. Walloon belongs to the langue d’oïl language family. The most prominent member of this language family is French. Walloon is very nearly considered a dead language, with less than one million remaining speakers, many of whom are from older generations.\n            <h2>A History of the Walloon Language</h2>\n            Descending from Vulgar Latin, written Walloon began appearing in the 16th century. However, use of Walloon began a rapid decline following France’s annexation of Wallonia in 1795. During this time, the French language underwent a climb in social use and hierarchy. After World War I, public schools provided French-speaking education to all children, but not Walloon-speaking education. This caused a disparagement of Walloon, which was especially compounded by official orders in 1952 to actually punish the use of Walloon in public schools. Because of these acts, usage of Walloon has steadily decreased.\n\n            Before the 1900s, Walloon was usually classified as a dialect of French, both of which are descendants of Vulgar Latin. However, linguist Jules Feller (1859–1940) argued that a French-speaking person could not understand Walloon. Feller insisted that Walloon had an original “superior unity”, which made it its own distinct language, not a dialect.\n            <h2>Dialects of Walloon</h2>\n            Four dialects of Walloon exist today. These dialects developed in four different areas of Wallonia:\n            -Central Walloon, spoken in Namur (Nameur), the Wallon capital, and the cities of Wavre (Åve) and Dinant.\n            -Eastern Walloon, spoken in Liège (Lidje), Verviers (Vervî), Malmedy (Måmdi), Huy (Hu), and Waremme (Wareme).\n            -Western Walloon, spoken in Charleroi (Tchårlerwè), Nivelles (Nivele), and Philippeville (Flipvile). This dialect is the closest dialect to French.\n            -Southern Walloon, Spoken in Bastogne, Marche-en-Famenne (Måtche-el-Fåmene), and Neufchâteau (Li Tchestea), all in the Ardennes region. Similar to the Lorrain and Champenois languages.\n            <h2>Walloon Today</h2>\n            A great number of professional associations and organizations, including many theatre companies, are today working to keep the Walloon language alive. In 1990, Walloon was formally recognized as a regional indigenous language in France. Beginning in the 1990s, a common orthography was formed (the Rifondou walon). This allowed larger print companies to begin translation of beloved works into Walloon. One of the first such works to be translated was Tintin.\n\n            Walloon is more distinct as a language than Belgian French, which differs from the French spoken in France only in some minor points of vocabulary and pronunciation. Wallonia is mostly French-speaking and comprises more than half of Belgium. The capital city is Namur.','Walloon Translator & Interpreter','Professional Walloon language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Walloon'),(13899,13899,1,'Welsh Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','7863ff77-7f43-45f9-9f8d-9bdd9c2d2ba6','<h2>Welsh Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Welsh interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Welsh language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Welsh languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Welsh language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Welsh language, as well as of the culture and history of the Welsh people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Welsh?</h2>\n            The Welsh language is spoken primarily in Wales, but also in England and Y Wladfa, a Welsh colony in Chubut Province, Argentina. A little less than 25% of the residents of Wales speak Welsh fluently. Wales experienced a significant drop in the number of fluent Welsh speakers in the first decade of the 2000s, but since 2011 has steadily recovered.\n            <h2>A History of the Welsh Language</h2>\n            The Welsh language is argued to have originated from the Britons towards the end of the 6th century. Before this time, three different languages were spoken by the Britons during the 5th and 6th centuries: Latin, Irish, and British. The emergence of the Welsh language was not instantaneous and is therefore not distinctly identifiable. Rather, the language emerged over a very long period of time. Some historians claim Welsh was not a distinctly formed language until as late as the 9th century.\n\n            Four separate periods can be identified in the history of the Welsh language: Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh. The period that came immediately after the Welsh language’s emergence is referred to as Primitive Welsh, followed by the Old Welsh period (generally considered as the time period from the beginning of the 9th century to the 12th century. The Middle Welsh period is considered to have begun in the 12th century and lasted until the 14th century, which is when the Modern Welsh period began. Modern Welsh is divided into Early and Late Modern Welsh.\n\n            The word Welsh was originally given to its speakers by the Anglo-Saxons.\n\n            The word comes from the Proto-Germanic word, walhaz, meaning “foreigner”, “stranger”, “Roman”, “Romance-speaker”, or “Celtic-speaker. The native Welsh term for the language is Cymraeg’.\n            <h2>An In-Depth Look at Welsh Language Origins</h2>\n            The Welsh language is thought to have evolved from Common Brittonic, which is the Celtic language that was spoken by the ancient Celtic Britons. The British language (also called Insular Celtic) is thought to have arrived in Britain sometime during either the Bronze or Iron Age. In the Early Middle Ages, Insular Celtic began to break of into distinct languages, due to a major increase in dialects. This is how Welsh and the other Brittonic languages evolved. However, scholars still debate when precisely Welsh became a distinct language.\n\n            Scholars do agree that Primitive Welsh was spoken in both Wales and the Hen Ogledd, or “Old North”. The Old North was the name for the Brittonic-speaking areas comprising what is now northern England and southern Scotland.\n            <h2>The Welsh Language Measure of 2011</h2>\n            The Welsh Language Measure of 2011 was established in order to give the Welsh language official status in Wales. To head this measure, the title of Welsh Language Commissioner was created in April 2012. The main responsibility of the Commissioner is to “promote and facilitate the use of the Welsh language”. This involves raising awareness of Welsh, as well as its official status as a language in Wales. The Commissioner is also responsible for imposing and maintaining standards on organizations to ensure the fair treatment of the Welsh language. The goal is that these enactments will lead to the establishment of further rights for Welsh speakers.\n\n            The two main principles that govern the role of the Commissioner are below:\n            <em>-Welsh should not be treated less favourably than the English language in Wales\n                -People should be able to live their lives in Wales through the medium of Welsh if they so wish.</em>','Welsh Translator & Interpreter','Professional Welsh language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Welsh'),(13900,13900,1,'Welsh Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','fcc54353-2984-4aea-ab05-3e562178cd5a','<h2>Welsh Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Welsh interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Welsh language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Welsh languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Welsh language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Welsh language, as well as of the culture and history of the Welsh people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Welsh?</h2>\n            The Welsh language is spoken primarily in Wales, but also in England and Y Wladfa, a Welsh colony in Chubut Province, Argentina. A little less than 25% of the residents of Wales speak Welsh fluently. Wales experienced a significant drop in the number of fluent Welsh speakers in the first decade of the 2000s, but since 2011 has steadily recovered.\n            <h2>A History of the Welsh Language</h2>\n            The Welsh language is argued to have originated from the Britons towards the end of the 6th century. Before this time, three different languages were spoken by the Britons during the 5th and 6th centuries: Latin, Irish, and British. The emergence of the Welsh language was not instantaneous and is therefore not distinctly identifiable. Rather, the language emerged over a very long period of time. Some historians claim Welsh was not a distinctly formed language until as late as the 9th century.\n\n            Four separate periods can be identified in the history of the Welsh language: Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh. The period that came immediately after the Welsh language’s emergence is referred to as Primitive Welsh, followed by the Old Welsh period (generally considered as the time period from the beginning of the 9th century to the 12th century. The Middle Welsh period is considered to have begun in the 12th century and lasted until the 14th century, which is when the Modern Welsh period began. Modern Welsh is divided into Early and Late Modern Welsh.\n\n            The word Welsh was originally given to its speakers by the Anglo-Saxons.\n\n            The word comes from the Proto-Germanic word, walhaz, meaning “foreigner”, “stranger”, “Roman”, “Romance-speaker”, or “Celtic-speaker. The native Welsh term for the language is Cymraeg’.\n            <h2>An In-Depth Look at Welsh Language Origins</h2>\n            The Welsh language is thought to have evolved from Common Brittonic, which is the Celtic language that was spoken by the ancient Celtic Britons. The British language (also called Insular Celtic) is thought to have arrived in Britain sometime during either the Bronze or Iron Age. In the Early Middle Ages, Insular Celtic began to break of into distinct languages, due to a major increase in dialects. This is how Welsh and the other Brittonic languages evolved. However, scholars still debate when precisely Welsh became a distinct language.\n\n            Scholars do agree that Primitive Welsh was spoken in both Wales and the Hen Ogledd, or “Old North”. The Old North was the name for the Brittonic-speaking areas comprising what is now northern England and southern Scotland.\n            <h2>The Welsh Language Measure of 2011</h2>\n            The Welsh Language Measure of 2011 was established in order to give the Welsh language official status in Wales. To head this measure, the title of Welsh Language Commissioner was created in April 2012. The main responsibility of the Commissioner is to “promote and facilitate the use of the Welsh language”. This involves raising awareness of Welsh, as well as its official status as a language in Wales. The Commissioner is also responsible for imposing and maintaining standards on organizations to ensure the fair treatment of the Welsh language. The goal is that these enactments will lead to the establishment of further rights for Welsh speakers.\n\n            The two main principles that govern the role of the Commissioner are below:\n            <em>-Welsh should not be treated less favourably than the English language in Wales\n                -People should be able to live their lives in Wales through the medium of Welsh if they so wish.</em>','Welsh Translator & Interpreter','Professional Welsh language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Welsh'),(13901,13901,1,'Wolof Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','e59a2696-feed-48b0-8998-839284b09af5','<h2>Wolof Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Wolof interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Wolof language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Wolof languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Wolof language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Wolof language, as well as of the culture and history of the Wolof people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Wolof?</h2>\n            The Wolof people are a West African ethnic group located in Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania. The Wolof language belongs to the Senegambian branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Wolof is the most widely spoken Senegambian language, and the national language of Senegal. In Senegal, Wolof people are the largest ethnic group, at about 39% of the population. Outside of Senegal, the Wolof are a minority. Currently, there are over 4 million native Wolof speakers and millions who speak the language as a second tongue.\n            <h2>Wolof Versus Lebu Wolof, What’s the Difference?</h2>\n            Lebu Wolof is a language spoken in Senegal that is similar to but not mutually intelligible with Wolof. Lebu Wolof is actually the source of Standard Wolof, and all Lebu Wolof speakers can speak Wolof as well.\n\n            The Lebu, or Lebou, are an ethnic African people who live in Senegal, on a peninsula called Cap-Vert. The Lebu are mostly fishermen, but also provide modern construction supplies. The Lebu have a religious sect called Layene. Though the Lebu were historically conquered through the time of their founding in the 1400s to the 19<sup>th</sup> century since 1815 they have been recognized legally as a “theocratic republic”.\n            <h2>A History of the Wolof People</h2>\n            The ancient history of the Wolof people is not totally clear. Some surviving oral traditions connect the early Wolof to the Almoravids, an 11th-century Muslim dynasty centered in Morocco. However, the earliest documentation of the Wolof people is in 15th-century records of an Italian traveler. The traveler noted the Islamic Wolof chiefs, and their Muslim advisors and spiritual diviners.\n\n            The pre-Islamic traditions of the Wolof religion are largely unknown. Historical evidence counters oral traditions. Oral traditions claim the Wolof have been Muslim since the Wolof Kingdom (often called the  Kingdom of Jolof) was founded. For almost 200 years, from 1549-1875, the Wolof Kingdom of Jolof ruled what is today Senegal. After 1875, the area was absorbed into the French colony Dakar, then officially extinguished in 1900.\n\n            Historical evidence, however, suggests that many Wolof warriors and rulers did not readily convert to Islam, but did rely on Muslim counselors. In the 18<sup>th</sup> century, internal conflict arose within the Wolof people regarding Islam. In the 19<sup>th</sup> century, French colonists began aggressive wars against the Wolof. To resist the French, the Wolof converted to Islam. Most modern-day Wolof are Sufi Muslims. The Wolof people today are also referred to as Chelofes, Galofes, Lolof, Jolof, Olof, Volof, Wolluf and Yolof.\n            <h2>Wolof Dialects</h2>\n            Wolof dialects differ based on geography, as well as between rural and urban areas. A commonly spoken dialect is “Dakar-Wolof”, an urban mixture of Wolof, French, and Arabic. Senegalese/Mauritanian Wolof and Gambian Wolof are distinct national standards. They both use different languages (French vs English) as their source for loanwords. Still, both the spoken and written languages are mutually intelligible. Lebu Wolof, however, mentioned above, is unintelligible with standard Wolof.\n            <h2>Wolof and English</h2>\n            English is thought to have adopted some Wolof words, including banana, via either Spanish or Portuguese. The phrase “yum” or “yummy” comes from the Wolof <em>nyam: </em>“to taste”.','Wolof Translator & Interpreter','Professional Wolof language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Wolof'),(13902,13902,1,'Wolof Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','35964f2e-cef1-4fa0-8d0a-3403ebb46a55','<h2>Wolof Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Wolof interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Wolof language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Wolof languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Wolof language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Wolof language, as well as of the culture and history of the Wolof people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Wolof?</h2>\n            The Wolof people are a West African ethnic group located in Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania. The Wolof language belongs to the Senegambian branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Wolof is the most widely spoken Senegambian language, and the national language of Senegal. In Senegal, Wolof people are the largest ethnic group, at about 39% of the population. Outside of Senegal, the Wolof are a minority. Currently, there are over 4 million native Wolof speakers and millions who speak the language as a second tongue.\n            <h2>Wolof Versus Lebu Wolof, What’s the Difference?</h2>\n            Lebu Wolof is a language spoken in Senegal that is similar to but not mutually intelligible with Wolof. Lebu Wolof is actually the source of Standard Wolof, and all Lebu Wolof speakers can speak Wolof as well.\n\n            The Lebu, or Lebou, are an ethnic African people who live in Senegal, on a peninsula called Cap-Vert. The Lebu are mostly fishermen, but also provide modern construction supplies. The Lebu have a religious sect called Layene. Though the Lebu were historically conquered through the time of their founding in the 1400s to the 19<sup>th</sup> century since 1815 they have been recognized legally as a “theocratic republic”.\n            <h2>A History of the Wolof People</h2>\n            The ancient history of the Wolof people is not totally clear. Some surviving oral traditions connect the early Wolof to the Almoravids, an 11th-century Muslim dynasty centered in Morocco. However, the earliest documentation of the Wolof people is in 15th-century records of an Italian traveler. The traveler noted the Islamic Wolof chiefs, and their Muslim advisors and spiritual diviners.\n\n            The pre-Islamic traditions of the Wolof religion are largely unknown. Historical evidence counters oral traditions. Oral traditions claim the Wolof have been Muslim since the Wolof Kingdom (often called the  Kingdom of Jolof) was founded. For almost 200 years, from 1549-1875, the Wolof Kingdom of Jolof ruled what is today Senegal. After 1875, the area was absorbed into the French colony Dakar, then officially extinguished in 1900.\n\n            Historical evidence, however, suggests that many Wolof warriors and rulers did not readily convert to Islam, but did rely on Muslim counselors. In the 18<sup>th</sup> century, internal conflict arose within the Wolof people regarding Islam. In the 19<sup>th</sup> century, French colonists began aggressive wars against the Wolof. To resist the French, the Wolof converted to Islam. Most modern-day Wolof are Sufi Muslims. The Wolof people today are also referred to as Chelofes, Galofes, Lolof, Jolof, Olof, Volof, Wolluf and Yolof.\n            <h2>Wolof Dialects</h2>\n            Wolof dialects differ based on geography, as well as between rural and urban areas. A commonly spoken dialect is “Dakar-Wolof”, an urban mixture of Wolof, French, and Arabic. Senegalese/Mauritanian Wolof and Gambian Wolof are distinct national standards. They both use different languages (French vs English) as their source for loanwords. Still, both the spoken and written languages are mutually intelligible. Lebu Wolof, however, mentioned above, is unintelligible with standard Wolof.\n            <h2>Wolof and English</h2>\n            English is thought to have adopted some Wolof words, including banana, via either Spanish or Portuguese. The phrase “yum” or “yummy” comes from the Wolof <em>nyam: </em>“to taste”.','Wolof Translator & Interpreter','Professional Wolof language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Wolof'),(13903,13903,1,'Yakut Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','6853fd24-958c-4940-920a-290049172f6d','<h2>Yakut Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Yakut interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Yakut language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Yakut languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Yakut language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Yakut language, as well as of the culture and history of the Yakut people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Yakut?</h2>\n            Yakut is a Turkic language, on the Siberian branch. The first Yakut people Kurykans, a Siberian tribe who inhabited the Mongol borderlands in the 6<sup>th</sup> century, Today, there are an estimated 450,000 native Yakut speakers, most residing in Russia, especially in the Sakha Republic, with some residing in Amur, Magadan, and Sakhalin regions, as well as the Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Districts. The Sakha Republic, also known as Yakutia, is a federal subject of Russia. The Sakha Republic has just under 100,000 residents, many of whom are ethnic Yakuts and Russians. The capital of the Sakha Republic is Yakutsk. The Sakha Republic is the eighth largest territory in the world and is only slightly smaller than the entire country of India.\n            <h2>A History of the Yakut Language and People</h2>\n            The original Kurykans (ancestors of the modern Yakut people) lived along the Yenisei River, a large river that flows to the Atlantic Ocean. In the sixth century they migrated to Lake Baikal in Russia, located in southern Siberia, due to their ancestral lands being taken over by the Second Turkic Khaganate, a nomadic empire in Mongolia from 682-744 AD. During this time, the Kurykans were subject to Mongolian interbreeding.\n\n            Around the thirteenth century, the Yakuts migrated further under Mongolian pressure. In the early 1600’s they were again subject to colonization, this time by the Tsardom of Russia, which existed from 1547-1721 AD. During the 1620s the Tsardom moved aggressively into Yakuts territory, and imposed taxed on them. Through the 1640’s the Tsardom suppressed any Kurykans attempts at rebellion. However, in 1642, the aggressive pelt tax imposed on the Yakuts forced an uprising among the Yakuts and other native tribes. The Tsardom responded brutally, setting fire to native settlements and murdering hundreds. From 1642 to 1682 the Yakut population is estimated to have dwindled by 70%.\n\n            In the 18<sup>th</sup> century, Russia eased the reign in had on the Yakut people. They returned many native lands, promoted agricultural education, and granted Yakut chiefs some authority. When gold was discovered in the area during this time, coinciding with the building of the Trans-Siberian Highway, many Russians relocated to the areas again. During this time, most Yakuts adopted the Russian Orthodox religion.\n            <h2>The Yakut Today</h2>\n            At the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, the Yakut language and culture began to experience a revival. In 1922, the area was officially named the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. However, in the late 1920s and 1930s, the Yakut were seriously persecuted under Joseph Stalin. The subsequent widespread starvation following this time period led to severely reduced Yakut numbers. It wouldn’t be until the 1970’s that the Yakut numbers would finally begin to recover.\n\n            Today, about 87% of the Yakut people who live in the Sakha Republic are fluent in Yakut, with about 90% fluent in Russian. Dolgan, Shor, and Tuvan are similar languages, though not mutually intelligible with Yakut. The Dolgan language is generally considered to be the most similar. Yakut was influenced by the Tungusic language and the Mongolian language, which is apparent in its modern form.\n\n            The Yakut people have an ancient tradition of spoken stories called “epics”, spoken in Yakut called “Olonkho”. Today, only a few elderly performers of this tradition are still alive. Some of these Yakut have begun programs to teach the younger generation of Yakut to perform Olonkho, giving hope to another revival of the Yakut language and culture.','Yakut Translator & Interpreter','Professional Yakut language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Yakut'),(13904,13904,1,'Yakut Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','8fbb714a-7d06-41c1-b03b-8f47bd02cb9f','<h2>Yakut Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Yakut interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Yakut language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Yakut languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Yakut language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Yakut language, as well as of the culture and history of the Yakut people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Yakut?</h2>\n            Yakut is a Turkic language, on the Siberian branch. The first Yakut people Kurykans, a Siberian tribe who inhabited the Mongol borderlands in the 6<sup>th</sup> century, Today, there are an estimated 450,000 native Yakut speakers, most residing in Russia, especially in the Sakha Republic, with some residing in Amur, Magadan, and Sakhalin regions, as well as the Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Districts. The Sakha Republic, also known as Yakutia, is a federal subject of Russia. The Sakha Republic has just under 100,000 residents, many of whom are ethnic Yakuts and Russians. The capital of the Sakha Republic is Yakutsk. The Sakha Republic is the eighth largest territory in the world and is only slightly smaller than the entire country of India.\n            <h2>A History of the Yakut Language and People</h2>\n            The original Kurykans (ancestors of the modern Yakut people) lived along the Yenisei River, a large river that flows to the Atlantic Ocean. In the sixth century they migrated to Lake Baikal in Russia, located in southern Siberia, due to their ancestral lands being taken over by the Second Turkic Khaganate, a nomadic empire in Mongolia from 682-744 AD. During this time, the Kurykans were subject to Mongolian interbreeding.\n\n            Around the thirteenth century, the Yakuts migrated further under Mongolian pressure. In the early 1600’s they were again subject to colonization, this time by the Tsardom of Russia, which existed from 1547-1721 AD. During the 1620s the Tsardom moved aggressively into Yakuts territory, and imposed taxed on them. Through the 1640’s the Tsardom suppressed any Kurykans attempts at rebellion. However, in 1642, the aggressive pelt tax imposed on the Yakuts forced an uprising among the Yakuts and other native tribes. The Tsardom responded brutally, setting fire to native settlements and murdering hundreds. From 1642 to 1682 the Yakut population is estimated to have dwindled by 70%.\n\n            In the 18<sup>th</sup> century, Russia eased the reign in had on the Yakut people. They returned many native lands, promoted agricultural education, and granted Yakut chiefs some authority. When gold was discovered in the area during this time, coinciding with the building of the Trans-Siberian Highway, many Russians relocated to the areas again. During this time, most Yakuts adopted the Russian Orthodox religion.\n            <h2>The Yakut Today</h2>\n            At the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, the Yakut language and culture began to experience a revival. In 1922, the area was officially named the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. However, in the late 1920s and 1930s, the Yakut were seriously persecuted under Joseph Stalin. The subsequent widespread starvation following this time period led to severely reduced Yakut numbers. It wouldn’t be until the 1970’s that the Yakut numbers would finally begin to recover.\n\n            Today, about 87% of the Yakut people who live in the Sakha Republic are fluent in Yakut, with about 90% fluent in Russian. Dolgan, Shor, and Tuvan are similar languages, though not mutually intelligible with Yakut. The Dolgan language is generally considered to be the most similar. Yakut was influenced by the Tungusic language and the Mongolian language, which is apparent in its modern form.\n\n            The Yakut people have an ancient tradition of spoken stories called “epics”, spoken in Yakut called “Olonkho”. Today, only a few elderly performers of this tradition are still alive. Some of these Yakut have begun programs to teach the younger generation of Yakut to perform Olonkho, giving hope to another revival of the Yakut language and culture.','Yakut Translator & Interpreter','Professional Yakut language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Yakut'),(13905,13905,1,'Yoruba Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','b19330bb-ce7c-4a96-b15e-923af31f4927','<h2>Yoruba Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            <p>Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Youba interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.</p><p>CIT offers comprehensive Yoruba language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Yoruba languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Yoruba language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Yoruba language, as well as of the culture and history of the Yoruba people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>\n            <h2>Who speaks Yoruba?</h2>\n            <p>Originally an oral tradition, Yoruba is spoken by over 40 million people in West Africa. Yoruba is the most widely spoken African language outside of Africa. Yoruba is spoken mainly in Benin and Nigeria, as well as other parts of Africa, with diaspora communities thriving in parts of Europe and the Americas. Within Africa, significant Yoruba communities are also found along the Ivory Coast, Ghana, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. </p><p>The Yoruba people make up over 20% of the population of Nigeria, making them one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. Within it’s Niger-Congo language family, Yoruba has the largest number of native speakers.</p><p>Yoruba diaspora are generally grouped into two different groups. One group is comprised of more recent migrants, many of whom moved to the US and the UK during the period from 1960-1980. This group migrated largely due to political and economic changes. The second group dates back much further, to the Atlantic slave trade. The Yoruba people from this group migrated to countries such as Cuba, Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Brazil.</p>\n            <h2>Yoruba Languages and Dialects</h2>\n            <p>Yoruboid is a group or ‘megagroup’ of 14 dialects and languages. Yoruba is the mostly widely spoken language in this group, which is also made up of languages such as Itskeri and Igala.</p><p>The Yoruba dialect continuum itself is quite expansive. The dialects are grouped into five main dialect regions: Northwest, Northeast, Central, Southwest, and Southeast. Northwest Yoruba (NWY) is made up of Egba, Ibadan, Egbado/Yewa, Ọyọ, Western Ogun, and Lagos/Eko. Northeast Yoruba (NEY) dialects are Yagba, Owe, Ijumu, Oworo, Gbede, and Abunu. Central Yoruba (CY) is made up of the dialects Igbomina, Ijesha, Ifẹ, Ekiti, Akurẹ, and Ẹfọn. Southeast Yoruba (SEY) is comprised of Ikale, Ilaje, Ondo City, Ọwọ, Idanre, Akoko, Remo, and Ijẹbu, while Southwest Yoruba is Ketu, Awori, Sakété, Ifè (Togo), Idasha, and aIpokia/Anago.</p><p>Literary Yoruba is called Standard Yoruba, Yoruba koiné, or common Yoruba, and is itself a separate dialect in the dialect cluster.</p>\n            <h2>Yoruba and Religion</h2>\n            <p>The Yoruba religion is composed of all the traditional beliefs, spiritual philosophies, and practices of the Yoruba people.</p><p>Lucumi is a collection of vocabulary, or lexicon, derived from Yoruba used in Santeria religion in Cuba. Lucumi is influenced by Spanish pronunciation and phonetics and to a lesser degree some Bantu languages. Lucumi is categorized as a ‘spirit language’, since the Yoruba descendants in these communities (descendants of Yoruba people from the Atlantic slave trade era) no longer speak Yoruba fluently, and have no understanding of grammar or intonation. Yoruba is a tonal language, meaning that without proper intonation, much of the language is incomprehensible. However, Santeria practitioners still use Lucumi in their liturgy, much as modern-day Christians use Greek or Aramaic words within their hermeneutics, without actual knowledge of linguistic context.</p>\n            <h2>A History of the Yoruba Language and Yorubaland</h2>\n            <p>The Yoruba kingdom was established in the 8<sup>th</sup> century BC, making it one of the earliest African kingdoms. As far back as the 11<sup>th</sup> century BC, the Yoruba were the predominant cultural force in south Nigeria.</p><p>The Yoruba were among the most urbanized groups in Africa. Hundreds of years prior to British colonization the Yoruba lived in highly structured cities and well-maintained residences. Throughout many points in history, the Yoruba had the largest populations of any African city, which remains true to this day.</p><p>Yorubaland is the cultural region in West Africa of the Yoruba people, including modern-day Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. This space contains over 55 million people, the majority of whom are Yoruba. Nearly every Yoruba settlement traces its lineage back to the princes of Ile-Ife in Nigeria and is regarded as the cultural and spiritual homeland of Yoruba.</p><p>The golden age of Yorubaland was between 1100 and 1700 when the kingdom underwent an artistic and ideological renaissance.</p><p>In 1882, European colonization threatened the Yoruba kingdom and people, as British settlements become more and more commonplace. In 1960 Yorubaland was absorbed into the Federal Republic of Nigeria.</p><p>Today, Yorubaland is one of the most highly populated ethnic homelands in Africa. It is a very urbanized area, with a high population density, though, like Africa, has a large rural population as well.</p>','Yoruba Translator & Interpreter','Professional Yoruba language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Yoruba translator interpreter'),(13906,13906,1,'Yoruba Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','fa19fd08-cde1-42f7-bb23-480ea205280b','<h2>Yoruba Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            <p>Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Youba interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.</p><p>CIT offers comprehensive Yoruba language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Yoruba languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Yoruba language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Yoruba language, as well as of the culture and history of the Yoruba people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>\n            <h2>Who speaks Yoruba?</h2>\n            <p>Originally an oral tradition, Yoruba is spoken by over 40 million people in West Africa. Yoruba is the most widely spoken African language outside of Africa. Yoruba is spoken mainly in Benin and Nigeria, as well as other parts of Africa, with diaspora communities thriving in parts of Europe and the Americas. Within Africa, significant Yoruba communities are also found along the Ivory Coast, Ghana, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. </p><p>The Yoruba people make up over 20% of the population of Nigeria, making them one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa. Within it’s Niger-Congo language family, Yoruba has the largest number of native speakers.</p><p>Yoruba diaspora are generally grouped into two different groups. One group is comprised of more recent migrants, many of whom moved to the US and the UK during the period from 1960-1980. This group migrated largely due to political and economic changes. The second group dates back much further, to the Atlantic slave trade. The Yoruba people from this group migrated to countries such as Cuba, Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Brazil.</p>\n            <h2>Yoruba Languages and Dialects</h2>\n            <p>Yoruboid is a group or ‘megagroup’ of 14 dialects and languages. Yoruba is the mostly widely spoken language in this group, which is also made up of languages such as Itskeri and Igala.</p><p>The Yoruba dialect continuum itself is quite expansive. The dialects are grouped into five main dialect regions: Northwest, Northeast, Central, Southwest, and Southeast. Northwest Yoruba (NWY) is made up of Egba, Ibadan, Egbado/Yewa, Ọyọ, Western Ogun, and Lagos/Eko. Northeast Yoruba (NEY) dialects are Yagba, Owe, Ijumu, Oworo, Gbede, and Abunu. Central Yoruba (CY) is made up of the dialects Igbomina, Ijesha, Ifẹ, Ekiti, Akurẹ, and Ẹfọn. Southeast Yoruba (SEY) is comprised of Ikale, Ilaje, Ondo City, Ọwọ, Idanre, Akoko, Remo, and Ijẹbu, while Southwest Yoruba is Ketu, Awori, Sakété, Ifè (Togo), Idasha, and aIpokia/Anago.</p><p>Literary Yoruba is called Standard Yoruba, Yoruba koiné, or common Yoruba, and is itself a separate dialect in the dialect cluster.</p>\n            <h2>Yoruba and Religion</h2>\n            <p>The Yoruba religion is composed of all the traditional beliefs, spiritual philosophies, and practices of the Yoruba people.</p><p>Lucumi is a collection of vocabulary, or lexicon, derived from Yoruba used in Santeria religion in Cuba. Lucumi is influenced by Spanish pronunciation and phonetics and to a lesser degree some Bantu languages. Lucumi is categorized as a ‘spirit language’, since the Yoruba descendants in these communities (descendants of Yoruba people from the Atlantic slave trade era) no longer speak Yoruba fluently, and have no understanding of grammar or intonation. Yoruba is a tonal language, meaning that without proper intonation, much of the language is incomprehensible. However, Santeria practitioners still use Lucumi in their liturgy, much as modern-day Christians use Greek or Aramaic words within their hermeneutics, without actual knowledge of linguistic context.</p>\n            <h2>A History of the Yoruba Language and Yorubaland</h2>\n            <p>The Yoruba kingdom was established in the 8<sup>th</sup> century BC, making it one of the earliest African kingdoms. As far back as the 11<sup>th</sup> century BC, the Yoruba were the predominant cultural force in south Nigeria.</p><p>The Yoruba were among the most urbanized groups in Africa. Hundreds of years prior to British colonization the Yoruba lived in highly structured cities and well-maintained residences. Throughout many points in history, the Yoruba had the largest populations of any African city, which remains true to this day.</p><p>Yorubaland is the cultural region in West Africa of the Yoruba people, including modern-day Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. This space contains over 55 million people, the majority of whom are Yoruba. Nearly every Yoruba settlement traces its lineage back to the princes of Ile-Ife in Nigeria and is regarded as the cultural and spiritual homeland of Yoruba.</p><p>The golden age of Yorubaland was between 1100 and 1700 when the kingdom underwent an artistic and ideological renaissance.</p><p>In 1882, European colonization threatened the Yoruba kingdom and people, as British settlements become more and more commonplace. In 1960 Yorubaland was absorbed into the Federal Republic of Nigeria.</p><p>Today, Yorubaland is one of the most highly populated ethnic homelands in Africa. It is a very urbanized area, with a high population density, though, like Africa, has a large rural population as well.</p>','Yoruba Translator & Interpreter','Professional Yoruba language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Yoruba translator interpreter'),(13907,13907,1,'Zapotec Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','322cf476-d601-481b-8276-a6bfcf5e1257','<h2>Zapotec Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Zapotec (or Zapoteco) interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Zapotec language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Zapotec languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Zapotec language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Zapotec language, as well as of the culture and history of the Zapotec people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>A History of the Zapotec Civilization</h2>\n            The Zapotec civilization was an indigenous civilization from the Valley of Oaxaca. Zapotec culture dates back more than 2,500 years. The name Zapotec comes from the Nahuatl term for “inhabitants of the place of sapote” (sapote is an edible fruit that grows throughout Mexico). The ancient city, Monte Alban, was home to the Zapotec people, and the site that the Zapotec left many archeological artifacts, including buildings, tombs, elaborate jewelry, and more. Monte Alban was one of the first cities in Mesoamerica, and was the center of the Zapotec state. The Zapotec territory covered much of the modern day state of Oaxaca.\n\n            The Zapotec civilization began in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca in the late 6<sup>th</sup> century BC. The three valleys of Oaxaca were divided into three separate societies. These societies were separated by large swaths of “no-man’s-land”. Archeological evidence shows that these three societies competed and warred against each other.\n\n            However, sometime around 500 BC, the valley’s greatest settlement, San Jose Mogote, lost most of their numbers. During the same time, the remaining people from San Jose Mogote as well as the Zapotec people form the other settlements came together, likely against a threatening outside force, according to archeologists. They formed a large settlement on top of a mountain overlooking the three settlements, which would eventually become Monte Alban. The Zapotec civilization began expanding at this point, and today artifacts are often found in regions outside the valley, suggesting that the Zapotec people colonized and conquered many surrounding civilizations.\n            <h2>A History of a Language</h2>\n            Zapotec belongs to the ancient Oto-manguean language family. Linguists estimate that modern day Oto-manguean languages branched off from a common root language sometime around 1500 BC. The Zapotecan language group includes the Zapotec languages, as well as the closely related Chatino.\n\n            Today, Zapotec is spoken in parts of the Northern Sierra, the Southern Sierra, the Central Valleys, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and parts of the Pacific Coast in Mexico.\n            <h2>Zapotec Languages and Dialects</h2>\n            There are seven different Zapotec languages, and over a hundred dialects. The Mexican government officially recognizes sixty dialects. There are an estimated 425,000 Zapotec speakers currently living in Mexico, mainly in Oaxaca. Zapotec communities also exist in Puebla, Veracruz, and Guerrero. Due to labor migration, there is also a large diaspora of Zapotec speakers in Los Angeles and New Jersey.\n\n            Many varieties of Zapotec are mutually unintelligible. Zapotec is divided into four broad geographic groups: Zapoteco de la Sierra Norte (Northern Zapotec), Valley Zapotec, Zapoteco de la Sierra Sur (Southern Zapotec), and Isthmus Zapotec. The northern Zapotec languages are linked to the Northern Sierra Madre mountain range in Oaxaca, the southern Zapotec languages are spoken in the Southern Sierra Madre mountains, Valley Zapotec languages are spoken in the Valley of Oaxaca, and Isthmus Zapotec languages are linked to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, though Valley Zapotec and Isthmus Zapotec are often grouped together as Central Zapotec. This broad division ignores the Papabuco and Western Zapotec dialects.\n\n            Zapotec, as a tonal language, consists of four tonemes: high, low, rising, and falling. The meaning and context of words is thereby determined by the pitch or tone.\n            <h2>Zapotec Today</h2>\n            In the 16<sup>th</sup> century Franciscan friars published a grammar and vocabulary of Zapotec. In the last hundred years efforts have been made to create Zapotec orthographies and written documentation. In the 1950’s the Isthmus Zapotec alphabet was founded. This alphabet is in use today.\n\n            Though in the past the Zapotec languages were not thoroughly studied and documented, in more recent years the languages have begun to receive serious linguistic academic attention.\n\n            The number of speakers and therefore the language’s status varies widely from variety to variety. For example, Loxicha Zapotec has over 70,000 active speakers, while San Felipe Tejalapan Zapotec has maybe ten speakers remaining, all elderly. Sadly, government teachers historically discouraged students from using Zapotec, contributing greatly to the loss of the language.\n\n            Today, some areas still reportedly punish children for speaking their mother tongue in public schools, while some areas, such as the Isthmus, proudly encourage their children to speak Zapotec and maintain their heritage.','Zapotec Translator & Interpreter','Professional Zapotec language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Zapotec'),(13908,13908,1,'Zapotec Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','b259eeac-7353-4d13-a64b-eb1f01f48858','<h2>Zapotec Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Zapotec (or Zapoteco) interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Zapotec language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Zapotec languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Zapotec language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Zapotec language, as well as of the culture and history of the Zapotec people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>A History of the Zapotec Civilization</h2>\n            The Zapotec civilization was an indigenous civilization from the Valley of Oaxaca. Zapotec culture dates back more than 2,500 years. The name Zapotec comes from the Nahuatl term for “inhabitants of the place of sapote” (sapote is an edible fruit that grows throughout Mexico). The ancient city, Monte Alban, was home to the Zapotec people, and the site that the Zapotec left many archeological artifacts, including buildings, tombs, elaborate jewelry, and more. Monte Alban was one of the first cities in Mesoamerica, and was the center of the Zapotec state. The Zapotec territory covered much of the modern day state of Oaxaca.\n\n            The Zapotec civilization began in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca in the late 6<sup>th</sup> century BC. The three valleys of Oaxaca were divided into three separate societies. These societies were separated by large swaths of “no-man’s-land”. Archeological evidence shows that these three societies competed and warred against each other.\n\n            However, sometime around 500 BC, the valley’s greatest settlement, San Jose Mogote, lost most of their numbers. During the same time, the remaining people from San Jose Mogote as well as the Zapotec people form the other settlements came together, likely against a threatening outside force, according to archeologists. They formed a large settlement on top of a mountain overlooking the three settlements, which would eventually become Monte Alban. The Zapotec civilization began expanding at this point, and today artifacts are often found in regions outside the valley, suggesting that the Zapotec people colonized and conquered many surrounding civilizations.\n            <h2>A History of a Language</h2>\n            Zapotec belongs to the ancient Oto-manguean language family. Linguists estimate that modern day Oto-manguean languages branched off from a common root language sometime around 1500 BC. The Zapotecan language group includes the Zapotec languages, as well as the closely related Chatino.\n\n            Today, Zapotec is spoken in parts of the Northern Sierra, the Southern Sierra, the Central Valleys, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and parts of the Pacific Coast in Mexico.\n            <h2>Zapotec Languages and Dialects</h2>\n            There are seven different Zapotec languages, and over a hundred dialects. The Mexican government officially recognizes sixty dialects. There are an estimated 425,000 Zapotec speakers currently living in Mexico, mainly in Oaxaca. Zapotec communities also exist in Puebla, Veracruz, and Guerrero. Due to labor migration, there is also a large diaspora of Zapotec speakers in Los Angeles and New Jersey.\n\n            Many varieties of Zapotec are mutually unintelligible. Zapotec is divided into four broad geographic groups: Zapoteco de la Sierra Norte (Northern Zapotec), Valley Zapotec, Zapoteco de la Sierra Sur (Southern Zapotec), and Isthmus Zapotec. The northern Zapotec languages are linked to the Northern Sierra Madre mountain range in Oaxaca, the southern Zapotec languages are spoken in the Southern Sierra Madre mountains, Valley Zapotec languages are spoken in the Valley of Oaxaca, and Isthmus Zapotec languages are linked to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, though Valley Zapotec and Isthmus Zapotec are often grouped together as Central Zapotec. This broad division ignores the Papabuco and Western Zapotec dialects.\n\n            Zapotec, as a tonal language, consists of four tonemes: high, low, rising, and falling. The meaning and context of words is thereby determined by the pitch or tone.\n            <h2>Zapotec Today</h2>\n            In the 16<sup>th</sup> century Franciscan friars published a grammar and vocabulary of Zapotec. In the last hundred years efforts have been made to create Zapotec orthographies and written documentation. In the 1950’s the Isthmus Zapotec alphabet was founded. This alphabet is in use today.\n\n            Though in the past the Zapotec languages were not thoroughly studied and documented, in more recent years the languages have begun to receive serious linguistic academic attention.\n\n            The number of speakers and therefore the language’s status varies widely from variety to variety. For example, Loxicha Zapotec has over 70,000 active speakers, while San Felipe Tejalapan Zapotec has maybe ten speakers remaining, all elderly. Sadly, government teachers historically discouraged students from using Zapotec, contributing greatly to the loss of the language.\n\n            Today, some areas still reportedly punish children for speaking their mother tongue in public schools, while some areas, such as the Isthmus, proudly encourage their children to speak Zapotec and maintain their heritage.','Zapotec Translator & Interpreter','Professional Zapotec language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Zapotec'),(13909,13909,1,'Zhuang Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','36d24929-3dbf-4fdd-a09f-5dd619658789','<h2>Zhuang Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Zhuang interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Zhuang language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Zhuang languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Zhuang language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Zhuang language, as well as of the culture and history of the Zhuang people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Zhuang?</h2>\n            The Zhuang languages are a group of more than a dozen Tai languages spoken in Southern China by the Zhuang people, mainly in the province of Guangxi and parts of Yunnan and Guangdong. The Tai languages collectively are also referred to as Tai-Zhuang. These languages are a branch of the Tai-Kadai language family, which includes languages of southern China, northeast India, and Southeast Asia. The Zhuang people are one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized in The People’s Republic of China. At an estimated 18 million, the Zhuang people are the largest minority in China.\n            <h2>Zhuang Languages and Dialects</h2>\n            The Zhuang languages are not mutually intelligible. Southern and northern Zhuang languages are in fact more closely related to other Tai languages than they are to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a “dialect continuum” with Northern Tai varieties, whereas southern Zhuang languages form a dialect continuum with Central Tai varieties in Vietnam. Standard Zhuang is based on the northern Zhuang dialect of Wuming. Standard Zhuang is the official standardized version of all the Zhuang languages. Its vocabulary is formed mostly from the northern dialects. Except for in the province of Yunnan, which uses a local form, Standard Zhuang is the national standard.\n\n            The phonology of Standard Zhuang is derived from the dialect Shuangqiao, with some additions from Fuliang, both located in Wuming. Shuangqiao was made the standard pronunciation in the 1950s, as it was considered to be Northern Zhuang, but had strong characteristics of Southern Zhuang. However, not many Zhuang people actually learn Standard Zhuang, and instead communicate with Zhuang people who speak other dialects by speaking Chinese. Most experts say a little under half of Zhuang people are monolingual in Zhuang, while slightly more than half are bilingual in Zhuang and Chinese.\n\n            The most detailed study of Zhuang dialectology to date, A Study of Zhuang Dialects, names 36 different dialects or varieties of Zhuang. The Yong River is the demarcation point of north and south Zhuang.\n            <h2>A History of the Zhuang Language</h2>\n            The Zhuang are the indigenous people of Guangxi. Their origins can be traced back to the paleolithic ancient human. Today, most Zhuang people still live in Guangxi, in southern China. Some Zhuang also live in the Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, and Guizhou provinces.\n\n            The name of the language family and the people was originally written as the pejorative character meaning “a variety of wild dog”. This ethnic slur was gradually replaced over time with other characters such as “child; boy servant”, and eventually the character meaning “strong; robust”.\n\n            Zhuang is written using logograms based on Chinese characters for over one thousand years. Standard Zhuang was introduced as the official alphabetical script in 1957. In 1982 the letters were changed to Latin letters. However, in less formal settings, traditional character-based writing is more commonly used.\n\n            The Zhuang language family used to be assumed to be linked with the Austronesian languages, which dispersed from Taiwan, after migrating from mainland China. These days, this theory is not supported by the majority of scholars. Genetic evidence suggests that after the separation of the Tai (ancestors of Zhuang) and Austronesian language families, Tai speakers assimilated mostly Austro-Asiatic people into the population.\n\n            The earliest records of the Zhuang are the Rock Paintings of Hua Mountain, from the Warring States period of 475-221 BC.','Zhuang Translator & Interpreter','Professional Zhuang language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Zhuang'),(13910,13910,1,'Zhuang Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','22449476-08f1-4745-a492-d19ce5ac4ba5','<h2>Zhuang Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Zhuang interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Zhuang language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Zhuang languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.  Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations’ Zhuang language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Zhuang language, as well as of the culture and history of the Zhuang people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Zhuang?</h2>\n            The Zhuang languages are a group of more than a dozen Tai languages spoken in Southern China by the Zhuang people, mainly in the province of Guangxi and parts of Yunnan and Guangdong. The Tai languages collectively are also referred to as Tai-Zhuang. These languages are a branch of the Tai-Kadai language family, which includes languages of southern China, northeast India, and Southeast Asia. The Zhuang people are one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized in The People’s Republic of China. At an estimated 18 million, the Zhuang people are the largest minority in China.\n            <h2>Zhuang Languages and Dialects</h2>\n            The Zhuang languages are not mutually intelligible. Southern and northern Zhuang languages are in fact more closely related to other Tai languages than they are to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a “dialect continuum” with Northern Tai varieties, whereas southern Zhuang languages form a dialect continuum with Central Tai varieties in Vietnam. Standard Zhuang is based on the northern Zhuang dialect of Wuming. Standard Zhuang is the official standardized version of all the Zhuang languages. Its vocabulary is formed mostly from the northern dialects. Except for in the province of Yunnan, which uses a local form, Standard Zhuang is the national standard.\n\n            The phonology of Standard Zhuang is derived from the dialect Shuangqiao, with some additions from Fuliang, both located in Wuming. Shuangqiao was made the standard pronunciation in the 1950s, as it was considered to be Northern Zhuang, but had strong characteristics of Southern Zhuang. However, not many Zhuang people actually learn Standard Zhuang, and instead communicate with Zhuang people who speak other dialects by speaking Chinese. Most experts say a little under half of Zhuang people are monolingual in Zhuang, while slightly more than half are bilingual in Zhuang and Chinese.\n\n            The most detailed study of Zhuang dialectology to date, A Study of Zhuang Dialects, names 36 different dialects or varieties of Zhuang. The Yong River is the demarcation point of north and south Zhuang.\n            <h2>A History of the Zhuang Language</h2>\n            The Zhuang are the indigenous people of Guangxi. Their origins can be traced back to the paleolithic ancient human. Today, most Zhuang people still live in Guangxi, in southern China. Some Zhuang also live in the Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, and Guizhou provinces.\n\n            The name of the language family and the people was originally written as the pejorative character meaning “a variety of wild dog”. This ethnic slur was gradually replaced over time with other characters such as “child; boy servant”, and eventually the character meaning “strong; robust”.\n\n            Zhuang is written using logograms based on Chinese characters for over one thousand years. Standard Zhuang was introduced as the official alphabetical script in 1957. In 1982 the letters were changed to Latin letters. However, in less formal settings, traditional character-based writing is more commonly used.\n\n            The Zhuang language family used to be assumed to be linked with the Austronesian languages, which dispersed from Taiwan, after migrating from mainland China. These days, this theory is not supported by the majority of scholars. Genetic evidence suggests that after the separation of the Tai (ancestors of Zhuang) and Austronesian language families, Tai speakers assimilated mostly Austro-Asiatic people into the population.\n\n            The earliest records of the Zhuang are the Rock Paintings of Hua Mountain, from the Warring States period of 475-221 BC.','Zhuang Translator & Interpreter','Professional Zhuang language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Zhuang'),(13911,13911,1,'Zulu Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:44:25','de4b4a2f-f441-4edf-b402-1320e299cd17','<h2>Zulu Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Zulu interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Zulu language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Zulu languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Zulu language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Zulu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Zulu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Zulu?</h2>\n            Zulu, or isiZulu, is a Bantu language in the Nguni family, spoken by about 10 million people, most of whom live in South Africa. Zulu is the second most widely spoken Bantu language. Over 24% of the population of South Africa speaks Zulu, and it is understood by over 50% of South Africans. South Africa has eleven official languages, including Zulu.\n\n            Due to migration, the Zulu language us spoken in many nearby regions, including Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwe, Zulu is referred to as Ndebele.\n            <h2>Zulu Dialects</h2>\n            Zulu has numerous dialects, four of which are generally recognized as major dialects: Zulu (of Zululand), Zulu (of Natal), Lala, and Qwabe. There also exists a distinct difference between Standard and urban Zulu. Standard, or “deep” Zulu, is considered purist, and is the form of Zulu taught in schools. Urban Zulu is spoken mainly in the larger cities, and incorporates many English loan words. For example, the word for “cellphone” in Standard Zulu is “<em>umakhalekhukhwini</em>”, while in urban Zulu is it “<em>icell</em>”. The commonality of urban Zulu in major cities, and a departure from everyday usage of Standard Zulu has led to many young people in the city not being able to speak or understand Standard Zulu fluently.\n            <h2>A History of the Zulu Language and People</h2>\n            The Zulu people were originally a major clan in what is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal. (“Kwa“ means “place of”) The Zulu people, along with other Nguni communities, had migrated down Africa’s east coast for centuries, in what is known as the Bantu migrations. The Zulu eventually arrived in what is now South Africa sometime around the 9<sup>th</sup> century.\n\n            From the early 1800’s on, the Zulu people formed a powerful state under their king, Shaka. They thrived until 1879, when the British invaded. War waged for about seven months, with the Zulu being defeated July 4<sup>th</sup>, 1879. The British divided the Zulu Empire into what were called “kinglets”, of which they created thirteen. Jointly they were referred to as Zululand. Eventually, Zululand was absorbed into the British colony of Natal.\n\n            During apartheid, the Zulu people were forced to lose their South African citizenship, and KwaZulu was created. In 1970, all Zulu citizens were forced to become citizens of KwaZulu, effectively losing their South African citizenship. Beginning in 1970, hundreds of thousands of Zulu people were forcibly removed from their land and transferred to much worse land in KwaZulu. They were dispossessed of their own land. By 1993, over five million Zulu people lived in KwaZulu. In 1994, KwaZulu was joined with Natal, to form modern day KwaZulu-Natal.\n\n            Since 1994, when apartheid was abolished in South Africa, Zulu has seen a resurgence of use. Zulu radio stations maintain popularity, as do Zulu language newspapers and television networks. Still, Afrikaans is more than thirty times more likely to be taken as a second language course than Zulu by South African high school students.','Zulu Translator & Interpreter','Professional Zulu language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009 #interpreting #translation #interpreters #translationservices #languageservices','Zulu'),(13912,13912,1,'Zulu Translator & Interpreter','2022-09-10 21:42:21','2022-09-10 21:42:21','eed69119-c499-4976-ab4f-571e669e335e','<h2>Zulu Language Interpreters and Translators</h2>\n            Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers Zulu interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n\n            CIT offers comprehensive Zulu language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Zulu languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Zulu language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Zulu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Zulu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n            <h2>Who speaks Zulu?</h2>\n            Zulu, or isiZulu, is a Bantu language in the Nguni family, spoken by about 10 million people, most of whom live in South Africa. Zulu is the second most widely spoken Bantu language. Over 24% of the population of South Africa speaks Zulu, and it is understood by over 50% of South Africans. South Africa has eleven official languages, including Zulu.\n\n            Due to migration, the Zulu language us spoken in many nearby regions, including Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwe, Zulu is referred to as Ndebele.\n            <h2>Zulu Dialects</h2>\n            Zulu has numerous dialects, four of which are generally recognized as major dialects: Zulu (of Zululand), Zulu (of Natal), Lala, and Qwabe. There also exists a distinct difference between Standard and urban Zulu. Standard, or “deep” Zulu, is considered purist, and is the form of Zulu taught in schools. Urban Zulu is spoken mainly in the larger cities, and incorporates many English loan words. For example, the word for “cellphone” in Standard Zulu is “<em>umakhalekhukhwini</em>”, while in urban Zulu is it “<em>icell</em>”. The commonality of urban Zulu in major cities, and a departure from everyday usage of Standard Zulu has led to many young people in the city not being able to speak or understand Standard Zulu fluently.\n            <h2>A History of the Zulu Language and People</h2>\n            The Zulu people were originally a major clan in what is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal. (“Kwa“ means “place of”) The Zulu people, along with other Nguni communities, had migrated down Africa’s east coast for centuries, in what is known as the Bantu migrations. The Zulu eventually arrived in what is now South Africa sometime around the 9<sup>th</sup> century.\n\n            From the early 1800’s on, the Zulu people formed a powerful state under their king, Shaka. They thrived until 1879, when the British invaded. War waged for about seven months, with the Zulu being defeated July 4<sup>th</sup>, 1879. The British divided the Zulu Empire into what were called “kinglets”, of which they created thirteen. Jointly they were referred to as Zululand. Eventually, Zululand was absorbed into the British colony of Natal.\n\n            During apartheid, the Zulu people were forced to lose their South African citizenship, and KwaZulu was created. In 1970, all Zulu citizens were forced to become citizens of KwaZulu, effectively losing their South African citizenship. Beginning in 1970, hundreds of thousands of Zulu people were forcibly removed from their land and transferred to much worse land in KwaZulu. They were dispossessed of their own land. By 1993, over five million Zulu people lived in KwaZulu. In 1994, KwaZulu was joined with Natal, to form modern day KwaZulu-Natal.\n\n            Since 1994, when apartheid was abolished in South Africa, Zulu has seen a resurgence of use. Zulu radio stations maintain popularity, as do Zulu language newspapers and television networks. Still, Afrikaans is more than thirty times more likely to be taken as a second language course than Zulu by South African high school students.','Zulu Translator & Interpreter','Professional Zulu language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009 #interpreting #translation #interpreters #translationservices #languageservices','Zulu'),