<h2>Manchu interpreters and translators</h2>
            CIT offers Manchu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.

            Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Manchu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Manchu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Manchu language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Manchu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Manchu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.
            <h2>The Manchu Language</h2>
            Manchu, also known as Man, is a highly endangered language. It is part of the Manchu-Tungus languages from the Altaic family. It had been spoken by the Manchu people of Manchuria but now, there are only about 20 people who speak the language natively. They are all above the age of 70 years olf as well. There are thousands of people, however, who speak Manchu as a second language. Additionally, many people (thousands as well), speak Sibo (or Xibe), which is very closely related to Manchu and is found spoken in the Yili region of Xinjiang.
            <h2>Manchu Grammar and Vocabulary</h2>
            In Manchu, there is vowel harmony, indicating that the vowels are broken up into two or three classes. There are certain restrictions in the words, particularly that additional suffixes must all be in the same vowel class. This is often seen in Altaic languages but is not as strict as it might be in other Altaic languages, for example, Mongol. When referring to verbs in Manchu, there is no difference between person or number. Since the 1600s, Manchu has been a written language and uses Mongol alphabetic script, althought the phonetics of the language are based on Jurchen, an earlier version of Manchu writing. Jurchen is the name of the empire the Manchu people formed on their own. In 1599, the Manchu alphabet was developed by a Manchu leader named Nurhaci. He was the founded of the Manchu state and lived between 1559-1626. In 1632, slight changes were made to the Manchu alphabet.
            <h2>Manchurian History</h2>
            Between 1644 to 1911, the Ch’ing dynasty had ruled China. Between the 17<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries during the Ch’ing dynasty, Manchu was the official language of the Chinese government. The Manchu people would later invade China to form the Ch’ing dynasty. Even with a treaty between China and Russia, the Russian annexed the part of land near the Pacific ocean. Japan attacked the Russians to seize control of this part of the land. Japan later attacked the Chinese part of Manchuria, which led to their involvement in World War II. In the mid 1800s, the Manchus began using Chinese as their first language but several materials were still produced in Manchu.

            The Manchu languages uses an alphabetic system of writing and is written from left to right in columns from top to bottom. A majority of the letters have several forms. For example, initial, medial and final letters which would be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of words.

            Manchuria is located in northeast China and in the Russian Far East.