(9528,9528,1,'Georgian Translation','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','466d8512-b56d-4f53-a80d-896a2404a33d','<h2>Georgian Translation Services</h2>\nLooking for Georgian translation services to translate documents into English? CIT provides Georgian translation services for legal, medical, and various specialties, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more.\n<h2>CIT\'s Georgian Translation Services</h2>\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Georgian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide.\n\nOur interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Georgian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\nCIT’s Georgian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Georgian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Georgian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n<img src=\"https://calinterpreting.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/us-translation-into-english-by-cal-interpreting-and-translations-services.jpg\" alt=\"The best translation service for meeting government bid requirements\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1080\" />\n<h2>The Georgian Language</h2>\nThe Georgian language is spoken by approximately 4.1 million people, mainly in Georgia. Other nations that speak Georgian include Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Iran. It is one of the oldest languages spoken.\n\nThe Georgian language is closely related to Minrelian, Laz, and Svan languages. They are spoken primarily in Georgia and are written in the same Georgian alphabet.\n\nThe Georgian language has roots in the Caucasian family of languages. These languages are generally from the Caucasus mountain range. The main languages from this area are the Nakho-Dagestanian, Abkhazo-Adyghian, and Kartevelian, which is where the Georgian language is.\n\nThe first record of Georgian as a written language was in 430 AD in a church in Palestine, written in Asomtavruli. Prior to this discovery, the main language in Georgia was a certain form of Aramaic known as Armazuli.\n\nThere are two other alphabets, Nushkhuri and Mkhedruli, that have been used to write in Georgian. Old Georgian, the same language used to write the Biblical transcription of 430, was used to translate many religious texts.\n\nNew Georgian, or what is spoken today, is based on the Eastern Georgian dialect. It originates from the Georgian language used in secular literature beginning in the 1100s and became a recognized language in the 1800s.\n\nThe Georgian language has 18 dialects and has 28 consonants and 5 vowels as opposed to Old Georgian which had 30 consonants and 5 vowels. The language itself is very similar to that of other Indo-European languages.\n\nIn the Georgian language, the nouns have seven cases and the adjective is usually before the noun. The adjective agrees with the noun in case but not necessarily in number.\n\nIn the past, the Georgian language had been written in three types of script. The first, Asomtavruli, became Khutsuri. It had 38 letters, 6 of which were vowels. Today, these scripts are not used.\n\nThe next is the Mkhedruli, which is the common alphabet. It was 40 letters, 7 of which are not used and 6 are vowels. In Georgian, the text is written from left to right. It is assumed that the Old Georgian script came from the Greek alphabet.\n\nDue to the order of the alphabet and the shape of many letters, it can be assumed that the Georgian text came from the Greek alphabet. Georgian script is mainly round and cursive letters\n<h2>Interesting Facts about Georgia</h2>\nGeorgia is one of the oldest wine-producing places in the world.\n\nThe world’s deepest cave is in Georgia (Krubera Cave).\n\nGeorgia is one of the most popular destinations for skiing and snowboarding in the world.\n\nGeorgia has one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world','Georgian Translation','Professional Georgian language interpreting or translation. No minimum doc sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Georgian Translation'),(9529,9529,1,'German Translation','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','08861355-6ce2-494e-a306-a8df98cf851a','<h2>German Translation Service</h2>		\n		<p>CIT provides German translation services to multi-nationals and organizations. If your document needs an certification from the German language, CIT makes it easy. If for example, you need an official document certified CIT will translate it from any format into English with three simple steps! </p>		\n			<h2>German Translation Anywhere In The World</h2>		\n		<p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive German translation  to English no matter where you are located around the globe. CIT provides interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. </p>		\n			<h2>Accredited German Translators</h2>		\n		<p>Our interpreters and translators are native speakers. Our staff have been screened and certified with provided credentials. CIT members are field-tested. They are kept up to date with developments in both English and the German language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.</p><p>You can be assured, CIT’s German-language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the German language, as well as of the culture and history of the German people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>German Language</h2>		\n		<p>The German language is the official language of Germany and Austria along with being an official language of Switzerland. It is spoken by about 90 million people worldwide. It belongs to the West Germanic group of languages within the Indo-European languages (same as English, Frisian and Dutch).</p><p>The first recorded event of the German language stems from the 1st century BC, having had contact with the Romans. For many years after, there was only one Germanic language and within that language, very few dialects. It was only until the 500s AD that the German language, also known as High German, was officially known as German.</p>		\n			<h2>German Grammar &amp; Syntax</h2>		\n		<p>In German, there are four cases for nouns, pronouns and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive and dative) along with three genders (masculine, feminine and neutral) and two sorts of verbs (strong and weak). Across all dialects of German, the language is written itself. However, it is not spoken similarly between dialects. High German and Low German are the two main dialect groups. High German (Hochdeutsch), which is the official language of the South Highlands in Germany, is the official written language.</p>		\n			<h2>German Dialects</h2>		\n		<p>There are two main sorts of dialects in German where most other dialects fall into. The first is High German (Hochdeutsch) and the second is Low German (Plattsdeutsch or Niederdeutsch). </p>		\n			<h2>High German</h2>		\n		<p>High German was spoken until the 12th century in the Highlands of South Germany. During the Middle High German times, which were after the 12th century, different dialects of German known as Alemannic and Bavarian started to gain popularity.</p><p>The High German of today comes primarily from Middle High German dialects that were spoken in the Southern and central Highlands of Germany along within Austria and Switzerland.</p><p>High German is used in all official businesses, such as government, administration, higher education, literature and media. Standard High German is very similar to the Middle German language dialect used most commonly by Martin Luther in the 1500s as he translated the Bible.</p>		\n			<h2>Middle German</h2>		\n		Middle High German was used heavily for literature, mainly in the 1200s with the writing of Nibelungenlied, which is considered a great piece of literature. 		\n			<h2>Upper German</h2>		\n		Upper German includes other dialects such as Austro-Bavarian, Alemannic (Swiss German) and High Franconian.		\n			<h2>Low German</h2>		\n		On the other hand, Low German is spoken in the Lowlands of Germany. It stems from Old Saxon and Middle Low Germany, spoken by people in the Hanseatic League. Many Scandinavian languages use loan words from Low German but as these languages declined, so did Low German. Low German dialects are still spoken privately in homes but nothing official is done in Low German.		\n			<h2>Alemannic German</h2>		\n		Another German dialect is Alemannic. It was developed in the southwest of Germany and has a different sound and grammar system from the standard German. Alemannic is spoken in Switzerland, Austria, Swabia and Liechtenstein along with the Alsace region of France. Another dialect of German is Yiddish, spoken by the Jews whose ancestors come from Germany.		\n			<h2>Some German Don\'t Translation</h2>		\n		<p>As with many languages, some native words in German have English meanings. Do you recognize the following German words?</p><p>Doppelgänger<br />Foosball<br />Kindergarten<br />Poltergeist<br />Wanderlust</p>		\n			<h2>Some German Words Can\'t Be Translated</h2>		\n		<p>CIT uses German words in context when they can\'t be translated. <a href=\"https://www.ef.edu/blog/language/17-german-words-with-no-english-translation/\">What are some German words that can\'t be translated</a>? </p><p>Backpfeifengesicht<br />Der Schilderwald<br />Der Warmduscher<br />Dreikäsehoch<br />Erbsenzähler<br />Erklärungsnot<br />Fernweh<br />Fremdscham<br />Frühjahrsmüdigkeit<br />Gemütlich<br />Handschuhschneeballwerfer<br />Honigkuchenpferd<br />Innerer Schweinehund<br />Kopfkino<br />Kummerspeck<br />Luftschloss<br />Ohrwurm<br />Packesel<br />Pantoffelheld<br />Rabenmutter<br />Schadenfreude<br />Schwarmerei<br />Sprachgefühl<br />Sturmfrei<br />Torschlusspanik<br />Treppenwitz<br />Vergangenheitsbewaeltigung<br />Verschlimmbessern<br />Weltschmerz<br />Zugzwang</p>		\n			<h2>CIT Translation Services</h2>		\n		<p>If you\'re looking for German translations that will be sure to impress your clients, then look no further than CIT. We offer professional translation services in all formats and with decades of experience — translating millions upon words worth! </p><p>Our translators are experts at adapting work according to client needs. We can also revise your documents if necessary before publishing or submitting as required (for instance through re-translation). You\'ll get top quality results when working together with us - guaranteed 100% satisfaction guaranteed!!</p>','German Translation','Professional German language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','German Translation'),(9530,9530,1,'German Translation','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','041278fd-0af9-4dc3-9c81-66c1bb084cc0','<h2>German Translation Service</h2>		\n		<p>CIT provides German translation services to multi-nationals and organizations. If your document needs an certification from the German language, CIT makes it easy. If for example, you need an official document certified CIT will translate it from any format into English with three simple steps! </p>		\n			<h2>German Translation Anywhere In The World</h2>		\n		<p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive German translation  to English no matter where you are located around the globe. CIT provides interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. </p>		\n			<h2>Accredited German Translators</h2>		\n		<p>Our interpreters and translators are native speakers. Our staff have been screened and certified with provided credentials. CIT members are field-tested. They are kept up to date with developments in both English and the German language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.</p><p>You can be assured, CIT’s German-language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the German language, as well as of the culture and history of the German people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>German Language</h2>		\n		<p>The German language is the official language of Germany and Austria along with being an official language of Switzerland. It is spoken by about 90 million people worldwide. It belongs to the West Germanic group of languages within the Indo-European languages (same as English, Frisian and Dutch).</p><p>The first recorded event of the German language stems from the 1st century BC, having had contact with the Romans. For many years after, there was only one Germanic language and within that language, very few dialects. It was only until the 500s AD that the German language, also known as High German, was officially known as German.</p>		\n			<h2>German Grammar &amp; Syntax</h2>		\n		<p>In German, there are four cases for nouns, pronouns and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive and dative) along with three genders (masculine, feminine and neutral) and two sorts of verbs (strong and weak). Across all dialects of German, the language is written itself. However, it is not spoken similarly between dialects. High German and Low German are the two main dialect groups. High German (Hochdeutsch), which is the official language of the South Highlands in Germany, is the official written language.</p>		\n			<h2>German Dialects</h2>		\n		<p>There are two main sorts of dialects in German where most other dialects fall into. The first is High German (Hochdeutsch) and the second is Low German (Plattsdeutsch or Niederdeutsch). </p>		\n			<h2>High German</h2>		\n		<p>High German was spoken until the 12th century in the Highlands of South Germany. During the Middle High German times, which were after the 12th century, different dialects of German known as Alemannic and Bavarian started to gain popularity.</p><p>The High German of today comes primarily from Middle High German dialects that were spoken in the Southern and central Highlands of Germany along within Austria and Switzerland.</p><p>High German is used in all official businesses, such as government, administration, higher education, literature and media. Standard High German is very similar to the Middle German language dialect used most commonly by Martin Luther in the 1500s as he translated the Bible.</p>		\n			<h2>Middle German</h2>		\n		Middle High German was used heavily for literature, mainly in the 1200s with the writing of Nibelungenlied, which is considered a great piece of literature. 		\n			<h2>Upper German</h2>		\n		Upper German includes other dialects such as Austro-Bavarian, Alemannic (Swiss German) and High Franconian.		\n			<h2>Low German</h2>		\n		On the other hand, Low German is spoken in the Lowlands of Germany. It stems from Old Saxon and Middle Low Germany, spoken by people in the Hanseatic League. Many Scandinavian languages use loan words from Low German but as these languages declined, so did Low German. Low German dialects are still spoken privately in homes but nothing official is done in Low German.		\n			<h2>Alemannic German</h2>		\n		Another German dialect is Alemannic. It was developed in the southwest of Germany and has a different sound and grammar system from the standard German. Alemannic is spoken in Switzerland, Austria, Swabia and Liechtenstein along with the Alsace region of France. Another dialect of German is Yiddish, spoken by the Jews whose ancestors come from Germany.		\n			<h2>Some German Don\'t Translation</h2>		\n		<p>As with many languages, some native words in German have English meanings. Do you recognize the following German words?</p><p>Doppelgänger<br />Foosball<br />Kindergarten<br />Poltergeist<br />Wanderlust</p>		\n			<h2>Some German Words Can\'t Be Translated</h2>		\n		<p>CIT uses German words in context when they can\'t be translated. <a href=\"https://www.ef.edu/blog/language/17-german-words-with-no-english-translation/\">What are some German words that can\'t be translated</a>? </p><p>Backpfeifengesicht<br />Der Schilderwald<br />Der Warmduscher<br />Dreikäsehoch<br />Erbsenzähler<br />Erklärungsnot<br />Fernweh<br />Fremdscham<br />Frühjahrsmüdigkeit<br />Gemütlich<br />Handschuhschneeballwerfer<br />Honigkuchenpferd<br />Innerer Schweinehund<br />Kopfkino<br />Kummerspeck<br />Luftschloss<br />Ohrwurm<br />Packesel<br />Pantoffelheld<br />Rabenmutter<br />Schadenfreude<br />Schwarmerei<br />Sprachgefühl<br />Sturmfrei<br />Torschlusspanik<br />Treppenwitz<br />Vergangenheitsbewaeltigung<br />Verschlimmbessern<br />Weltschmerz<br />Zugzwang</p>		\n			<h2>CIT Translation Services</h2>		\n		<p>If you\'re looking for German translations that will be sure to impress your clients, then look no further than CIT. We offer professional translation services in all formats and with decades of experience — translating millions upon words worth! </p><p>Our translators are experts at adapting work according to client needs. We can also revise your documents if necessary before publishing or submitting as required (for instance through re-translation). You\'ll get top quality results when working together with us - guaranteed 100% satisfaction guaranteed!!</p>','German Translation','Professional German language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','German Translation'),(9531,9531,1,'Greek Translation','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','3523ad6d-d17f-4dd7-98ca-b1d149c89700','<h2>Greek Translation Services</h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Greek interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Greek language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Greek language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Greek language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Greek people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p><p><strong>The Greek Language</strong><br />The Greek Language, a popular Indo-European language, is spoken primarily in Greece. The Greek language and culture have a long and documented history of over 3400 years. Approximately 13 million people speak Greek, mainly in Greece and in Cyprus, being an official language in both countries. Greek is also spoken in other countries such as Armenia, Italy, Albania, Romania and Ukraine.</p><p>The first records of Greek were written in Mycenae in certain writing called Linear B. It was used between 1500 and 1200 years BC. It was known as Mycenaean. On the Island of Crete, which is the largest Greek Island, another script called Cypriot syllabary was used to write Greek between 1200 and 300 BC.</p><p>Ever since it was first used in 750 BC, the Greek alphabet has been pretty continuous in its use. It was first derived from the Canaanite and Phoenician alphabet. The order and names of the letters in the alphabet were from the Phoenician. There used to be known names for all the letters. For example, the Greek letter alpha used to be aleph in Canaanite, which means “ox,” beta was beth, meaning “house” and so on. These names and meanings had been lost when the alphabet was adapted for Greek. The language has multiple writing systems such as Linear B., Cypriot syllabary and Greek alphabet.</p><p>When the Greek alphabet was first used, there were several versions of the alphabet in different Greek cities. These alphabets were epichoric and were divided into three groups known as the green, blue and red groups. The blue group is what we know as the Modern Greek alphabet today. Today, the Greek alphabet is only used to write the Greek language. However, throughout history, it was used to write many other languages such as Arabic, Hebrew, Urum and Aromanian.</p><p>The Greek alphabet has many notable features. For example, it was the first alphabet to include vowels. It used to be written in many directions horizontally as well. However, since 500 BC, it began being written only from left to right.</p><p>Ever since the end of the 4th century BC, the Greek language became more and more unified (during the Hellenistic period). For the thousand years before this, there were many Greek dialects, having different phonetic and morphological details. Scholars have tried to mesh together some of the groups of dialects, such as Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriotic, considering them as “Central” Greek languages or Arcado-Cypriotic and Ionic-Attic as Southern. Collectively, there are two distinguished periods that differentiate between dialects. One if between the 14th and 12th centuries BCE and the other is between the 8th and 4th centuries BCE.<br />There are so many dialects in the Greek languages and many groups of dialects as well. These groups are the West Group, the Aeolic Group, the Arcado-Cypriotic Group and the Ionic Attic Group. The West Group is spoken in Northwest Greece (Aetolia, Locris, Locri Episephyrii, Phocis), Saronic Doric (territory of Corinth, Megarid, Eastern Argolid), Western Argolic, Southeast Aegean Doric (Melos, Thera, Cos, Rhodes, Cyrene, Gela and Acragas), Crete, Laconia (Tarentum, Heraclea), Messenia, Achaea (Ithaca and Sybaris) and Elis. The Aeolic group is spoken in Boeotia, Thessaly, Lesbos and Asiatic Aeolis. The Arcado-Cypriot Group is spoken in Arcadia, Cyprus and Pamphylia. Lastly, the Ionic-Attic Group is spoken in Attica, Euboea (Catana and Cumae), Northern Cyclades and Asiatic Ionia.<br />Linguistical Characteristics</p><p>The phonology of the Greek language has shifted between periods of Greek history. The Old Attic Greek language had 7 vowels. The consonantal structure had many stops. There are two liquid sounds and two nasal sounds.</p><p>If a Greek word has 3 or more syllables, it is marked by an accent on one of the vowels. There is a gender representation but only for nouns, adjectives and pronouns. There are three numbers (singular, dual and plural) that distinguish noun and verb. Verbs in Greek have four systems: present, aorist, perfect and future.</p><p>Many might consider that the Greek language is made up largely of loan words. Many of these words were taken from people who lived in Greece before the Proto-Greeks arrived and brought their language. Eventually, the Greek language became fully developed, with many nuances.<br />The popular Mycenaean script was no longer used in the 12th century when their palaces were destroyed due to the Dorian invasions. It appears that the Greeks were illiterate for a few centuries. In the 8th century, the Greeks used most of the Phoenician alphabet. Between the 8th and 5th centuries BCE, there were some differences in the letters between cities. The Greek language had gone through many changes and reforms. Around 400 BCE, the alphabet became more normalized.</p><p><strong>Fun Facts about Greece</strong><br />• The official name of Greece is the Hellenic Republic<br />• The Olympic games originated in Greece<br />• Greece has thousands of islands, including popular vacation destinations such as Santorini and Mykonos</p>','Greek Translation','Professional Greek language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009 #interpreting #translation #interpreters #translationservices #languageservices','Greek Translation'),(9532,9532,1,'Greek Translation','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','f4f5a959-1835-4e62-82fa-f1dda9531105','<h2>Greek Translation Services</h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Greek interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Greek language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Greek language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Greek language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Greek people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p><p><strong>The Greek Language</strong><br />The Greek Language, a popular Indo-European language, is spoken primarily in Greece. The Greek language and culture have a long and documented history of over 3400 years. Approximately 13 million people speak Greek, mainly in Greece and in Cyprus, being an official language in both countries. Greek is also spoken in other countries such as Armenia, Italy, Albania, Romania and Ukraine.</p><p>The first records of Greek were written in Mycenae in certain writing called Linear B. It was used between 1500 and 1200 years BC. It was known as Mycenaean. On the Island of Crete, which is the largest Greek Island, another script called Cypriot syllabary was used to write Greek between 1200 and 300 BC.</p><p>Ever since it was first used in 750 BC, the Greek alphabet has been pretty continuous in its use. It was first derived from the Canaanite and Phoenician alphabet. The order and names of the letters in the alphabet were from the Phoenician. There used to be known names for all the letters. For example, the Greek letter alpha used to be aleph in Canaanite, which means “ox,” beta was beth, meaning “house” and so on. These names and meanings had been lost when the alphabet was adapted for Greek. The language has multiple writing systems such as Linear B., Cypriot syllabary and Greek alphabet.</p><p>When the Greek alphabet was first used, there were several versions of the alphabet in different Greek cities. These alphabets were epichoric and were divided into three groups known as the green, blue and red groups. The blue group is what we know as the Modern Greek alphabet today. Today, the Greek alphabet is only used to write the Greek language. However, throughout history, it was used to write many other languages such as Arabic, Hebrew, Urum and Aromanian.</p><p>The Greek alphabet has many notable features. For example, it was the first alphabet to include vowels. It used to be written in many directions horizontally as well. However, since 500 BC, it began being written only from left to right.</p><p>Ever since the end of the 4th century BC, the Greek language became more and more unified (during the Hellenistic period). For the thousand years before this, there were many Greek dialects, having different phonetic and morphological details. Scholars have tried to mesh together some of the groups of dialects, such as Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriotic, considering them as “Central” Greek languages or Arcado-Cypriotic and Ionic-Attic as Southern. Collectively, there are two distinguished periods that differentiate between dialects. One if between the 14th and 12th centuries BCE and the other is between the 8th and 4th centuries BCE.<br />There are so many dialects in the Greek languages and many groups of dialects as well. These groups are the West Group, the Aeolic Group, the Arcado-Cypriotic Group and the Ionic Attic Group. The West Group is spoken in Northwest Greece (Aetolia, Locris, Locri Episephyrii, Phocis), Saronic Doric (territory of Corinth, Megarid, Eastern Argolid), Western Argolic, Southeast Aegean Doric (Melos, Thera, Cos, Rhodes, Cyrene, Gela and Acragas), Crete, Laconia (Tarentum, Heraclea), Messenia, Achaea (Ithaca and Sybaris) and Elis. The Aeolic group is spoken in Boeotia, Thessaly, Lesbos and Asiatic Aeolis. The Arcado-Cypriot Group is spoken in Arcadia, Cyprus and Pamphylia. Lastly, the Ionic-Attic Group is spoken in Attica, Euboea (Catana and Cumae), Northern Cyclades and Asiatic Ionia.<br />Linguistical Characteristics</p><p>The phonology of the Greek language has shifted between periods of Greek history. The Old Attic Greek language had 7 vowels. The consonantal structure had many stops. There are two liquid sounds and two nasal sounds.</p><p>If a Greek word has 3 or more syllables, it is marked by an accent on one of the vowels. There is a gender representation but only for nouns, adjectives and pronouns. There are three numbers (singular, dual and plural) that distinguish noun and verb. Verbs in Greek have four systems: present, aorist, perfect and future.</p><p>Many might consider that the Greek language is made up largely of loan words. Many of these words were taken from people who lived in Greece before the Proto-Greeks arrived and brought their language. Eventually, the Greek language became fully developed, with many nuances.<br />The popular Mycenaean script was no longer used in the 12th century when their palaces were destroyed due to the Dorian invasions. It appears that the Greeks were illiterate for a few centuries. In the 8th century, the Greeks used most of the Phoenician alphabet. Between the 8th and 5th centuries BCE, there were some differences in the letters between cities. The Greek language had gone through many changes and reforms. Around 400 BCE, the alphabet became more normalized.</p><p><strong>Fun Facts about Greece</strong><br />• The official name of Greece is the Hellenic Republic<br />• The Olympic games originated in Greece<br />• Greece has thousands of islands, including popular vacation destinations such as Santorini and Mykonos</p>','Greek Translation','Professional Greek language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009 #interpreting #translation #interpreters #translationservices #languageservices','Greek Translation'),(9533,9533,1,'Guariní Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','7b7657db-044f-4973-8525-3ec3be9197ed','CIT offers Guarini interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Guarini language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Guarini language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Guarini language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Guarini people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n \n\n<strong><u>Guarini Language</u></strong>\n\nThe Guarini language is part of the Tupi-Guarini family of languages in South America. About 4.6 million people speak the language in Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. The Tupi-Guarini languages are spoken by people who inhabit the Amazon along with those who live in remote parts of Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru. Although these are all geographically distant, the languages spoken are rather similar. Therefore, the Portuguese Jesuits named the language the <em>lingua geral</em> or the <em>common language</em>. The Guarini people initially called themselves <em>Aba</em>, which means <em>men</em>. Jesuit missionaries coined the term Guarini to refer to the local people who had accepted Christianity.\n\nThe Guarini language has official status in Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. There are several dialects of the language including Eastern Bolivian Guarini, Western Bolivian Guarini, Guarini Ava, Guarini Mbiya and Paraguayan Guarini.\n\nThe first recorded writing of Guarini was in religious texts around the 1600s. Antonio Ruiz de Montoya was a priest who wrote the first Guarini-Spanish dictionary. It was published in 1639 and went by the name of <em>Tesoro de la lengua Guarini</em>. In 1867, the president of Paraguay, Mariscal Francisco Solano Lopez attempted to regulate the spelling of the language but was unsuccessful. In 1950, the spelling was officially finalized by the Guarini Language Congress in Montevideo, Uruguay.\n\n<strong>            </strong>Words in Guarini are either oral or nasal, following the nasal harmony. There are 6 oral vowels in the Guarini language. There are bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, postalveolar/palatal, velar and glottal consonants. The Guarini language is referred to as an agglutinative polysynthetic language. It means there is a high ratio of morphemes in each word. In such a language, a full sentence in another language can be said in just one word. In Guarini, postpositions are used as opposed to prepositions in other languages.\n\nThe Guarini language does not specify nouns for gender, number or case. Additionally, there are no definite articles. The language also distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive first person plural pronouns. The verb system in Guarini is quite complex, as previously mentioned. The word order follows the SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) order. If there is no subject, then the word order is Object-Verb. Guarini has many Spanish loanwords.\n\nGuaraní has co-existed with Spanish in Paraguay for four centuries, and as a result, has absorbed a lot of Spanish vocabulary. Guaraní has also contributed a number of loanwords to English such as cougar, toucan and jaguar.','Guariní Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Guarini language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Guariní translator interpreter'),(9534,9534,1,'Guariní Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','0fda434c-371e-4086-8b05-77eece8786e0','CIT offers Guarini interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Guarini language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Guarini language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Guarini language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Guarini people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n \n\n<strong><u>Guarini Language</u></strong>\n\nThe Guarini language is part of the Tupi-Guarini family of languages in South America. About 4.6 million people speak the language in Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. The Tupi-Guarini languages are spoken by people who inhabit the Amazon along with those who live in remote parts of Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru. Although these are all geographically distant, the languages spoken are rather similar. Therefore, the Portuguese Jesuits named the language the <em>lingua geral</em> or the <em>common language</em>. The Guarini people initially called themselves <em>Aba</em>, which means <em>men</em>. Jesuit missionaries coined the term Guarini to refer to the local people who had accepted Christianity.\n\nThe Guarini language has official status in Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. There are several dialects of the language including Eastern Bolivian Guarini, Western Bolivian Guarini, Guarini Ava, Guarini Mbiya and Paraguayan Guarini.\n\nThe first recorded writing of Guarini was in religious texts around the 1600s. Antonio Ruiz de Montoya was a priest who wrote the first Guarini-Spanish dictionary. It was published in 1639 and went by the name of <em>Tesoro de la lengua Guarini</em>. In 1867, the president of Paraguay, Mariscal Francisco Solano Lopez attempted to regulate the spelling of the language but was unsuccessful. In 1950, the spelling was officially finalized by the Guarini Language Congress in Montevideo, Uruguay.\n\n<strong>            </strong>Words in Guarini are either oral or nasal, following the nasal harmony. There are 6 oral vowels in the Guarini language. There are bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, postalveolar/palatal, velar and glottal consonants. The Guarini language is referred to as an agglutinative polysynthetic language. It means there is a high ratio of morphemes in each word. In such a language, a full sentence in another language can be said in just one word. In Guarini, postpositions are used as opposed to prepositions in other languages.\n\nThe Guarini language does not specify nouns for gender, number or case. Additionally, there are no definite articles. The language also distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive first person plural pronouns. The verb system in Guarini is quite complex, as previously mentioned. The word order follows the SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) order. If there is no subject, then the word order is Object-Verb. Guarini has many Spanish loanwords.\n\nGuaraní has co-existed with Spanish in Paraguay for four centuries, and as a result, has absorbed a lot of Spanish vocabulary. Guaraní has also contributed a number of loanwords to English such as cougar, toucan and jaguar.','Guariní Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Guarini language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Guariní translator interpreter'),(9535,9535,1,'Haitian Creole Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','0ac2ee2e-f31c-49c0-8d71-fd43a08a1c82','<h2>Creole interpreters and translators</h2>\nHaitian Creole may be spoken as little as 2 percent in Haiti, that\'s all the more reason finding someone to translate your documents or provide interpreting from creole to English is difficult. If you\'re ready now, call us. We\'re open 7 days a week, all day — 24 hours, and we don\'t take off for holidays. You can reach us 365 days a year. Try us now, <a href=\"tel:208887379009\">888.737.9009</a>.\n<h2>Worry No More</h2>\nCIT is here to offer Creole interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Creole language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Creole language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Creole language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Creole language, as well as of the culture and history of the Creole people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n<img src=\"https://calinterpreting.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/HAITIAN-CREOLE-LANGUAGE-INTERPRETING-AND-TRANSLATIONS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"It is estimated 160,000 Haitians speak Haitian Creole which is derived from French.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" />\n<h2>About The Hatian-Creole Language</h2>\nThe word “creole” comes from the French applied to people who were living in the colonies, to differentiate between them and the European-born immigrants. There are several Creole languages and are based mainly on English, Portuguese, French and Spanish. Since there are several other creole languages, there are other languages based on Arabic, Hindi and Malay. The Creole languages are quite complex and have many grammatical rules.\n\nMore specifically, the French Creole language is spoken mainly in the Caribbean, the US and some islands in the Indian Ocean. Within the Caribbean, there are different types of Creole that are spoken. They are: Haitian, Guadeloupean, Louisiana, Guianese and Amapa Creole.\n\nHistorically speaking, Creole was often thought to be spoken by the lower class of European colonizers. Many believed their languages to be primitive and unsophisticated. However, there has been a big push for revival since the mid 1900s. More and more, the Creole languages are being used in education, government, business and media. There are even Creole languages that have become official languages for several countries. This includes Bislama (official languages of Vanuatu), Haitian Creole (Haiti), Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea), Saotomense (Sao Tome Island), Kituba (Congo) and Sango (Central African Republic).\n<h2>Structure and Writing of Creole</h2>\nThe Creole languages have many differences in sound, grammar and vocabulary. In Creole languages, there are small sounds, no consonant clusters and no tones. Creole grammar is much simpler than the languages that it is based on. There are no differentiations between number, gender and case markings. However, the personal pronouns system is quite complicated.\n\nThere is no copula or determiners. Vocabulary is rather restricted. Words in Creole can have various meanings from the languages they were borrowed. Wiring in Creole has been developed by missionaries who took orthographies of their own tradition to be implemented in Creole. The orthographic has several similarities to English, French, Spanish and Portuguese.\n<h2>Creole Culture</h2>\nThe term “Creole” also refers to New World products that came from Old World goods. It is often times applied to architecture, identity and food. It is usually referred to people born in Louisiana during French and Spanish occupations. When the Creoles settled, they tried their best to nourish the land and grow crops.\n\nThe Creoles have historically, and today as well, transcended all boundaries of race. Because of the many roots of their descendants, their heritage is mixed and may include African, French, Spanish and even Native American.\n\nShould one be more interested in Creole culture, visiting the Cane River Creole National Historical Park’s Oakland and Magnolia Plantations will help to further understand Creole culture and learn about their past and what they are still continuing to do for their nation.\n<h2>haitian Immigration</h2>\nMany Haitians begin their journey to the United States many years before arriving in the U.S. <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58673578\">They first arrive in Brazil</a> making their way east before finally heading through Central America where many have become ex-pats in Guatemala.\n\nIn September of 2021, mass immigration to the U.S. took place by over 15,000 Haitians living in Guatemala and <a href=\"https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2021-09-21/haitian-journey-to-texas-border-starts-in-south-america\">Mexico</a>. <a href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/us/mexico-urges-haitians-us-mexico-border-give-up-head-south-2021-09-24/\">Mexico stated they should return to Guatemala</a> as thousands responded to President Biden\'s open border policy and dismantling President Trump\'s remain in Mexico border policy, most relocated to Florida.\n\nThe question of where would the Haitian foreign nationals go made national news for days as others have gone to Maryland Arizona, New York, and elsewhere. If you are a Haitian immigrant in need of document translation or an interpreter for immigration needs, call CIT 24 hours a day at our toll-free number, <a href=\"tel:208887379009\">888.737.9009</a>. There is no charge for the call.','Haitian Creole Translators','Certified Haitian Creole translators & interpreters for the legal, banking, and court in the U.S. Call 888.737.9009. The call is free.','Haitian Creole translators'),(9536,9536,1,'Haitian Creole Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','ae6cc84c-4bf4-4525-a1da-918b59b0c25d','<h2>Creole interpreters and translators</h2>\nHaitian Creole may be spoken as little as 2 percent in Haiti, that\'s all the more reason finding someone to translate your documents or provide interpreting from creole to English is difficult. If you\'re ready now, call us. We\'re open 7 days a week, all day — 24 hours, and we don\'t take off for holidays. You can reach us 365 days a year. Try us now, <a href=\"tel:208887379009\">888.737.9009</a>.\n<h2>Worry No More</h2>\nCIT is here to offer Creole interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Creole language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Creole language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Creole language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Creole language, as well as of the culture and history of the Creole people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n\n<img src=\"https://calinterpreting.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/HAITIAN-CREOLE-LANGUAGE-INTERPRETING-AND-TRANSLATIONS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"It is estimated 160,000 Haitians speak Haitian Creole which is derived from French.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" />\n<h2>About The Hatian-Creole Language</h2>\nThe word “creole” comes from the French applied to people who were living in the colonies, to differentiate between them and the European-born immigrants. There are several Creole languages and are based mainly on English, Portuguese, French and Spanish. Since there are several other creole languages, there are other languages based on Arabic, Hindi and Malay. The Creole languages are quite complex and have many grammatical rules.\n\nMore specifically, the French Creole language is spoken mainly in the Caribbean, the US and some islands in the Indian Ocean. Within the Caribbean, there are different types of Creole that are spoken. They are: Haitian, Guadeloupean, Louisiana, Guianese and Amapa Creole.\n\nHistorically speaking, Creole was often thought to be spoken by the lower class of European colonizers. Many believed their languages to be primitive and unsophisticated. However, there has been a big push for revival since the mid 1900s. More and more, the Creole languages are being used in education, government, business and media. There are even Creole languages that have become official languages for several countries. This includes Bislama (official languages of Vanuatu), Haitian Creole (Haiti), Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea), Saotomense (Sao Tome Island), Kituba (Congo) and Sango (Central African Republic).\n<h2>Structure and Writing of Creole</h2>\nThe Creole languages have many differences in sound, grammar and vocabulary. In Creole languages, there are small sounds, no consonant clusters and no tones. Creole grammar is much simpler than the languages that it is based on. There are no differentiations between number, gender and case markings. However, the personal pronouns system is quite complicated.\n\nThere is no copula or determiners. Vocabulary is rather restricted. Words in Creole can have various meanings from the languages they were borrowed. Wiring in Creole has been developed by missionaries who took orthographies of their own tradition to be implemented in Creole. The orthographic has several similarities to English, French, Spanish and Portuguese.\n<h2>Creole Culture</h2>\nThe term “Creole” also refers to New World products that came from Old World goods. It is often times applied to architecture, identity and food. It is usually referred to people born in Louisiana during French and Spanish occupations. When the Creoles settled, they tried their best to nourish the land and grow crops.\n\nThe Creoles have historically, and today as well, transcended all boundaries of race. Because of the many roots of their descendants, their heritage is mixed and may include African, French, Spanish and even Native American.\n\nShould one be more interested in Creole culture, visiting the Cane River Creole National Historical Park’s Oakland and Magnolia Plantations will help to further understand Creole culture and learn about their past and what they are still continuing to do for their nation.\n<h2>haitian Immigration</h2>\nMany Haitians begin their journey to the United States many years before arriving in the U.S. <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58673578\">They first arrive in Brazil</a> making their way east before finally heading through Central America where many have become ex-pats in Guatemala.\n\nIn September of 2021, mass immigration to the U.S. took place by over 15,000 Haitians living in Guatemala and <a href=\"https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2021-09-21/haitian-journey-to-texas-border-starts-in-south-america\">Mexico</a>. <a href=\"https://www.reuters.com/world/us/mexico-urges-haitians-us-mexico-border-give-up-head-south-2021-09-24/\">Mexico stated they should return to Guatemala</a> as thousands responded to President Biden\'s open border policy and dismantling President Trump\'s remain in Mexico border policy, most relocated to Florida.\n\nThe question of where would the Haitian foreign nationals go made national news for days as others have gone to Maryland Arizona, New York, and elsewhere. If you are a Haitian immigrant in need of document translation or an interpreter for immigration needs, call CIT 24 hours a day at our toll-free number, <a href=\"tel:208887379009\">888.737.9009</a>. There is no charge for the call.','Haitian Creole Translators','Certified Haitian Creole translators & interpreters for the legal, banking, and court in the U.S. Call 888.737.9009. The call is free.','Haitian Creole translators'),(9537,9537,1,'Hausa Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','1b4afa65-acb3-4b64-9c70-7f3ecd53df95','<h2>Hausa interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hausa interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hausa language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hausa language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hausa language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hausa people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Hausa Language</h2>\nThe Hausa language is considered to be the most important indigenous language spoken in West and Central Africa. It is the first or second language spoken by about 45 million people. It is part of the Chadic languages and falls within in the Afro-Asiatic languages. The bulk of Hausa speaking people live on the border between Niger and Nigeria. About 1/5<sup>th</sup> of the people speak Hausa as their first language. The Hausa people are mainly Muslim and have a history of trading and attending pilgrimages to the Holy Cities of Islam. This has helped to carry the Hausa language to many cities all throughout Africa.\n\nThe Hausa language is a tone language, meaning that the tone of a word is as important as the consonants and vowels. There are three tones in Hausa: high, low and falling. Hausa follows the Subject-Verb-Object order. Just like other Afro-Asiatic languages, there is a rich “root and pattern” system in the Hausa language. In the language itself, there are Square root symbols for consonantal “roots” that help to designate general concepts.\n\nThere are some consonants that change during different circumstances and the root symbol helps to indicate that. Some changes might be in a patter or with certain consonants. In a singular form, the root deconstructs to become a vowel. Nouns can be in either singular or plural, masculine or feminine. A new word can be created from either a noun or a verb through derivation. One can add a different ending or tone pattern. Hausa verbs can be created through derivation or inflection. There are different forms known as A-B-C-D forms, depending on what type of object follows the verb made.\n\nThe Hausa language had been written in a form of Arabic lettering called <em>ajami</em>. Starting in 1912, it is written in <em>book</em> and is based in the Latin alphabet. It is the orthography now used in education, print and general purposes.\n\nThe Hausa language is an indigenous language of the government and constitution of Nigeria and Niger. There are two main dialects for the Hausa language. They are: northwestern Hausa, spoken in Niger and Sokoto and Katsina in Nigeria and the eastern Hausa dialect, with Kano, Zaria and Bauchi. Research on the Hausa language is fairly new. Around the 1850s, German missionary J.F. Schon began linguistic research on the Hausa language. The first course outside of Africa in the Hausa language was offered in Berlin in 1885. Presently, Hausa is taught in many areas of the world, particularly in universities that have departments specifically for the study of African languages. In 1934, the firs publication in Hausa was released by the Reverend G.P. Bargery with around 40,000 entries. In it were many Arabic, Kanuri and Tanajaq loanwords.\n<h2>Facts about Hausa</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>The Hausa people in Nigeria are almost all Muslim</li>\n 	<li>The Hausa people practice agriculture</li>\n 	<li>The average Hausa man is well versed in politics</li>\n 	<li>Boys are flogged in order to certify them for marriage during the Fulani’s Sharo festival</li>\n</ul>','Hausa Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hausa language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hausa translator interpreter'),(9538,9538,1,'Hausa Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','bc789aeb-e1db-4bc7-af92-4846fcc5d059','<h2>Hausa interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hausa interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hausa language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hausa language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hausa language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hausa people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Hausa Language</h2>\nThe Hausa language is considered to be the most important indigenous language spoken in West and Central Africa. It is the first or second language spoken by about 45 million people. It is part of the Chadic languages and falls within in the Afro-Asiatic languages. The bulk of Hausa speaking people live on the border between Niger and Nigeria. About 1/5<sup>th</sup> of the people speak Hausa as their first language. The Hausa people are mainly Muslim and have a history of trading and attending pilgrimages to the Holy Cities of Islam. This has helped to carry the Hausa language to many cities all throughout Africa.\n\nThe Hausa language is a tone language, meaning that the tone of a word is as important as the consonants and vowels. There are three tones in Hausa: high, low and falling. Hausa follows the Subject-Verb-Object order. Just like other Afro-Asiatic languages, there is a rich “root and pattern” system in the Hausa language. In the language itself, there are Square root symbols for consonantal “roots” that help to designate general concepts.\n\nThere are some consonants that change during different circumstances and the root symbol helps to indicate that. Some changes might be in a patter or with certain consonants. In a singular form, the root deconstructs to become a vowel. Nouns can be in either singular or plural, masculine or feminine. A new word can be created from either a noun or a verb through derivation. One can add a different ending or tone pattern. Hausa verbs can be created through derivation or inflection. There are different forms known as A-B-C-D forms, depending on what type of object follows the verb made.\n\nThe Hausa language had been written in a form of Arabic lettering called <em>ajami</em>. Starting in 1912, it is written in <em>book</em> and is based in the Latin alphabet. It is the orthography now used in education, print and general purposes.\n\nThe Hausa language is an indigenous language of the government and constitution of Nigeria and Niger. There are two main dialects for the Hausa language. They are: northwestern Hausa, spoken in Niger and Sokoto and Katsina in Nigeria and the eastern Hausa dialect, with Kano, Zaria and Bauchi. Research on the Hausa language is fairly new. Around the 1850s, German missionary J.F. Schon began linguistic research on the Hausa language. The first course outside of Africa in the Hausa language was offered in Berlin in 1885. Presently, Hausa is taught in many areas of the world, particularly in universities that have departments specifically for the study of African languages. In 1934, the firs publication in Hausa was released by the Reverend G.P. Bargery with around 40,000 entries. In it were many Arabic, Kanuri and Tanajaq loanwords.\n<h2>Facts about Hausa</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>The Hausa people in Nigeria are almost all Muslim</li>\n 	<li>The Hausa people practice agriculture</li>\n 	<li>The average Hausa man is well versed in politics</li>\n 	<li>Boys are flogged in order to certify them for marriage during the Fulani’s Sharo festival</li>\n</ul>','Hausa Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hausa language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hausa translator interpreter'),(9539,9539,1,'Hawaiian Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','c5d60158-5c3c-4571-9954-08d7d612ce59','<h2>Hawaiian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hawaiian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hawai’ian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hawai’ian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hawai’ian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Hawai’ian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hawai’ian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The History of the Hawai’ian Language</h2>\nThe Hawaiian language, known as Olelo Hawai’I, is one of the Polynesian languages. A lot of the Hawai’ian language has been replaced by Creole. In 1778, Captain Cook and his colleagues recorded the language for the first time in Kaua’i. Cook and his colleagues realized that the language was very similar to Tahitian and Maori. In order to communicate with the people of Hawai’I, they used the Tahitian language. The early explorers who had first come in contact with the people of Hawaii, noticed that the language had a lot of vowels, making it sound like redundant baby-babble. They called the Hawaiian language, “primitive” and “child-like”.\n\nHawaiian is an oral language, without a historical record of it being written down. In the 1800s, missionaries wanted to teach their converts to read the Bible. They created a simple written language consisting of only 12 letters that came from Hawaiian origin based on sounds they heard. Not long after, the Hawaiian language was used for government, daily life and within ethnic groups, many of which came to Hawaii to work on the plantations.\n\nTwo unique characteristics were later added to the Hawaiian alphabet that the missionaries had missed. The first is a glottal stop, or an unnoticed consonant. It is represented by the ‘okina symbol (‘). The other characteristic is a line placed above a vowel, indicating a longer sound. After the inclusion of these two characteristics, the Hawaiian language became as complete as other languages.\n\nOnce Hawaii became part of the United States, English became the primary language. In 1893, when the Kingdom was overthrown, the Hawaiian language was banned from schools and government. There are approximately one thousand native speakers. Many of them live on an isolated part of Hawaii called Ni’ihau. About 8000 more people can speak and understand Hawaiian currently.\n\nIn the 1970s, the language, along with Hawaiian culture, took a revolutionary turn. This caused a newfound respect for the language. In 1978, the language once more became an official language of the state of Hawaii and many immersion programs began. Today, they continue to spread in Punana Leo schools. About 1400 students are learning in the Hawaiian language and another 4000 students are learning the language as a second language. In 1978, Hawaiian became a mandatory second language in public schools.\n<h2>Fun Facts about Hawaiian</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Many foods native to Hawaii are symbols of the waves that brought immigrants to the island</li>\n 	<li>The Hawaiian people have a very devout belief system</li>\n 	<li>Music and dance are a large part of Hawaiian culture</li>\n</ul>','Hawaiian Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hawaiian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hawaiian translator interpreter'),(9540,9540,1,'Hawaiian Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','4d14b91c-52e5-49e7-98d1-59ae2e5d57d9','<h2>Hawaiian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hawaiian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hawai’ian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hawai’ian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hawai’ian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Hawai’ian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hawai’ian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The History of the Hawai’ian Language</h2>\nThe Hawaiian language, known as Olelo Hawai’I, is one of the Polynesian languages. A lot of the Hawai’ian language has been replaced by Creole. In 1778, Captain Cook and his colleagues recorded the language for the first time in Kaua’i. Cook and his colleagues realized that the language was very similar to Tahitian and Maori. In order to communicate with the people of Hawai’I, they used the Tahitian language. The early explorers who had first come in contact with the people of Hawaii, noticed that the language had a lot of vowels, making it sound like redundant baby-babble. They called the Hawaiian language, “primitive” and “child-like”.\n\nHawaiian is an oral language, without a historical record of it being written down. In the 1800s, missionaries wanted to teach their converts to read the Bible. They created a simple written language consisting of only 12 letters that came from Hawaiian origin based on sounds they heard. Not long after, the Hawaiian language was used for government, daily life and within ethnic groups, many of which came to Hawaii to work on the plantations.\n\nTwo unique characteristics were later added to the Hawaiian alphabet that the missionaries had missed. The first is a glottal stop, or an unnoticed consonant. It is represented by the ‘okina symbol (‘). The other characteristic is a line placed above a vowel, indicating a longer sound. After the inclusion of these two characteristics, the Hawaiian language became as complete as other languages.\n\nOnce Hawaii became part of the United States, English became the primary language. In 1893, when the Kingdom was overthrown, the Hawaiian language was banned from schools and government. There are approximately one thousand native speakers. Many of them live on an isolated part of Hawaii called Ni’ihau. About 8000 more people can speak and understand Hawaiian currently.\n\nIn the 1970s, the language, along with Hawaiian culture, took a revolutionary turn. This caused a newfound respect for the language. In 1978, the language once more became an official language of the state of Hawaii and many immersion programs began. Today, they continue to spread in Punana Leo schools. About 1400 students are learning in the Hawaiian language and another 4000 students are learning the language as a second language. In 1978, Hawaiian became a mandatory second language in public schools.\n<h2>Fun Facts about Hawaiian</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Many foods native to Hawaii are symbols of the waves that brought immigrants to the island</li>\n 	<li>The Hawaiian people have a very devout belief system</li>\n 	<li>Music and dance are a large part of Hawaiian culture</li>\n</ul>','Hawaiian Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hawaiian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hawaiian translator interpreter'),(9541,9541,1,'Hebrew Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','5a767c46-6be5-499a-b5ba-c4f3e74afcac','<h2>Hebrew interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hebrew interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hebrew language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hebrew language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hebrew language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Hebrew language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hebrew people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Hebrew Language</h2>\nThe Hebrew language is the primary Semitic language of the Northern Central, or northwestern, group. It is heavily related to Phoenician and Moabite. Hebrew was spoken in Palestine. In the 3<sup>rd</sup> century BC, the language was replaced mainly by Aramaic but was continued to be used for religious and literary purposes. In the 1800s, it was later revived and is now the official language of the State of Israel.\n\nThe history of the Hebrew language can typically be broken down into 4 categories. They are: Biblical, Mishnaic, Medieval and Modern Hebrew.\n\nBiblical Hebrew was used until about the 3<sup>rd</sup> century BC. It is what the Old Testament is written in. Mishnaic, also known as Rabbinic Hebrew, is the language of the Mishna, which is a compilation of Jewish tradition. Next is Medieval Hebrew, which was spoken from the 6<sup>th</sup> to 13<sup>th</sup> centuries. Many of its words come from Greek, Spanish and Arabic. Lastly, Modern Hebrew, which was put together by Eliezer Ben Yehuda in the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup> century by creating a Hebrew dictionary.\n\nAt this time, there was a lot of backlash from religious leaders to modernize the Hebrew language and make it a language spoken outside of biblical and theological settings. Even though he was alienated for his effort, Ben Yehuda continued to write the dictionary and modernize the Hebrew language. Today, over 9 million people worldwide speak Hebrew and many more can read and write the language. The most ancient form of the Hebrew language is found in the Song of Deborah (Chapter 5 of the book of Judges). When studying Ancient Hebrew, one can expect to find Canaanite and Akkadian loanwords. The letters used in Modern Hebrew are the same used in ancient text and prayer.\n\nDuring the time of the Mishna, many consonant sounds were combined and confused. Many nouns were taken from the Aramaic languages. One can also find Greek, Latin and Persian loanwords. Between the 9<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries, the Hebrew language was not spoken much. During this time, poems called <em>piyyuitim</em> started taking form. During this time, new words were added, other words were given new meanings. Soon after, the Spanish-Hebrew poets took form. During this time, around 2,500 more modern words, such as scientific and philosophical words were added.\n\nThe Modern Hebrew of today is based on biblical Hebrew. It is a rather innovative language to meet modern times. Although there is only one dialect of Hebrew, there are different pronunciations, particularly between the Sephardic (Hispano-Portuguese) Jews and the Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jews. Hebrew is written from right to left in a script that contains 22 Semitic letters.\n\nThe language has seven forms of verb conjugation. Each verb can be conjugated for male or female and plural or singular. There are four tenses: past, present, future and command form. All 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet are consonants; vowels are added below or above letters to help with pronunciation.','Hebrew Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hebrew language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hebrew translator interpreter'),(9542,9542,1,'Hebrew Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','82c0f9ef-33df-44e7-9945-e69cf72aa319','<h2>Hebrew interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hebrew interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hebrew language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hebrew language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hebrew language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Hebrew language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hebrew people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Hebrew Language</h2>\nThe Hebrew language is the primary Semitic language of the Northern Central, or northwestern, group. It is heavily related to Phoenician and Moabite. Hebrew was spoken in Palestine. In the 3<sup>rd</sup> century BC, the language was replaced mainly by Aramaic but was continued to be used for religious and literary purposes. In the 1800s, it was later revived and is now the official language of the State of Israel.\n\nThe history of the Hebrew language can typically be broken down into 4 categories. They are: Biblical, Mishnaic, Medieval and Modern Hebrew.\n\nBiblical Hebrew was used until about the 3<sup>rd</sup> century BC. It is what the Old Testament is written in. Mishnaic, also known as Rabbinic Hebrew, is the language of the Mishna, which is a compilation of Jewish tradition. Next is Medieval Hebrew, which was spoken from the 6<sup>th</sup> to 13<sup>th</sup> centuries. Many of its words come from Greek, Spanish and Arabic. Lastly, Modern Hebrew, which was put together by Eliezer Ben Yehuda in the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup> century by creating a Hebrew dictionary.\n\nAt this time, there was a lot of backlash from religious leaders to modernize the Hebrew language and make it a language spoken outside of biblical and theological settings. Even though he was alienated for his effort, Ben Yehuda continued to write the dictionary and modernize the Hebrew language. Today, over 9 million people worldwide speak Hebrew and many more can read and write the language. The most ancient form of the Hebrew language is found in the Song of Deborah (Chapter 5 of the book of Judges). When studying Ancient Hebrew, one can expect to find Canaanite and Akkadian loanwords. The letters used in Modern Hebrew are the same used in ancient text and prayer.\n\nDuring the time of the Mishna, many consonant sounds were combined and confused. Many nouns were taken from the Aramaic languages. One can also find Greek, Latin and Persian loanwords. Between the 9<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries, the Hebrew language was not spoken much. During this time, poems called <em>piyyuitim</em> started taking form. During this time, new words were added, other words were given new meanings. Soon after, the Spanish-Hebrew poets took form. During this time, around 2,500 more modern words, such as scientific and philosophical words were added.\n\nThe Modern Hebrew of today is based on biblical Hebrew. It is a rather innovative language to meet modern times. Although there is only one dialect of Hebrew, there are different pronunciations, particularly between the Sephardic (Hispano-Portuguese) Jews and the Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jews. Hebrew is written from right to left in a script that contains 22 Semitic letters.\n\nThe language has seven forms of verb conjugation. Each verb can be conjugated for male or female and plural or singular. There are four tenses: past, present, future and command form. All 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet are consonants; vowels are added below or above letters to help with pronunciation.','Hebrew Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hebrew language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hebrew translator interpreter'),(9543,9543,1,'Hindi Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','0daa4fd4-ad06-4ae9-a450-a799a5fb44f6','<h2>Hindi interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hindi interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hindi language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hindi language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hindi language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Hindi language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hindi people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Hindi Language</h2>\nThe Hindi language is part of the Indo-Aryan group, part of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European languages. It is the first and preferred language of India while the second language and the primary language of business is English. About 425 million people speak Hindi as their first language and an additiona 120 million speak it as a second or tertiery language. Other nations that speak Hindi besides India include South Africa, Mauritus, Bangladesh, Yemen and Uganda.\n\nThe Hindi language, which is written in Devanagari, has been highly influenced by Sanskrit. The primary dialect of Hindi is Khari bolic, which is spoken in the north and east. Other dialects of Hindi include Braj Bhasha, Awadhi, Bagheli, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Chhattisgarhi, Garhwali, Haryanawi, Kanauji, Kumayuni, Magahi, and Marwari. Many believe these are not actually dialects, rather regional languages of Hindi. Even within these zones are discrepancies between languages. For example, Maithili is more similar to Bengali than it is to Hindi. Rajasthani is also more similar to Gujarati than to Hindi. Regardless, Hindi is still the main language of elementary school education. In such an area, there is a prominence associated with speaking Hindi, as there is a prominence associated with speaking English in southern parts of India. During the 1950s with a large insurgence of media, television and movies, more people have been speaking standard Hindi. Around that time, there was a large increase in code switching, where a speaker would combine Hindi and English words in one sentence.\n\nThe precursor languages of Hindi are Sanskrit, Prakrit and Apabhramsha. Hindi was greatly influenced by the Persian language. For example, an adjective would not change if the number in the noun changes. Hindi has number agreements through postpositions and has two genders, masculine and feminine, unlike Sanskrit that has a neutral gender as well.\n\nThere are many loanwords of other languages in the Hindi language, particularly from Persian, Arabic and English.\n\nIn the 1930s, a linguist named Sumit Kumar Chatterjee performed a study on how the language, which he called Bazaar Hinudstani, was being used. It was used by Europeans and Indians who spoke other languages like Assamese, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil and Hindi. Hindustani comes from Hindi and Sanskrit or from Urdu and Persian. It was known as the <em>lingua franca,</em> the first language, of Kolkata (known as Calcutta today). It appears that modern day Hindi came from a mix of very many languages. A government agency called the Central Hindi Directorate is working to modernize the Hindi language and as a result, the language is moving closer to Sanskrit. Those who are not native Hindi speakers are moving the language closer to English by inserting more loanwords into the Hindi lexicon. It is the goal of Hindi speakers, both native and non-native speakers, to expand the language.\n<h2>Fun Facts about the Hindi Language</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Hindi words are spelled out exactly as they are pronounced to make it easy to learn</li>\n 	<li>Hindi Day, annually celebrated on September 14, marks the day the Hindi language became official in 1965</li>\n 	<li>The word “Hindi” comes from the Persian word “Hind,” which means The Land of the India River</li>\n 	<li>The first Indian film, Raja Harishchandra, was released in 1913.</li>\n 	<li>Hindi typewriters were first sold in 1930.</li>\n</ul>','Hindi Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hindi language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hindi translator interpreter'),(9544,9544,1,'Hindi Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','b5b25663-574b-4309-ab6b-5cc3089eb512','<h2>Hindi interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hindi interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hindi language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hindi language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hindi language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Hindi language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hindi people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Hindi Language</h2>\nThe Hindi language is part of the Indo-Aryan group, part of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European languages. It is the first and preferred language of India while the second language and the primary language of business is English. About 425 million people speak Hindi as their first language and an additiona 120 million speak it as a second or tertiery language. Other nations that speak Hindi besides India include South Africa, Mauritus, Bangladesh, Yemen and Uganda.\n\nThe Hindi language, which is written in Devanagari, has been highly influenced by Sanskrit. The primary dialect of Hindi is Khari bolic, which is spoken in the north and east. Other dialects of Hindi include Braj Bhasha, Awadhi, Bagheli, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Chhattisgarhi, Garhwali, Haryanawi, Kanauji, Kumayuni, Magahi, and Marwari. Many believe these are not actually dialects, rather regional languages of Hindi. Even within these zones are discrepancies between languages. For example, Maithili is more similar to Bengali than it is to Hindi. Rajasthani is also more similar to Gujarati than to Hindi. Regardless, Hindi is still the main language of elementary school education. In such an area, there is a prominence associated with speaking Hindi, as there is a prominence associated with speaking English in southern parts of India. During the 1950s with a large insurgence of media, television and movies, more people have been speaking standard Hindi. Around that time, there was a large increase in code switching, where a speaker would combine Hindi and English words in one sentence.\n\nThe precursor languages of Hindi are Sanskrit, Prakrit and Apabhramsha. Hindi was greatly influenced by the Persian language. For example, an adjective would not change if the number in the noun changes. Hindi has number agreements through postpositions and has two genders, masculine and feminine, unlike Sanskrit that has a neutral gender as well.\n\nThere are many loanwords of other languages in the Hindi language, particularly from Persian, Arabic and English.\n\nIn the 1930s, a linguist named Sumit Kumar Chatterjee performed a study on how the language, which he called Bazaar Hinudstani, was being used. It was used by Europeans and Indians who spoke other languages like Assamese, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil and Hindi. Hindustani comes from Hindi and Sanskrit or from Urdu and Persian. It was known as the <em>lingua franca,</em> the first language, of Kolkata (known as Calcutta today). It appears that modern day Hindi came from a mix of very many languages. A government agency called the Central Hindi Directorate is working to modernize the Hindi language and as a result, the language is moving closer to Sanskrit. Those who are not native Hindi speakers are moving the language closer to English by inserting more loanwords into the Hindi lexicon. It is the goal of Hindi speakers, both native and non-native speakers, to expand the language.\n<h2>Fun Facts about the Hindi Language</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Hindi words are spelled out exactly as they are pronounced to make it easy to learn</li>\n 	<li>Hindi Day, annually celebrated on September 14, marks the day the Hindi language became official in 1965</li>\n 	<li>The word “Hindi” comes from the Persian word “Hind,” which means The Land of the India River</li>\n 	<li>The first Indian film, Raja Harishchandra, was released in 1913.</li>\n 	<li>Hindi typewriters were first sold in 1930.</li>\n</ul>','Hindi Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hindi language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hindi translator interpreter'),(9545,9545,1,'Hittie Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','db9ca0e7-d75d-41f8-952c-843d9e863d07','<h2>Hittite/Hittie interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hittite/Hittie interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hittite/Hittie language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hittite/Hittie language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hittite/Hittie language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Hittite/Hittie language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hittite/Hittie people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Hittite Language</h2>\nThe first literate society in Anatolia came about with the rise of the Hittite Empire in the 18<sup>th</sup> century BC, at the capital of Hattusa. Anatolia, as it is formally known, is the Asiatic part of what we know today as Turkey. The Hittites, along with many other nations, spoke Anatolian, a branch of the Indo-European languages. It is related to Luwian and Palaic, and many believe it is quite related to other languages that would form later on such as Lydian, Lycian and Carian. The Hittite language had adapted the cuneiform script, using approximately 375 signs from the Akkadian cuneiform. The signs can be divided into phonograms, logograms and determinatives. In order to write a consonant cluster in the language, either a CV or a VC sign is used to help with pronunciation.\n\nLogograms are also a big part of the Hittite language. Many of them have multiple meanings, known as polyvalence. It is common in cuneiform scripts such as Sumerian as well as Akkadian. There are two types of logograms in Hittite. Sumerograms are signs from Sumerians. Akkadograms are signs that were originally in Akkadian but brought into the Hittite language. These words can be read one way in Akkadian phonetically but they are read as a word in Hittite. Oftentimes, the logograms have phonetic complements.\n<h2>History of the Hittite</h2>\nThe Hittite Empire blossomed up until the 12<sup>th</sup> century BC when it was run down by political issues. The Hittite cuneiform of writing died off around this time as well. The language, however, did not disappear completely. In fact, many believe it turned into another called, Lycian.\n\nMany believe that the Hittite language helps further understand the history and complexity of Indo-European languages. They are grounded on the theory of the laryngeal theory, which indicates that atypical Proto-Indo-European roots are actually typical Proto-Indo-European and have laryngeal consonants. This theory was formulated by Ferdinand de Saussure in 1879 but was very controversial.\n\nOnce the Hittite language was classified as Indo-European, linguistic scholars noticed the cuneiform signs similar to the laryngeal theoretical words. Eventually, sounds like the <em>h</em> sound was determined and accepted to be Proto-Indo-European laryngeal. It was determined that there were laryngeals in the Luwian language also, validated the laryngeal theory in linguistics.\n<h2>Facts about Hittite</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Today, Hittite is referred to as Turkey, Syria and Lebanon</li>\n 	<li>They are part of the Bronze historical age</li>\n 	<li>The Hittite people were great and respected warriors</li>\n</ul>','Hittie Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hittie language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hittie translator interpreter'),(9546,9546,1,'Hittie Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','c0edb9dc-90b3-4acf-9edb-a3ce3cb64563','<h2>Hittite/Hittie interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hittite/Hittie interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hittite/Hittie language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hittite/Hittie language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hittite/Hittie language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Hittite/Hittie language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hittite/Hittie people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Hittite Language</h2>\nThe first literate society in Anatolia came about with the rise of the Hittite Empire in the 18<sup>th</sup> century BC, at the capital of Hattusa. Anatolia, as it is formally known, is the Asiatic part of what we know today as Turkey. The Hittites, along with many other nations, spoke Anatolian, a branch of the Indo-European languages. It is related to Luwian and Palaic, and many believe it is quite related to other languages that would form later on such as Lydian, Lycian and Carian. The Hittite language had adapted the cuneiform script, using approximately 375 signs from the Akkadian cuneiform. The signs can be divided into phonograms, logograms and determinatives. In order to write a consonant cluster in the language, either a CV or a VC sign is used to help with pronunciation.\n\nLogograms are also a big part of the Hittite language. Many of them have multiple meanings, known as polyvalence. It is common in cuneiform scripts such as Sumerian as well as Akkadian. There are two types of logograms in Hittite. Sumerograms are signs from Sumerians. Akkadograms are signs that were originally in Akkadian but brought into the Hittite language. These words can be read one way in Akkadian phonetically but they are read as a word in Hittite. Oftentimes, the logograms have phonetic complements.\n<h2>History of the Hittite</h2>\nThe Hittite Empire blossomed up until the 12<sup>th</sup> century BC when it was run down by political issues. The Hittite cuneiform of writing died off around this time as well. The language, however, did not disappear completely. In fact, many believe it turned into another called, Lycian.\n\nMany believe that the Hittite language helps further understand the history and complexity of Indo-European languages. They are grounded on the theory of the laryngeal theory, which indicates that atypical Proto-Indo-European roots are actually typical Proto-Indo-European and have laryngeal consonants. This theory was formulated by Ferdinand de Saussure in 1879 but was very controversial.\n\nOnce the Hittite language was classified as Indo-European, linguistic scholars noticed the cuneiform signs similar to the laryngeal theoretical words. Eventually, sounds like the <em>h</em> sound was determined and accepted to be Proto-Indo-European laryngeal. It was determined that there were laryngeals in the Luwian language also, validated the laryngeal theory in linguistics.\n<h2>Facts about Hittite</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Today, Hittite is referred to as Turkey, Syria and Lebanon</li>\n 	<li>They are part of the Bronze historical age</li>\n 	<li>The Hittite people were great and respected warriors</li>\n</ul>','Hittie Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hittie language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hittie translator interpreter'),(9547,9547,1,'Hungarian Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','9f5aef7d-c74b-4534-9eb5-042953d32449','<h2>Hungarian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hungarian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hungarian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hungarian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hungarian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Hungarian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hungarian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Hungarian Language</h2>\nThe Hungarian language, also know as Magyar to those who speak it, is spoken by around 12.5 million people worldwide. Hungarian is spoken in Romania, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Israel, the US and Canada among other nations in small amounts. It is a Finno-Ugric language within the Uralic lanhguage family. Hungarian is primarily spoken in Hungary but also spoken in Slovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia and other nations in Europe.\n\nHungarian is known to be one of the most difficult languages to learn. It has been  written in modified Latin since the 13<sup>th</sup> century. By the 1500s, its written alphabet was more stabilized. Hungarian has many Turkish, Iranian, English, Slavc, Latin and Germany loanwords. It is cloest to other languages such as Khanty and Mansi, spoken in Russia. Many believe that Hungarian has been separated for about 2,500 years. The language follows the vowel harmony, where vowels belong to one of three groups, depending on the placement of articulation. These three grounps are back vowels, rounded vowels or front unrounded vowels. The stress, or accent, is always on the first syllable of a word.\n\nIt is believed that the ancestors of the Hungarians came from the Ural Mountains around the 4<sup>th</sup> – 6<sup>th</sup> centuries. Eventually, they moved down towards the Danube around the 9<sup>th</sup> century. Even though they are considered European, their language is technically of Asian origin.\n\nThere are several dialects in the Hungarian language, although the Standard Hungarian dialect is what is spoken in Hungary’s capital of Budapest. Other dialects are: Central Transdanubian, North-eastern Hungarian, Paloc, Southern Great Plains, Southern Transdanubian, Tisza-Koros, Western Transdanubian, Oberwart (spoken in Austria) and Csango (spoken in Romania). The last two are not well understood by speakers of Standard Hungarian.\n\nHungarian has several vowels and consonants. There are 14-15 vowels. Of all the other Uralic languages, Hungarian has the most phonemes. Different consonants include bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, postalveolar, palatal, velar and glottal. As previously mentioned, Hungarian has many loanwords from other languages. Additionally, the nouns can be differentiated by singular or plural, although gender is not marked. There are seven non-local cases (nominative, accusative, dative, instrumental, causative, translative, terminative) and ten local cases. Verbs have a stem and tense/mood suffix along with a person/number suffix. There are two tenses (present and past) and three moods (indicative, conditional and subjunctive). The word order is Subject-Verb-Order.\n<h2>Fun Facts about Hungary</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>The Hungarians invented the Rubik’s cube</li>\n 	<li>Hungarian is thought to be the hardest language to learn</li>\n 	<li>Hungary has no beaches</li>\n 	<li>Lake Balaton in Hungary is the largest lake in Central Europe</li>\n 	<li>Erich Weisz, also known as Harry Houdini, was born in Hungary</li>\n 	<li>It is considered rude to clink beer glasses in Hungary</li>\n 	<li>Water polo is a national sport</li>\n</ul>','Hungarian Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hungarian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hungarian translator interpreter'),(9548,9548,1,'Hungarian Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','da048e50-9ab5-4201-8e1d-74f39973fae4','<h2>Hungarian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Hungarian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Hungarian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Hungarian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Hungarian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Hungarian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Hungarian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Hungarian Language</h2>\nThe Hungarian language, also know as Magyar to those who speak it, is spoken by around 12.5 million people worldwide. Hungarian is spoken in Romania, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Israel, the US and Canada among other nations in small amounts. It is a Finno-Ugric language within the Uralic lanhguage family. Hungarian is primarily spoken in Hungary but also spoken in Slovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia and other nations in Europe.\n\nHungarian is known to be one of the most difficult languages to learn. It has been  written in modified Latin since the 13<sup>th</sup> century. By the 1500s, its written alphabet was more stabilized. Hungarian has many Turkish, Iranian, English, Slavc, Latin and Germany loanwords. It is cloest to other languages such as Khanty and Mansi, spoken in Russia. Many believe that Hungarian has been separated for about 2,500 years. The language follows the vowel harmony, where vowels belong to one of three groups, depending on the placement of articulation. These three grounps are back vowels, rounded vowels or front unrounded vowels. The stress, or accent, is always on the first syllable of a word.\n\nIt is believed that the ancestors of the Hungarians came from the Ural Mountains around the 4<sup>th</sup> – 6<sup>th</sup> centuries. Eventually, they moved down towards the Danube around the 9<sup>th</sup> century. Even though they are considered European, their language is technically of Asian origin.\n\nThere are several dialects in the Hungarian language, although the Standard Hungarian dialect is what is spoken in Hungary’s capital of Budapest. Other dialects are: Central Transdanubian, North-eastern Hungarian, Paloc, Southern Great Plains, Southern Transdanubian, Tisza-Koros, Western Transdanubian, Oberwart (spoken in Austria) and Csango (spoken in Romania). The last two are not well understood by speakers of Standard Hungarian.\n\nHungarian has several vowels and consonants. There are 14-15 vowels. Of all the other Uralic languages, Hungarian has the most phonemes. Different consonants include bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, postalveolar, palatal, velar and glottal. As previously mentioned, Hungarian has many loanwords from other languages. Additionally, the nouns can be differentiated by singular or plural, although gender is not marked. There are seven non-local cases (nominative, accusative, dative, instrumental, causative, translative, terminative) and ten local cases. Verbs have a stem and tense/mood suffix along with a person/number suffix. There are two tenses (present and past) and three moods (indicative, conditional and subjunctive). The word order is Subject-Verb-Order.\n<h2>Fun Facts about Hungary</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>The Hungarians invented the Rubik’s cube</li>\n 	<li>Hungarian is thought to be the hardest language to learn</li>\n 	<li>Hungary has no beaches</li>\n 	<li>Lake Balaton in Hungary is the largest lake in Central Europe</li>\n 	<li>Erich Weisz, also known as Harry Houdini, was born in Hungary</li>\n 	<li>It is considered rude to clink beer glasses in Hungary</li>\n 	<li>Water polo is a national sport</li>\n</ul>','Hungarian Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hungarian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hungarian translator interpreter'),(9549,9549,1,'Hutterite German Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','c4b42d11-8032-481a-968a-c601ff43c8ab','<h2>Hutterite German (Hutterisch) Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nWhen you work with CIT, you get a gamut of options when it comes to lingual services. This way, you can conveniently arrange to include all of the relevant parties. In addition, it will likely save you enormous amounts of time and money. Our tried-and-true methods allow us to guarantee perfection no matter what route you take. CIT linguists undergo serious amounts of training and education before we send them to you. This way, they work perfectly in every given situation. Being that we operate in every industry, including healthcare, manufacturing, retail, and many others, our specialties range far and wide.\n\nOn top of that, we provide our comprehensive services in every language, including Hutterite German (Hutterisch in German), so you get an expert interpreter or translator every time.\n<h2>History of Hutterite German</h2>\nThe Hutterites, the Anabaptist cousins of the Amish people, have their own language called Hutterisch, a German dialect. It is different from the Amish that some are accustomed to hearing.\n\nThe Hutterites and their movement began in the 16<sup>th</sup> century when Jakob Hutter became the chief elder in 1533. There are about 490 colonies of Hutterites today. Among those are three specific groups: Schmiedeleut, Dariusleut, and Lehrerleut. They have the same documents of faith but they dress differently and live in different areas from each other. Additionally, different colonies have different leaders (or elders). Similar to the Amish, the Hutterites believe in adult baptism. Hutterisch, which is the language the Hutterites speak, is a Carinthian German language spoken by Hutterites in Canada and the US and also by some Prairie People, known as Prairieleit. Other names for Hutterisch are Carinthian German, Hutterian German, and Hutterite German.\n<h2>Hutterite Demographics</h2>\nOver 40,000 people speak it worldwide, mainly in the Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan provinces in Canada. The language falls under the Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Upper German and Bavarian-Austrian classification of languages. There are multiple dialects of Hutterisch, such as Pennsylvanian German, Plautdiestch, Tyrolean, and Standard. The language uses written Latin script. Because there are so many dialects, it can be hard for an interpreter or translator to work with Hutterite German, so call us.\n\nThe Hutterites live in colonies while the Prairie People live in many parts of the world. They decided not to live in a community when they came to North America in the 1800s. Hutterite German is originally from Carinthia, which is in the Eastern Alps in the southern part of Austria. Where a German word would have a short vowel, the Hutterisch version of that word would have a long vowel. Hutterisch dialects shift and vary. Someone who speaks Hutterisch can tell what Hutterite colony the stranger belongs to simply by the way they speak.\n\nBecause of the disbursement of the Hutterites, their language has many loanwords from Poland and other European languages. To the dismay of the Hutterite people, the language has more and more English words as many Hutterites live in English speaking countries. However, even in European countries where English is not the primary speaking language, Hutterite German is gaining more and more English words in its vocabulary.\n\nThe Hutterites are very big on family, community, freedom, are very welcoming, have a lot of faith, and are heavily self-sufficient.\n<h2>Hire a Hutterite German Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Hutterite German interpreter or Czech translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Hutterite interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Hutterite German interpreting assignment, or request a Hutterite German translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Hutterite German Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hutterite language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hutterite German translator interpreter'),(9550,9550,1,'Hutterite German Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','575f883f-721a-4a09-9753-5b810117ae14','<h2>Hutterite German (Hutterisch) Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nWhen you work with CIT, you get a gamut of options when it comes to lingual services. This way, you can conveniently arrange to include all of the relevant parties. In addition, it will likely save you enormous amounts of time and money. Our tried-and-true methods allow us to guarantee perfection no matter what route you take. CIT linguists undergo serious amounts of training and education before we send them to you. This way, they work perfectly in every given situation. Being that we operate in every industry, including healthcare, manufacturing, retail, and many others, our specialties range far and wide.\n\nOn top of that, we provide our comprehensive services in every language, including Hutterite German (Hutterisch in German), so you get an expert interpreter or translator every time.\n<h2>History of Hutterite German</h2>\nThe Hutterites, the Anabaptist cousins of the Amish people, have their own language called Hutterisch, a German dialect. It is different from the Amish that some are accustomed to hearing.\n\nThe Hutterites and their movement began in the 16<sup>th</sup> century when Jakob Hutter became the chief elder in 1533. There are about 490 colonies of Hutterites today. Among those are three specific groups: Schmiedeleut, Dariusleut, and Lehrerleut. They have the same documents of faith but they dress differently and live in different areas from each other. Additionally, different colonies have different leaders (or elders). Similar to the Amish, the Hutterites believe in adult baptism. Hutterisch, which is the language the Hutterites speak, is a Carinthian German language spoken by Hutterites in Canada and the US and also by some Prairie People, known as Prairieleit. Other names for Hutterisch are Carinthian German, Hutterian German, and Hutterite German.\n<h2>Hutterite Demographics</h2>\nOver 40,000 people speak it worldwide, mainly in the Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan provinces in Canada. The language falls under the Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, German, Upper German and Bavarian-Austrian classification of languages. There are multiple dialects of Hutterisch, such as Pennsylvanian German, Plautdiestch, Tyrolean, and Standard. The language uses written Latin script. Because there are so many dialects, it can be hard for an interpreter or translator to work with Hutterite German, so call us.\n\nThe Hutterites live in colonies while the Prairie People live in many parts of the world. They decided not to live in a community when they came to North America in the 1800s. Hutterite German is originally from Carinthia, which is in the Eastern Alps in the southern part of Austria. Where a German word would have a short vowel, the Hutterisch version of that word would have a long vowel. Hutterisch dialects shift and vary. Someone who speaks Hutterisch can tell what Hutterite colony the stranger belongs to simply by the way they speak.\n\nBecause of the disbursement of the Hutterites, their language has many loanwords from Poland and other European languages. To the dismay of the Hutterite people, the language has more and more English words as many Hutterites live in English speaking countries. However, even in European countries where English is not the primary speaking language, Hutterite German is gaining more and more English words in its vocabulary.\n\nThe Hutterites are very big on family, community, freedom, are very welcoming, have a lot of faith, and are heavily self-sufficient.\n<h2>Hire a Hutterite German Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Hutterite German interpreter or Czech translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Hutterite interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Hutterite German interpreting assignment, or request a Hutterite German translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Hutterite German Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Hutterite language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Hutterite German translator interpreter'),(9551,9551,1,'Icelandic Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','644bdaa2-5432-4ade-a245-0eb13f6d4de3','<h2>Icelandic interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Icelandic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Icelandic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Icelandic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Icelandic language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Icelandic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Icelandic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Icelandic Language</h2>\nThe Icelandic language is the national language of Iceland. Known as Islenska in Iceland, it is spoken by the entire population, over 330,000 people. It is spoken in Iceland, Denmark, the US and Canada. Icelandic is part of a West Scandinavian group of North Germanic languages. It developed from the Norse languages that were brought from Normal in the 9<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries. Old Norse, or Old Icelandic, was used to write poems and sagas.\n\nOne of the ways that Icelandic has been so successful in it’s survival is because it had been continously used for literary purposes along with it’s remoteness as a country from other nations, the disbersement of the population and the linguistic differences between Danish and Icelandic. Icelandic was able to preserve Old Scandinavian grammar almost completely.\n\nOf all the Scandinavian languages, grammar and vocabulary are more conservative in Icelandic than in other languages. There are three genders (femine, masculine and neutral), four noun cases (nominative, genitive, dative and accusative), along with many declensions. Icelandic has several loanwords from Celtic, Danish, Latin and a variety of Romantic languages. Even with so much time having passed, those who speak Icelandic can still read text in Old Icelandic quite easily. Since it is the closest of all the North Germanic languages to Old Norse, it is not uncommon that one who speaks Icelandic can also read Old Norse. It is related to Faroese and Norweigian, not so much Danish and Swedish.\n<h2>History of Iceland</h2>\nThe first Icelandic settlement was founded by Vikings who came from Norway along with Celts who came from the British Isles in 870. The settlers initially spoke the Old Norse or Danish tongue as their language. Their primary words, known as the Old Norse sagas, were written bu Icelanders in the 1100-the 1200s. The most popular authors of these sagas are Ari the Learned (1068-1148) and Snorri Sturlson (1179-1241). Starting in 1262 up until the 1400s, Norway ruled Iceland and shortly after, the Danish reigned. During this time, the Norwegian and Danish languages were used in Iceland but only on a small scale.\n\nIceland gained its independence in 1944 and with that, came the official status of the Icelandic language of the people of Iceland.\n<h2>Fun Facts about Iceland</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Iceland had the first parliament in Europe</li>\n 	<li>Iceland has one of only two places in the world where one can see tectonic plates meet above ground in Pingvellir</li>\n 	<li>There are over 125 volcanoes in Iceland</li>\n 	<li>A large portion of Iceland is covered in glaciers</li>\n 	<li>There are no forests or McDonalds!</li>\n 	<li>Over 50% of Icelanders believe in trolls and elves</li>\n</ul>','Icelandic Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Icelandic language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Icelandic translator interpreter'),(9552,9552,1,'Icelandic Translator & Interpreter Services','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','6dbed605-7ade-4ea5-a9b0-e3ff3d97ae8e','<h2>Icelandic interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Icelandic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Icelandic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Icelandic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Icelandic language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Icelandic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Icelandic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Icelandic Language</h2>\nThe Icelandic language is the national language of Iceland. Known as Islenska in Iceland, it is spoken by the entire population, over 330,000 people. It is spoken in Iceland, Denmark, the US and Canada. Icelandic is part of a West Scandinavian group of North Germanic languages. It developed from the Norse languages that were brought from Normal in the 9<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries. Old Norse, or Old Icelandic, was used to write poems and sagas.\n\nOne of the ways that Icelandic has been so successful in it’s survival is because it had been continously used for literary purposes along with it’s remoteness as a country from other nations, the disbersement of the population and the linguistic differences between Danish and Icelandic. Icelandic was able to preserve Old Scandinavian grammar almost completely.\n\nOf all the Scandinavian languages, grammar and vocabulary are more conservative in Icelandic than in other languages. There are three genders (femine, masculine and neutral), four noun cases (nominative, genitive, dative and accusative), along with many declensions. Icelandic has several loanwords from Celtic, Danish, Latin and a variety of Romantic languages. Even with so much time having passed, those who speak Icelandic can still read text in Old Icelandic quite easily. Since it is the closest of all the North Germanic languages to Old Norse, it is not uncommon that one who speaks Icelandic can also read Old Norse. It is related to Faroese and Norweigian, not so much Danish and Swedish.\n<h2>History of Iceland</h2>\nThe first Icelandic settlement was founded by Vikings who came from Norway along with Celts who came from the British Isles in 870. The settlers initially spoke the Old Norse or Danish tongue as their language. Their primary words, known as the Old Norse sagas, were written bu Icelanders in the 1100-the 1200s. The most popular authors of these sagas are Ari the Learned (1068-1148) and Snorri Sturlson (1179-1241). Starting in 1262 up until the 1400s, Norway ruled Iceland and shortly after, the Danish reigned. During this time, the Norwegian and Danish languages were used in Iceland but only on a small scale.\n\nIceland gained its independence in 1944 and with that, came the official status of the Icelandic language of the people of Iceland.\n<h2>Fun Facts about Iceland</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Iceland had the first parliament in Europe</li>\n 	<li>Iceland has one of only two places in the world where one can see tectonic plates meet above ground in Pingvellir</li>\n 	<li>There are over 125 volcanoes in Iceland</li>\n 	<li>A large portion of Iceland is covered in glaciers</li>\n 	<li>There are no forests or McDonalds!</li>\n 	<li>Over 50% of Icelanders believe in trolls and elves</li>\n</ul>','Icelandic Translator & Interpreter Services','Professional Icelandic language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Icelandic translator interpreter'),(9553,9553,1,'Igbo Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','bae1d707-8b4a-4eba-a5b0-afedca4fd895','<h2>The Igbo Language</h2>		\n		<p>The Igbo language, otherwise known as Ibo, is spoken in Nigeria by approximately 18 million people, making it one of the most spoken languages of West Africa. It is part of the Benue-Congo group of Niger-Congo languages. Many believe it originated around the 800s around the Niger and Benue rivers and continued to spread through Nigeria.</p><p>Today, Igbo is an official language of Nigeria, although there are others. It is also spoken in Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo, which are Southern Delta states. In Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Emugu and Imo, it is the main language spoken for trade and business. It is also used for media and communication methods such as TV and radio. English is still considered the main language of Nigeria while many have not accepted the practice of writing and reading in Igbo. In fact, the Igbo language is often times replaced by Nigerian Pidgin english. Igbo speakers are most often bilingual in English as well. </p><p>The first book written in Igbo was <em>Isoama-Ibo</em> in 1857 by Samuel Aiavi Crowther. He was an ex-slave, teacher and linguist. Another notable writer was Albert Chinualumogu Achebe, who was born in the 1930s in the Igbo village of Ogidi, located in southeast Nigeria. He gained popularity in the 1950s because of his novel titled <em>Things Fall Apart.</em> His other works include <em>No Longer at Ease, Arrow of God, A Man of the People and Anthills of Savannah.</em></p><p>Igbo is now written in a form of the Latin alphabet. Because there are so many dialects, it is difficult to have a standard orthography for the Igbo language.</p><p>There are several dialects of the Igbo languages, about 30. The Standard Igbo language has been used since 1962 and is a compilation of the Oswerri and Umuahia dialects. Even that it is considered Standard Igbo, it is not fully accepted by those who speak other dialects of the language. Standard Igbo has words from other dialects along with loandwords from other languages.</p><p>Standard Igbo has 8 vowels, 30 consonants and 2 tones in the language. There are only two syllable types. The first is a ‘consonant + vowel’ and the second is vowel or syllabic nasal.     </p><p>In Igbo, there is vowel harmony consisting of two sets of vowels that can be differentiated by pharyngeal cavity size. There are two characteristics in the Igbo consonant system. They are doubly articulated consonants, meaning that a consonant has two places of articulation. The second consonant system is the labialized velars. Labio-labialized consonants include bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, postalveolar, palatal, velar and glottal sounds. </p><p>Each syllable in the Igbo language has a tone, whether it is high or low. A high tone has an acute accent while a low tone has a grave accent. The grammar in Igbo is very simple, meaning there are not many prefixes, infixes or suffixes. Nouns in Igbo are simple and do not have specific differentiation between gender, number or case. Verbs are formed by added prefixes and suffixes to verb roots. When creating a verb, one must consider the tense (past, present or future), the aspect (progressive, perfective, durative and inactive), the imperative and the negation. The word order in Igbo is Subject-Verb-Object. Many vocabulary words in Igbo are compounding. Igbo used reduplication and has many loanwords from English along with other African languages.</p>		\n			<h2>Igbo interpreters and translators </h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Igbo interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Igbo language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Igbo language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Igbo language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Igbo language, as well as of the culture and history of the Igbo people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>','Igbo Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Igbo language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9554,9554,1,'Igbo Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','f9a78d51-f200-4a52-a0e7-d2fc139a0519','<h2>The Igbo Language</h2>		\n		<p>The Igbo language, otherwise known as Ibo, is spoken in Nigeria by approximately 18 million people, making it one of the most spoken languages of West Africa. It is part of the Benue-Congo group of Niger-Congo languages. Many believe it originated around the 800s around the Niger and Benue rivers and continued to spread through Nigeria.</p><p>Today, Igbo is an official language of Nigeria, although there are others. It is also spoken in Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo, which are Southern Delta states. In Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Emugu and Imo, it is the main language spoken for trade and business. It is also used for media and communication methods such as TV and radio. English is still considered the main language of Nigeria while many have not accepted the practice of writing and reading in Igbo. In fact, the Igbo language is often times replaced by Nigerian Pidgin english. Igbo speakers are most often bilingual in English as well. </p><p>The first book written in Igbo was <em>Isoama-Ibo</em> in 1857 by Samuel Aiavi Crowther. He was an ex-slave, teacher and linguist. Another notable writer was Albert Chinualumogu Achebe, who was born in the 1930s in the Igbo village of Ogidi, located in southeast Nigeria. He gained popularity in the 1950s because of his novel titled <em>Things Fall Apart.</em> His other works include <em>No Longer at Ease, Arrow of God, A Man of the People and Anthills of Savannah.</em></p><p>Igbo is now written in a form of the Latin alphabet. Because there are so many dialects, it is difficult to have a standard orthography for the Igbo language.</p><p>There are several dialects of the Igbo languages, about 30. The Standard Igbo language has been used since 1962 and is a compilation of the Oswerri and Umuahia dialects. Even that it is considered Standard Igbo, it is not fully accepted by those who speak other dialects of the language. Standard Igbo has words from other dialects along with loandwords from other languages.</p><p>Standard Igbo has 8 vowels, 30 consonants and 2 tones in the language. There are only two syllable types. The first is a ‘consonant + vowel’ and the second is vowel or syllabic nasal.     </p><p>In Igbo, there is vowel harmony consisting of two sets of vowels that can be differentiated by pharyngeal cavity size. There are two characteristics in the Igbo consonant system. They are doubly articulated consonants, meaning that a consonant has two places of articulation. The second consonant system is the labialized velars. Labio-labialized consonants include bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, postalveolar, palatal, velar and glottal sounds. </p><p>Each syllable in the Igbo language has a tone, whether it is high or low. A high tone has an acute accent while a low tone has a grave accent. The grammar in Igbo is very simple, meaning there are not many prefixes, infixes or suffixes. Nouns in Igbo are simple and do not have specific differentiation between gender, number or case. Verbs are formed by added prefixes and suffixes to verb roots. When creating a verb, one must consider the tense (past, present or future), the aspect (progressive, perfective, durative and inactive), the imperative and the negation. The word order in Igbo is Subject-Verb-Object. Many vocabulary words in Igbo are compounding. Igbo used reduplication and has many loanwords from English along with other African languages.</p>		\n			<h2>Igbo interpreters and translators </h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Igbo interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Igbo language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Igbo language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Igbo language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Igbo language, as well as of the culture and history of the Igbo people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>','Igbo Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Igbo language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9555,9555,1,'Ilocano Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','ba257f5a-7cdb-476f-8798-f2102d0376c8','<h2>Ilocano interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Ilocano interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ilocano language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ilocano language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ilocano language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ilocano language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ilocano people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Ilocano Language</h2>\nThe Ilocano language is part of the Malayo-Polynesian languages of the Austronesian languages. It is also known as Iloko, Iluko, Illoco and Illoko. The Ilocano people called themselves the <em>Samtoy</em>, which means “our language here” It is one of the largest spoken languages in the Philippines, third to Tagalog and English. It’s name means “people of the bay.”\n\nAbout 7 million people worldwide speak Ilocano. The language is spoken primarily in Luzon, La Union, Iloconos, Cagayan Valley, Babuyan, Mindoro and Mindanao. Over 2 million people speak Ilocano as a second language. In northern Phillipines, more people speak Ilocano than Tagalog. However, it does not possess official status. The Ilocanos emigrated by the masses to North America, specifically Hawaii, Alaska, the Pacific Northwest and California.\n\nThere are only a couple of dialects of Ilocano: northern and southern. However, the differences are very minute. The Ilocano language appears to have a very simple sound system. Syllables tend to begin with a consonant and usually end with a vowel. Norther Ilocano has 5 vowels whereas the southern dialect has another 6<sup>th</sup> vowel. There are twenty consonants and may be doubled. Some consonants appear only in loanwords, such as the letter <em>f</em>. The stress of a word can be on any syllable. Grammar in Ilocano is similar to other Malayo-Polynesian languages like Tagalog and Cebuano.\n\nThe nouns in Ilocano follow the structure of other Ergative-Absolutive languages, which means that the subject of an intransitive verb an a direct object are marked by an absolutive case instead of transitive verbs that are marked by ergative cases. Some nouns, which are usually Spanish loanwords, are marked for gender. Nouns can be either personal or common. In Ilocano, personal pronouns are in 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup> or 3<sup>rd</sup> person and a number can be plural or singular. Ilocano is a verb-initial language. As for the Ilocano vocabulary, there are many loanwords from Spanish and English along with Min Nan Chinese, Malay, Sanskrit, Arabic, Tamil, Persian and Austronesian.\n\nIlocano writings were first recorded, or can at least be traced by, to the early 1600s. The first recorded document in Ilocano was the Doctrina Cristiana in 1621. Some of the documents included poems, riddles, stories, music, literature and proverbs. Currently, there is a lot of Ilocano literature along with newspapers written in the language. Spanish writers in the 1500s noticed that writing in the Philippines only occurred in Manila. Later on, the idea of writing spread throughout the country and alphabets began to take form. The letters that were used to write Tagalog in were written in Baybayin. The Baybayin alphabet is used essentially for decorative purposes.\n<h2>Culture</h2>\nThe Filipino people converted to Catholicism by colonial Spanish settlers. Culturally, the Filipinos have many traditions regarding marriage, relationships, food and clothing. They are allowed to choose their own marriage partner but seek approval from both sets of parents. The parents of the groom pay a dowry and will pay for the wedding as well. He will then announce his intentions to marry the daughter to her parents. The parents will consult with the <em>aplanetario</em>, which is an almanac that indicates days with good luck to select a date to wed. The bride is given many gifts and accessories and the mother of the bride is given a reward for having raised the bride. Because of the prominent religion on the Phillippines, most weddings take place in a church. At the reception, the bride and groom engage in an entertaining ritual of offering each other mung beans, which symbolize fertility. Another ritual has guests giving money to the newlyweds. Rice cake offerings are made in memory of the spirit of family members who are deceased.\n\nAnother tradition for the Ilocano people is that in announcing a death. A piece of wood is placed in front of the home of the deceased, which burns until after the burial. It is then put out with rice wine. The body is kept in the home and is dressed with the nicest of clothing. The coffin has money in it to pay the “ferryman” who is believed to lead the soul of the departed to the other world. Family members and friends tell stories of good deeds about the deceased.\n\nA standard Ilocano family has 6-7 people in it. The father is typically the head of the household and the mother disciplines the family and is in charge of the finances. The most common profession for the Ilocano people is farming.','Ilocano Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ilocano language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Ilocano'),(9556,9556,1,'Ilocano Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','aff572b5-31a6-4834-a6ba-c42800fae984','<h2>Ilocano interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Ilocano interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ilocano language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ilocano language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ilocano language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ilocano language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ilocano people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Ilocano Language</h2>\nThe Ilocano language is part of the Malayo-Polynesian languages of the Austronesian languages. It is also known as Iloko, Iluko, Illoco and Illoko. The Ilocano people called themselves the <em>Samtoy</em>, which means “our language here” It is one of the largest spoken languages in the Philippines, third to Tagalog and English. It’s name means “people of the bay.”\n\nAbout 7 million people worldwide speak Ilocano. The language is spoken primarily in Luzon, La Union, Iloconos, Cagayan Valley, Babuyan, Mindoro and Mindanao. Over 2 million people speak Ilocano as a second language. In northern Phillipines, more people speak Ilocano than Tagalog. However, it does not possess official status. The Ilocanos emigrated by the masses to North America, specifically Hawaii, Alaska, the Pacific Northwest and California.\n\nThere are only a couple of dialects of Ilocano: northern and southern. However, the differences are very minute. The Ilocano language appears to have a very simple sound system. Syllables tend to begin with a consonant and usually end with a vowel. Norther Ilocano has 5 vowels whereas the southern dialect has another 6<sup>th</sup> vowel. There are twenty consonants and may be doubled. Some consonants appear only in loanwords, such as the letter <em>f</em>. The stress of a word can be on any syllable. Grammar in Ilocano is similar to other Malayo-Polynesian languages like Tagalog and Cebuano.\n\nThe nouns in Ilocano follow the structure of other Ergative-Absolutive languages, which means that the subject of an intransitive verb an a direct object are marked by an absolutive case instead of transitive verbs that are marked by ergative cases. Some nouns, which are usually Spanish loanwords, are marked for gender. Nouns can be either personal or common. In Ilocano, personal pronouns are in 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup> or 3<sup>rd</sup> person and a number can be plural or singular. Ilocano is a verb-initial language. As for the Ilocano vocabulary, there are many loanwords from Spanish and English along with Min Nan Chinese, Malay, Sanskrit, Arabic, Tamil, Persian and Austronesian.\n\nIlocano writings were first recorded, or can at least be traced by, to the early 1600s. The first recorded document in Ilocano was the Doctrina Cristiana in 1621. Some of the documents included poems, riddles, stories, music, literature and proverbs. Currently, there is a lot of Ilocano literature along with newspapers written in the language. Spanish writers in the 1500s noticed that writing in the Philippines only occurred in Manila. Later on, the idea of writing spread throughout the country and alphabets began to take form. The letters that were used to write Tagalog in were written in Baybayin. The Baybayin alphabet is used essentially for decorative purposes.\n<h2>Culture</h2>\nThe Filipino people converted to Catholicism by colonial Spanish settlers. Culturally, the Filipinos have many traditions regarding marriage, relationships, food and clothing. They are allowed to choose their own marriage partner but seek approval from both sets of parents. The parents of the groom pay a dowry and will pay for the wedding as well. He will then announce his intentions to marry the daughter to her parents. The parents will consult with the <em>aplanetario</em>, which is an almanac that indicates days with good luck to select a date to wed. The bride is given many gifts and accessories and the mother of the bride is given a reward for having raised the bride. Because of the prominent religion on the Phillippines, most weddings take place in a church. At the reception, the bride and groom engage in an entertaining ritual of offering each other mung beans, which symbolize fertility. Another ritual has guests giving money to the newlyweds. Rice cake offerings are made in memory of the spirit of family members who are deceased.\n\nAnother tradition for the Ilocano people is that in announcing a death. A piece of wood is placed in front of the home of the deceased, which burns until after the burial. It is then put out with rice wine. The body is kept in the home and is dressed with the nicest of clothing. The coffin has money in it to pay the “ferryman” who is believed to lead the soul of the departed to the other world. Family members and friends tell stories of good deeds about the deceased.\n\nA standard Ilocano family has 6-7 people in it. The father is typically the head of the household and the mother disciplines the family and is in charge of the finances. The most common profession for the Ilocano people is farming.','Ilocano Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ilocano language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Ilocano'),(9557,9557,1,'Indonesian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','cc7bdb3f-f900-4281-8919-007fa7bfcd45','<h2>Indonesian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Indonesian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Indonesian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Indonesian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Indonesian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Indonesian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Indonesian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Indonesian Language</h2>\nThe Indonesian language is a standardized for the Malay language and is spoken by about 30 million people in Indonesia. About 140 million more people speak Indonesian as a second language. Although more people in Indonesia speak Janaese, Indonesian is still considered the lingua franca of Indonesia.\n\nWhen Indonesia was a Dutch colony, the Indonesian language was written in Latin. The alphabet used was called <em>ejaan lama</em>, or Old Script in Indonesian. In the 1930s, while Indonesia was gaining it’s independence, the language became standardarized and the name Bahasa Indonesia became the name of the language. In 1972, President Soeharto made official changes to the spelling system in the Indonesian language.\n\nIndonesia is located near the equator, where the climate is quite warm. The country itself is quite big, about 4,800 kilometers wide. About 6,000 of the local islands are lived by Indonesian people, who are also called Maylay Islanders, Malaysians or East Indians. In 1857, the word “Indonesian” was coined by James Richardson Logan in his writings <em>The Languages of Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago.</em>\n\nThe Indonesian people have a certain unity and can be identified by physical features, language and religion. Over 195 million people are referred to as “Indonesian.” Indonesians are usually short, have black hair and a medium-brown complexion. It is said that they are a mix of Mongols, Proto-Malays and Polynesians along with Arabs, Indians or Chinese. About 87% of Indonesians are Sunni Muslims, 9% Christian and the others are Hindu or Buddhist.\n\nHistorically speaking, the country of Indonesia had been under colonial rule for a long time by the Portuguese, Spanish, English or Dutch, with the Dutch rule having span from 1627 until 1942. The Dutch’s main interest was to develop the business and crops of the country. They were not interested nor did much to modernize Indonesia or push for the country to follow more Christian rule. The Japanese invasion in 1942 was the first step to the independence of the country in 1949. Indonesia has been expressed in various literatures from countries such as the Netherland Indies, Dutch East Indian, Malay Archipelago, Malaysia or the East Indies.\n\nWriters, specifically anthropological writers, refereed to the word “Indonesia” as to not only include the Indonesian country but also other areas of Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia. Nearby islands of Java, Madura and Bali collectively make up 7% of Indonesia. Together, they make up about 63% of the Indonesian population and are very high in tourism. It has been thought that Indonesia is separated into three cultures: the Hindu cultures practice rice cultivation. The Islamic cultures are coastal merchants and lastly, tribal groups are known for their economic activities.','Indonesian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Indonesian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9558,9558,1,'Indonesian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','78f12c13-a23b-42a0-83b1-02e2943c4018','<h2>Indonesian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Indonesian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Indonesian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Indonesian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Indonesian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Indonesian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Indonesian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Indonesian Language</h2>\nThe Indonesian language is a standardized for the Malay language and is spoken by about 30 million people in Indonesia. About 140 million more people speak Indonesian as a second language. Although more people in Indonesia speak Janaese, Indonesian is still considered the lingua franca of Indonesia.\n\nWhen Indonesia was a Dutch colony, the Indonesian language was written in Latin. The alphabet used was called <em>ejaan lama</em>, or Old Script in Indonesian. In the 1930s, while Indonesia was gaining it’s independence, the language became standardarized and the name Bahasa Indonesia became the name of the language. In 1972, President Soeharto made official changes to the spelling system in the Indonesian language.\n\nIndonesia is located near the equator, where the climate is quite warm. The country itself is quite big, about 4,800 kilometers wide. About 6,000 of the local islands are lived by Indonesian people, who are also called Maylay Islanders, Malaysians or East Indians. In 1857, the word “Indonesian” was coined by James Richardson Logan in his writings <em>The Languages of Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago.</em>\n\nThe Indonesian people have a certain unity and can be identified by physical features, language and religion. Over 195 million people are referred to as “Indonesian.” Indonesians are usually short, have black hair and a medium-brown complexion. It is said that they are a mix of Mongols, Proto-Malays and Polynesians along with Arabs, Indians or Chinese. About 87% of Indonesians are Sunni Muslims, 9% Christian and the others are Hindu or Buddhist.\n\nHistorically speaking, the country of Indonesia had been under colonial rule for a long time by the Portuguese, Spanish, English or Dutch, with the Dutch rule having span from 1627 until 1942. The Dutch’s main interest was to develop the business and crops of the country. They were not interested nor did much to modernize Indonesia or push for the country to follow more Christian rule. The Japanese invasion in 1942 was the first step to the independence of the country in 1949. Indonesia has been expressed in various literatures from countries such as the Netherland Indies, Dutch East Indian, Malay Archipelago, Malaysia or the East Indies.\n\nWriters, specifically anthropological writers, refereed to the word “Indonesia” as to not only include the Indonesian country but also other areas of Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia. Nearby islands of Java, Madura and Bali collectively make up 7% of Indonesia. Together, they make up about 63% of the Indonesian population and are very high in tourism. It has been thought that Indonesia is separated into three cultures: the Hindu cultures practice rice cultivation. The Islamic cultures are coastal merchants and lastly, tribal groups are known for their economic activities.','Indonesian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Indonesian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9559,9559,1,'Irish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','15c03f15-fcfe-4225-a903-d3304a4585d6','<h2>Irish interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Irish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Irish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Irish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Irish language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Irish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Irish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Irish Language</h2>\nThe Irish language, also known as Irish, Gaelic or Irish Gaelic, is a Celtic language that is mainly spoken in Ireland. Irish is the official language of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Before 1948, the title of the language was spelled Gaedhilge. Middle Irish spelled it as Gaoidhealg while class Iwish was Gaoidhealg and Old Irish spelled it as Goidelc. The Irish language is also minimally spoken in the United Kingdon, the US, Canada and Australia. Approximately 1.76 million people speak Irish in Ireland. Only about 74,000 speak it daily, whereas 112,000 speak it weekly and over 585,000 people speak it less frequently. The rest rarely speak it but still consider themselves to speak it. Most Irish speakers are scattered along the west coast of Ireland. This number is about 96,000 people.\n\nThe Irish language is part of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages and they are known as Q-Celtic languages. It is related to Manx, Scottish Gaelic and other Goidelic languages. It is also related to Welsh, Cornish and Breton but not as closely related. These languages are part of the Brythonic branch within the Celtic languages. These are referred to as P-Celtic languages.\n\nThere are three main Irish dialects: Munster (spoken in Kerry, Muskerry and County Cork), Connacht (spoke in Connemara, Aran Islands and Tourmakeady in the Mayo County) and Ulster (spoken mainly in Rosses). There is another dialect, the Gweedore dialect, but it is very closely related to the Ulster dialect. In the 1960s, Irish became standardized and became known as <em>An Caighdean Oifigiul</em>. This form combines several parts of all the dialects and the pronunciation is closest to the Connacht dialect. It is the form taught primarily in schools.\n\nBetween the 1600s to the 1900s, the Irish language was replaced by English in most parts of Ireland. Because of famine and migration, the language continued to decline. In 1922, when the Republic of Ireland was created, Irish became the official language along with English. The government essentially became bilingual. In modern times, Irish is used in publications, news, television and radio.\n\nThe Irish language was first written using Ogham writings, which were used in Archaic Irish and Old Welsh, in the years 300-500. When the Saint, Patrick, brought Christianity to Ireland, the Irish began writing in Latin. When the Vikings invaded in 800-900 AD, many Latin manuscripts were destroyed. Today, Irish is written using the Latin alphabet. In 1957, a spelling reform got rid of silent letters, although they are still used in Scottish Gaelic.\n\nVariations of spelling:\n\n<em>Gaedhilic/Gaeilic/Gaeilig</em>, or <em>Gaedhlag</em>, <em>Gaedhealaing/Gaoluinn/Gaelainn</em>\n<h2>Fun Facts about Ireland</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>The Titanic was built in Belfast in North Ireland</li>\n 	<li>Mustaches were illegal in Ireland in 1447</li>\n 	<li>The longest name of a place in Ireland is Muckanaghederdauhaulia</li>\n 	<li>The Guinness brewery has a 9,000-year lease</li>\n 	<li>Contrary to popular belief, the national symbol of Ireland is not a shamrock, but a Celtic harp</li>\n 	<li>The film Braveheart (1995) was taped in Ireland, even though it took place in Scotland</li>\n</ul>','Irish Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Irish language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9560,9560,1,'Irish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','c93e3d8c-520c-4a28-a3ae-48a2bc79bd48','<h2>Irish interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Irish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Irish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Irish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Irish language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Irish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Irish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Irish Language</h2>\nThe Irish language, also known as Irish, Gaelic or Irish Gaelic, is a Celtic language that is mainly spoken in Ireland. Irish is the official language of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Before 1948, the title of the language was spelled Gaedhilge. Middle Irish spelled it as Gaoidhealg while class Iwish was Gaoidhealg and Old Irish spelled it as Goidelc. The Irish language is also minimally spoken in the United Kingdon, the US, Canada and Australia. Approximately 1.76 million people speak Irish in Ireland. Only about 74,000 speak it daily, whereas 112,000 speak it weekly and over 585,000 people speak it less frequently. The rest rarely speak it but still consider themselves to speak it. Most Irish speakers are scattered along the west coast of Ireland. This number is about 96,000 people.\n\nThe Irish language is part of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages and they are known as Q-Celtic languages. It is related to Manx, Scottish Gaelic and other Goidelic languages. It is also related to Welsh, Cornish and Breton but not as closely related. These languages are part of the Brythonic branch within the Celtic languages. These are referred to as P-Celtic languages.\n\nThere are three main Irish dialects: Munster (spoken in Kerry, Muskerry and County Cork), Connacht (spoke in Connemara, Aran Islands and Tourmakeady in the Mayo County) and Ulster (spoken mainly in Rosses). There is another dialect, the Gweedore dialect, but it is very closely related to the Ulster dialect. In the 1960s, Irish became standardized and became known as <em>An Caighdean Oifigiul</em>. This form combines several parts of all the dialects and the pronunciation is closest to the Connacht dialect. It is the form taught primarily in schools.\n\nBetween the 1600s to the 1900s, the Irish language was replaced by English in most parts of Ireland. Because of famine and migration, the language continued to decline. In 1922, when the Republic of Ireland was created, Irish became the official language along with English. The government essentially became bilingual. In modern times, Irish is used in publications, news, television and radio.\n\nThe Irish language was first written using Ogham writings, which were used in Archaic Irish and Old Welsh, in the years 300-500. When the Saint, Patrick, brought Christianity to Ireland, the Irish began writing in Latin. When the Vikings invaded in 800-900 AD, many Latin manuscripts were destroyed. Today, Irish is written using the Latin alphabet. In 1957, a spelling reform got rid of silent letters, although they are still used in Scottish Gaelic.\n\nVariations of spelling:\n\n<em>Gaedhilic/Gaeilic/Gaeilig</em>, or <em>Gaedhlag</em>, <em>Gaedhealaing/Gaoluinn/Gaelainn</em>\n<h2>Fun Facts about Ireland</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>The Titanic was built in Belfast in North Ireland</li>\n 	<li>Mustaches were illegal in Ireland in 1447</li>\n 	<li>The longest name of a place in Ireland is Muckanaghederdauhaulia</li>\n 	<li>The Guinness brewery has a 9,000-year lease</li>\n 	<li>Contrary to popular belief, the national symbol of Ireland is not a shamrock, but a Celtic harp</li>\n 	<li>The film Braveheart (1995) was taped in Ireland, even though it took place in Scotland</li>\n</ul>','Irish Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Irish language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9561,9561,1,'Italian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','8b2200f6-c6a7-4838-a793-05d0aadcfa85','<h2>Italian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Italian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Italian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Italian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Italian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Italian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Italian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Italian Language</h2>\nThe Italian language comes from Latin, like other Romance languages. Approximately 63 million people speak Italian as a first language, while another 3 million speak it as a second language. It is the 20<sup>th</sup> most spoken language in the world. The Italian language as we know it today has been developed through a long and slow process overtime, beginning in the 5<sup>th</sup> century after the end of the Roman Empire. Before that, Latin had been the madre franca, the shared language, of the Empire. When the Roman Empire fell, there words changed because there had been an important role for the language before the fall.\n\nDuring the middle ages, Latin was the main language and was used in European universities and for all official procedures of the Church. The first recorded documents in Italian were dated back to the year 960. These documents were called the Paciti Capuani. They prove that some territories near the city of Capua belonged to the Benedictine monks. In the early 1200s, there was a lot of literature and poems that began to be written and published in Italian. Some of the popular authors were Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio and Francesco Petrarch.\n\nBefore the Unification of Italy in 1861, Italy became divided. After, Tuscan became the official language. Until around the 1950s, many Italians were illiterate, particularly in the rural regions. Different dialects in Italian can indicate different ways of speaking or social levels, even among family and friends. Even today, many dialects are used, among the younger and older generations alike. Dialects, along with accents, can be different even in the same region of Italy. For many years, it was thought that different dialects of Italian indicated poverty or impoverished areas. However, it is believed that the reality of dialects is that they are in fact, enriching! Many regional terms from places like Naples, Sicily, Lombardy, Veneto and Tuscany have been added to the lexicon of the Italian language.\n\nIn 1950, as Italy was continuing to rebuild after World War II, it is said that less than 20% of the Italian population spoke the language fluently on a day to day basis. In 1948, when the Italian constitution was established, it gave everyone the right to education. Considering that a large amount of Italians were illiterate or semi-illiterate, this was a big step. Some people attribute the unification of the language due to television.\n\nThe Italian language is rich with many words. However, a famous Italian linguist Tullio De Mauro (1932-2017) deduced that around half of Italians used only 3000 words on a daily basis. The Italian Linguistic Academy, the Academia della Crusca, based in Medici Villa of Costello in Firenze, is where the Italian language is registered.\n\nThe Italian language, since Italy became a republic in 1946, has many loanwords., particularly from French, English and German. After World War II up until the 1970s, French was the only other language taught in schools. Around the same time, through music, television and other culture, English became quite popular in Italy as well.','Italian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Italian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9562,9562,1,'Italian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','46a2b55b-ae6e-4d82-941b-7a455b8611d5','<h2>Italian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Italian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Italian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Italian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Italian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Italian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Italian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Italian Language</h2>\nThe Italian language comes from Latin, like other Romance languages. Approximately 63 million people speak Italian as a first language, while another 3 million speak it as a second language. It is the 20<sup>th</sup> most spoken language in the world. The Italian language as we know it today has been developed through a long and slow process overtime, beginning in the 5<sup>th</sup> century after the end of the Roman Empire. Before that, Latin had been the madre franca, the shared language, of the Empire. When the Roman Empire fell, there words changed because there had been an important role for the language before the fall.\n\nDuring the middle ages, Latin was the main language and was used in European universities and for all official procedures of the Church. The first recorded documents in Italian were dated back to the year 960. These documents were called the Paciti Capuani. They prove that some territories near the city of Capua belonged to the Benedictine monks. In the early 1200s, there was a lot of literature and poems that began to be written and published in Italian. Some of the popular authors were Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio and Francesco Petrarch.\n\nBefore the Unification of Italy in 1861, Italy became divided. After, Tuscan became the official language. Until around the 1950s, many Italians were illiterate, particularly in the rural regions. Different dialects in Italian can indicate different ways of speaking or social levels, even among family and friends. Even today, many dialects are used, among the younger and older generations alike. Dialects, along with accents, can be different even in the same region of Italy. For many years, it was thought that different dialects of Italian indicated poverty or impoverished areas. However, it is believed that the reality of dialects is that they are in fact, enriching! Many regional terms from places like Naples, Sicily, Lombardy, Veneto and Tuscany have been added to the lexicon of the Italian language.\n\nIn 1950, as Italy was continuing to rebuild after World War II, it is said that less than 20% of the Italian population spoke the language fluently on a day to day basis. In 1948, when the Italian constitution was established, it gave everyone the right to education. Considering that a large amount of Italians were illiterate or semi-illiterate, this was a big step. Some people attribute the unification of the language due to television.\n\nThe Italian language is rich with many words. However, a famous Italian linguist Tullio De Mauro (1932-2017) deduced that around half of Italians used only 3000 words on a daily basis. The Italian Linguistic Academy, the Academia della Crusca, based in Medici Villa of Costello in Firenze, is where the Italian language is registered.\n\nThe Italian language, since Italy became a republic in 1946, has many loanwords., particularly from French, English and German. After World War II up until the 1970s, French was the only other language taught in schools. Around the same time, through music, television and other culture, English became quite popular in Italy as well.','Italian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Italian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9563,9563,1,'Japanese Translators & Interpreters','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','a4cfd752-ca9a-4587-aa40-fbaed96c60d9','<h2>Japanese Interpreters and Translators</h2>\nOur Japanese interpreters have experience in attorney-client meetings, depositions, trials, hearings, mediations, and more, in both criminal and civil matters. Our interpreters travel all over the world providing impeccable Japanese language services to law firms, the entertainment industry, conferences, and more. Professional Japanese interpreting and translating services can be difficult to secure in parts of California, due to the limited number of court-certified Japanese interpreters in the state, coupled with the fact that most Japanese legal matters are highly technical.\n\nCal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) has years-long positive relationships with both court certified and court experienced interpreters, and can provide the highest qualified Japanese interpreters in the state, for even the most technical or specialized matters.\n\nCal Interpreting &amp; Translations offers Japanese interpreters and Japanese translators in all dialects. We offer California court-certified and court experienced Japanese interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, conferences, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, patent, copyright infringement, and more.\n\nCal Interpreting &amp; Translations offers comprehensive Japanese language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Japanese languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. Cal Interpreting and Translations’ Japanese interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Japanese language, as well as of culture and history, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>Japanese Language Facts</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Despite the complexity of the language, Japan boasts an adult literacy level of 99%</li>\n 	<li>Unlike some other Asian languages Japanese is not tonal, making pronunciation easier to master</li>\n 	<li>Even though Japanese is only spoken in Japan as first language, there are a number of dialects with considerable variation, including Kansai, Tokyo, Tsugaru, Mikawa, Ibaraki, and more</li>\n 	<li>Japanese uses four distinct systems of writing: kanji, hiragana, katakana, and romaji</li>\n 	<li>Kanji are adopted Chinese characters, and in fact, the word ‘kanji’ means literally ‘Han characters’</li>\n 	<li>In contrast to the hiragana syllabary, which is used for Japanese words not covered by kanji and for grammatical inflections, the katakana syllabary usage is quite similar to italics in English; specifically, it is used for transcription of foreign language words into Japanese and the writing of loan words (collectively <em>gairaigo</em>); for emphasis; to represent onomatopoeia; for technical and scientific terms; and for names of plants, animals, minerals, and often Japanese companies.</li>\n 	<li>Hiragana syllabary is often used for Japanese words not covered by kanji, and for grammatical inflections.</li>\n 	<li>More recently, (1548 to be specific-just like yesterday!) romaji – a romanization of Japanese words – developed as well. <em>Hepburn romanization</em>generally follows English phonology with Romance This makes romaji an intuitive method of demonstrating to Anglophones the pronunciation of a word in Japanese. Hepburn is the most common romanization system in use today, especially in the English-speaking world.</li>\n</ul>\n(Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana)\n\nAs you can see, the language history of the archipelago of Japan is extensive and complex, and Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations takes great pains to ensure that we always provide you and your clients with the most accurate and up to date translation, transcription, and interpretation services.','Japanese Translators & Interpreters','Professional Japanese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','japanese'),(9564,9564,1,'Japanese Translators & Interpreters','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','8f203430-206b-4b21-aebd-d21b5f24b8a9','<h2>Japanese Interpreters and Translators</h2>\nOur Japanese interpreters have experience in attorney-client meetings, depositions, trials, hearings, mediations, and more, in both criminal and civil matters. Our interpreters travel all over the world providing impeccable Japanese language services to law firms, the entertainment industry, conferences, and more. Professional Japanese interpreting and translating services can be difficult to secure in parts of California, due to the limited number of court-certified Japanese interpreters in the state, coupled with the fact that most Japanese legal matters are highly technical.\n\nCal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) has years-long positive relationships with both court certified and court experienced interpreters, and can provide the highest qualified Japanese interpreters in the state, for even the most technical or specialized matters.\n\nCal Interpreting &amp; Translations offers Japanese interpreters and Japanese translators in all dialects. We offer California court-certified and court experienced Japanese interpreters and translators with legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, conferences, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, patent, copyright infringement, and more.\n\nCal Interpreting &amp; Translations offers comprehensive Japanese language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Japanese languages through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. Cal Interpreting and Translations’ Japanese interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Japanese language, as well as of culture and history, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>Japanese Language Facts</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Despite the complexity of the language, Japan boasts an adult literacy level of 99%</li>\n 	<li>Unlike some other Asian languages Japanese is not tonal, making pronunciation easier to master</li>\n 	<li>Even though Japanese is only spoken in Japan as first language, there are a number of dialects with considerable variation, including Kansai, Tokyo, Tsugaru, Mikawa, Ibaraki, and more</li>\n 	<li>Japanese uses four distinct systems of writing: kanji, hiragana, katakana, and romaji</li>\n 	<li>Kanji are adopted Chinese characters, and in fact, the word ‘kanji’ means literally ‘Han characters’</li>\n 	<li>In contrast to the hiragana syllabary, which is used for Japanese words not covered by kanji and for grammatical inflections, the katakana syllabary usage is quite similar to italics in English; specifically, it is used for transcription of foreign language words into Japanese and the writing of loan words (collectively <em>gairaigo</em>); for emphasis; to represent onomatopoeia; for technical and scientific terms; and for names of plants, animals, minerals, and often Japanese companies.</li>\n 	<li>Hiragana syllabary is often used for Japanese words not covered by kanji, and for grammatical inflections.</li>\n 	<li>More recently, (1548 to be specific-just like yesterday!) romaji – a romanization of Japanese words – developed as well. <em>Hepburn romanization</em>generally follows English phonology with Romance This makes romaji an intuitive method of demonstrating to Anglophones the pronunciation of a word in Japanese. Hepburn is the most common romanization system in use today, especially in the English-speaking world.</li>\n</ul>\n(Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana)\n\nAs you can see, the language history of the archipelago of Japan is extensive and complex, and Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations takes great pains to ensure that we always provide you and your clients with the most accurate and up to date translation, transcription, and interpretation services.','Japanese Translators & Interpreters','Professional Japanese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','japanese'),(9565,9565,1,'Javanese','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','a90e46ed-0f87-4e05-a159-7804b82cff51','Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations provides experienced translators and interpreters for the Javanese language. Javanese language is spoken in central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia.','Javanese','Professional Javanese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9566,9566,1,'Javanese','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','73439961-f210-4b13-a66b-dc11c573bfaa','Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations provides experienced translators and interpreters for the Javanese language. Javanese language is spoken in central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia.','Javanese','Professional Javanese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9567,9567,1,'Kabyle Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','37bcfe12-6ef9-417b-b388-e5ed56d8562b','<h2>Kabyle interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kabyle interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kabyle language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kabyle language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kabyle language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kabyle language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kabyle people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kabyle Language</h2>\nThe Kabyle language, part of the Northern Berber group of languages in the Afro-Asiatic language family. “Kabyle” is Arabic for “tribesman.” It is mainly spoken in Algeria, in the Tizi Ouzou, Bejaia and Bouia provinces. About half the population of Alegiers, which is the capital of Algeria, speaks Kabyle. It is approximated that around 6 million people worldwide speak Kabyle, including those who speak the language in Europe. It is estimated that around 1 million people in France speak Kabyle.\n\nAbout 5 million of the estimated 6 million Kabyle speakers live in Algeria. However, Arabic is still the official language of Alergia. Kabyle is also taught in schools but only in Kabyle-speaking provinces. It is typically the language spoken at home and in places of trade and market. Along with speaking Arabic, many Kabyle speakers speak French. There are several dialects of the Kabyle language but many are mutually intelligible.\n\nBecause of the location where it is spoken, the Kabyle language shares many similar structural rules as other Berber languages. Kabyle has four vowel phonemes, which are sounds that can change the meaning of a word. There are several consonants as well, including velar, uvular, pharyngeal and glottal. Like many other Afro-Asiatic languages, words in the Kabyle language do not have the consonants of <em>p</em> and <em>v</em>, unless they are in borrowed words. Several consonants can be doubled as well. Grammar in Kabyle is similar to that of the basic features of other Berber languages.\n\nWith regard to the nouns in the Kabyle language, the nouns can be masculine or feminine. Masculine nouns will start with a vowel whereas feminine nouns end with a <em>t</em> sound. Nouns can be described in two numbers, plural or singular. When a noun needs to be classified as plural, it can be marked by changing the vowel of the stem word and adding a suffix, by an internal vowel differentiation or by a combination of words. Adjectives are similar to nouns as they are markd by gender, number and state. Possessive pronouns are attached after a noun. For example, ‘<em>sister my.’</em>\n\nIn Kabyle, verbs must agree with their subject, gender and number. There are three modes for verbs, including indicative, imperative and subjunctive. Two of the imperative forms are simple and intensive. For the vocabulary in basic Kabyle, it is quite similar to other Berber languages. There are borrow words from languages spoken by other Kabyle speakers such as Arabic and French.','Kabyle Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kabyle language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9568,9568,1,'Kabyle Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:11','2022-08-27 20:59:11','9fd47d57-e7d7-4cd6-b431-a1a4803f8626','<h2>Kabyle interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kabyle interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kabyle language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kabyle language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kabyle language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kabyle language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kabyle people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kabyle Language</h2>\nThe Kabyle language, part of the Northern Berber group of languages in the Afro-Asiatic language family. “Kabyle” is Arabic for “tribesman.” It is mainly spoken in Algeria, in the Tizi Ouzou, Bejaia and Bouia provinces. About half the population of Alegiers, which is the capital of Algeria, speaks Kabyle. It is approximated that around 6 million people worldwide speak Kabyle, including those who speak the language in Europe. It is estimated that around 1 million people in France speak Kabyle.\n\nAbout 5 million of the estimated 6 million Kabyle speakers live in Algeria. However, Arabic is still the official language of Alergia. Kabyle is also taught in schools but only in Kabyle-speaking provinces. It is typically the language spoken at home and in places of trade and market. Along with speaking Arabic, many Kabyle speakers speak French. There are several dialects of the Kabyle language but many are mutually intelligible.\n\nBecause of the location where it is spoken, the Kabyle language shares many similar structural rules as other Berber languages. Kabyle has four vowel phonemes, which are sounds that can change the meaning of a word. There are several consonants as well, including velar, uvular, pharyngeal and glottal. Like many other Afro-Asiatic languages, words in the Kabyle language do not have the consonants of <em>p</em> and <em>v</em>, unless they are in borrowed words. Several consonants can be doubled as well. Grammar in Kabyle is similar to that of the basic features of other Berber languages.\n\nWith regard to the nouns in the Kabyle language, the nouns can be masculine or feminine. Masculine nouns will start with a vowel whereas feminine nouns end with a <em>t</em> sound. Nouns can be described in two numbers, plural or singular. When a noun needs to be classified as plural, it can be marked by changing the vowel of the stem word and adding a suffix, by an internal vowel differentiation or by a combination of words. Adjectives are similar to nouns as they are markd by gender, number and state. Possessive pronouns are attached after a noun. For example, ‘<em>sister my.’</em>\n\nIn Kabyle, verbs must agree with their subject, gender and number. There are three modes for verbs, including indicative, imperative and subjunctive. Two of the imperative forms are simple and intensive. For the vocabulary in basic Kabyle, it is quite similar to other Berber languages. There are borrow words from languages spoken by other Kabyle speakers such as Arabic and French.','Kabyle Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kabyle language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9569,9569,1,'Kannada Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','fa9e6d1c-185e-4090-a02e-f0f08571a42f','<h2>Kannada interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kannada interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kannada language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kannada language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kannada language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kannada language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kannada people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>Kannada Language</h2>\nThe Kannada language, also known as Kanrese or Kannana, is part of the Dravidian languages. It is the official language of the Karnatake state in southern Indian. The language is also spoken in many states that border Karnataka. It can be dated back to the 5<sup>th</sup> century while the first literary work titled “The Royal Road of Poets,” known as Kavirajamarga can be traced to the 9<sup>th</sup> century. After this, Pampas <em>Bharata</em> was released in 941 AD. It is believed that the Kannada literature was heavily influenced by Lingayat and the Haridasa.\n\nThe latest census count indicates that approximately 38 milion people speak Kannada as a first language. Another 9 to 10 million people speak it as their second language. In 2008, it became a classical language by the Indian government.\n\nThe Kannada language is one of the oldest of the Dravidian languages. Kannada script has evolved from different types of the Ashokan Brahmi script. It is close to the Telugu script as both came from the Kannarese (Karnataka) script. There are three stages of the languages as historically recorded. They are Old Kannada (450-1200), Middle Kannada (1200-1700) and Modern Kannada (1700-present).\n\nThe Kannada language follows the subject-object-verb word order, just as is done in other Dravidian languages. Verbs can be classified by person, number and gender. Like other Dravidian languages, Kannada used retroflex consonants, meaning that the sounds are pronounced as the tip of the tongue curls to the back of the roof of the mouth. There are voiced and voiceless aspirates in the Kannada language that come from the Indo-Aryan languages as well.\n\nThere are three popular dialects of the Kannada languages. They are the southern dialect, used mainly in Mysore and Bangalore, the northern, and the coastal. There are social varieties as well, which are classified as Brahman, non-Brahman and Dalit.','Kannada Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kannada language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9570,9570,1,'Kannada Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','9b4a4e09-dfcf-4248-91f0-a0c5c2987957','<h2>Kannada interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kannada interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kannada language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kannada language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kannada language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kannada language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kannada people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>Kannada Language</h2>\nThe Kannada language, also known as Kanrese or Kannana, is part of the Dravidian languages. It is the official language of the Karnatake state in southern Indian. The language is also spoken in many states that border Karnataka. It can be dated back to the 5<sup>th</sup> century while the first literary work titled “The Royal Road of Poets,” known as Kavirajamarga can be traced to the 9<sup>th</sup> century. After this, Pampas <em>Bharata</em> was released in 941 AD. It is believed that the Kannada literature was heavily influenced by Lingayat and the Haridasa.\n\nThe latest census count indicates that approximately 38 milion people speak Kannada as a first language. Another 9 to 10 million people speak it as their second language. In 2008, it became a classical language by the Indian government.\n\nThe Kannada language is one of the oldest of the Dravidian languages. Kannada script has evolved from different types of the Ashokan Brahmi script. It is close to the Telugu script as both came from the Kannarese (Karnataka) script. There are three stages of the languages as historically recorded. They are Old Kannada (450-1200), Middle Kannada (1200-1700) and Modern Kannada (1700-present).\n\nThe Kannada language follows the subject-object-verb word order, just as is done in other Dravidian languages. Verbs can be classified by person, number and gender. Like other Dravidian languages, Kannada used retroflex consonants, meaning that the sounds are pronounced as the tip of the tongue curls to the back of the roof of the mouth. There are voiced and voiceless aspirates in the Kannada language that come from the Indo-Aryan languages as well.\n\nThere are three popular dialects of the Kannada languages. They are the southern dialect, used mainly in Mysore and Bangalore, the northern, and the coastal. There are social varieties as well, which are classified as Brahman, non-Brahman and Dalit.','Kannada Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kannada language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9571,9571,1,'Kaonde Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','435e7cc4-3a75-4854-83c7-a0597150c8d0','<h2>Kaonde interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kaonde interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kaonde language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kaonde language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kaonde language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kaonde language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kaonde people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>Kaonde Language</h2>\nThe Kaonde language is a Bantu language spoken primarily in Zambia, although it is also spoken in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Kaonde is one of the seven official local languages of Zambia. As of 2010, there were 240,000 people who spoke Kaonde. In Kambia, the language is spoken in northwest and central regions. Those who speak Kaonde in the Congo are known as Luba. The other language spoken in Chikaonde. Kaonde is also known as Kahonde or Bakahonde.\n\nHistorically speaking, there are three different cultural groups known as the Kaonde. They all have different histories, however. it is believed that the three groups came from the Luba people, thus forming the Democratic Republic of Congo. When they settled in what is now the Congo around the 1500s and 1600s, the Kaonde people had recognized the greatness of the chief of the Lunda empire as their overlord. In the 1700s, many Kaonde chief positions came about. Around the 1800s, many Kaonde chiefs became more prominent. During this time, there were several battles with the Lozi.\n\nThe Kaonde people observe matrilineal descent. They also have a tradition to live with or near the family of the husband, typically in large villages. The main crop that is grow by the Kaonde people is corn, cassava, millet, sorghum, yams, squash and beans. The Kaonde people have traditionally burned fallen trees and then planted their crops. The Kaonde people also gather several wild fruits. Additionally, men hunt small game such as rats, bushbuck and duiker, typically in June and July when it is available.\n\nLike several other Central Bantu speakers, the Kaonde people have an interesting culture. The Kaonde celebrate the first harvest with a traditional ceremony called Juba ja Nsomo. During this ceremony, held on July 6<sup>th</sup>, the chief is given the first harvest and blesses it.','Kaonde Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kaonde language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9572,9572,1,'Kaonde Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','1c892ec4-1e6c-4f0a-bc27-12bf48b8c758','<h2>Kaonde interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kaonde interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kaonde language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kaonde language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kaonde language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kaonde language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kaonde people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>Kaonde Language</h2>\nThe Kaonde language is a Bantu language spoken primarily in Zambia, although it is also spoken in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Kaonde is one of the seven official local languages of Zambia. As of 2010, there were 240,000 people who spoke Kaonde. In Kambia, the language is spoken in northwest and central regions. Those who speak Kaonde in the Congo are known as Luba. The other language spoken in Chikaonde. Kaonde is also known as Kahonde or Bakahonde.\n\nHistorically speaking, there are three different cultural groups known as the Kaonde. They all have different histories, however. it is believed that the three groups came from the Luba people, thus forming the Democratic Republic of Congo. When they settled in what is now the Congo around the 1500s and 1600s, the Kaonde people had recognized the greatness of the chief of the Lunda empire as their overlord. In the 1700s, many Kaonde chief positions came about. Around the 1800s, many Kaonde chiefs became more prominent. During this time, there were several battles with the Lozi.\n\nThe Kaonde people observe matrilineal descent. They also have a tradition to live with or near the family of the husband, typically in large villages. The main crop that is grow by the Kaonde people is corn, cassava, millet, sorghum, yams, squash and beans. The Kaonde people have traditionally burned fallen trees and then planted their crops. The Kaonde people also gather several wild fruits. Additionally, men hunt small game such as rats, bushbuck and duiker, typically in June and July when it is available.\n\nLike several other Central Bantu speakers, the Kaonde people have an interesting culture. The Kaonde celebrate the first harvest with a traditional ceremony called Juba ja Nsomo. During this ceremony, held on July 6<sup>th</sup>, the chief is given the first harvest and blesses it.','Kaonde Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kaonde language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9573,9573,1,'Kashubian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','553a4406-e69e-4a29-98d6-fbcc58b86533','<h2>Kashubian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kashubian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kashubian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kashubian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kashubian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kashubian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kashubian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kashubian Language</h2>\nThe Kashubian language is part of the West Slavic group found within the Slavic languages. About 200,000 people speak Kashubian, also known as Cassubian, Cashubian or Kaszubski. Of these speakers, only about 25% of these speakers speak it on a daily basis. Those who speak the Kashubian language typically live in the northern part of central Poland, in a region called Pomerania, which is located on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea and between the Vistula and Oder rivers. Additionally, there are those who speak Kashubian in Canada. Because so few people speak the language and few schools teach it, the Kashubian language is  in the category of a “threatened” language.\n\nThe Kashubian language first came to be in the 1300s. However, it was only up until recently that many linguists categorized Kashubian to be part of Polish simply as another dialect. There are multiple dialects within the language such as Kashubian proper and Slovincian, with heavy German and Polish influences. The Kashubian language has several works of literature as well. The earliest known published pieces of Kashubian literature are in the 16<sup>th</sup> century. The spiritual songs, <em>Duchowne Piesnie</em> by Szymon Krofei was published in 1586 while the <em>Maly Catechism</em> by Michal Pontanus was published in 1643.\n\nThe written Kashubian language that is used today was developed by Florian Ceynowa in his Outline of the Grammar of Kashubian-Slovincian Language, which was published in 1879 in Poznan. There are less than 100 schools where the children learn the Kashubian language. Some media such as radio and TV are available in the Kashubian language currently. The language itself is written in Latin script.','Kashubian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kashubian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9574,9574,1,'Kashubian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','ad794eba-9e89-4b6e-9581-7eed0d38d31c','<h2>Kashubian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kashubian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kashubian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kashubian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kashubian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kashubian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kashubian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kashubian Language</h2>\nThe Kashubian language is part of the West Slavic group found within the Slavic languages. About 200,000 people speak Kashubian, also known as Cassubian, Cashubian or Kaszubski. Of these speakers, only about 25% of these speakers speak it on a daily basis. Those who speak the Kashubian language typically live in the northern part of central Poland, in a region called Pomerania, which is located on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea and between the Vistula and Oder rivers. Additionally, there are those who speak Kashubian in Canada. Because so few people speak the language and few schools teach it, the Kashubian language is  in the category of a “threatened” language.\n\nThe Kashubian language first came to be in the 1300s. However, it was only up until recently that many linguists categorized Kashubian to be part of Polish simply as another dialect. There are multiple dialects within the language such as Kashubian proper and Slovincian, with heavy German and Polish influences. The Kashubian language has several works of literature as well. The earliest known published pieces of Kashubian literature are in the 16<sup>th</sup> century. The spiritual songs, <em>Duchowne Piesnie</em> by Szymon Krofei was published in 1586 while the <em>Maly Catechism</em> by Michal Pontanus was published in 1643.\n\nThe written Kashubian language that is used today was developed by Florian Ceynowa in his Outline of the Grammar of Kashubian-Slovincian Language, which was published in 1879 in Poznan. There are less than 100 schools where the children learn the Kashubian language. Some media such as radio and TV are available in the Kashubian language currently. The language itself is written in Latin script.','Kashubian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kashubian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9575,9575,1,'Kazakh Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','b59a6175-66e8-47d7-828f-73e6c7878552','<h2>Kazakh interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kazakh interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kazakh language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kazakh language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kazakh language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kazakh language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kazakh people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kazakh Language</h2>\nThe Kazakh language is part of the Turkic language family of language, more specifically the Kipchak branch. Other names for the Kazakh language include Qazak, Kazak, Kaisak, Kosach, Kazax, Gazaqi, Kazakhi and Qazaqi. Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is derived from the Chagatai, which is an old and extinct Turkic language, which was once the first language of many areas in Central Asia. Chagatai refers to the Chagatai Khanate, the western area of the Mongolian empire. The Kazakhs, a group that were similar to the Uzbeks, became part of the Soviet Union in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, in 1917.\n\nAfter the Soviet Union fell in 1991, Kazakhstan became its own country. The word <em>Kazakh</em> comes form the Turkish word,<em> gaz</em>, which means <em>to wander.</em> The word “cossack” also comes from this root. The language is currently spoken in Kazakhstan, China, Uzbekistan, Iran, Mongolia and Turkey among others. There are approximately 13 million Kazakh speakers worldwide. 10 million are approximated to live in Kazakhstan, 1.25 million in China, 1 million in Uzbekistan and 100,000 speakers living in Mongolia.\n\nThe Kazakh language is spoken in the Gansu and Qinghai provinces of China and in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. In Uzbekistan, it is spoken in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic and in Mongolia, in the Bayan-Olgly and Hovd provinces. Kazakh is the official language of Kazakhstan and in the Altai Republic of Russia.\n\nThe Kazakh language was initially written in Arabic in the 1800s. There were many poets were had received Islamic education and had rebelled in Russia. In response to such revolts, Russia set up secular schools and derived a Kazakh script with the Cyrillic alphabet. It was not accepted and by 1917, Arabic script is used for the language, including in schools and with local government. In 1927 due to the Kazakh nationalist movement, the Arabic script was no longer used and the Latin alphabet was imposed. Soon after, in 1940, the Cyrillic alphabet replaced the Latin script.\n\nIn 1927, Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up but was soon suppressed. At the same time the Arabic script was banned and the Latin alphabet was imposed for writing Kazakh. The Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940. In 2006, in an attempt to modernize the language, the Latin alphabet took over once more. As of October 2017, the switch began to the Latin alphabet and should be done by 2025.\n\nThe three main dialects of the Kazakh language are Northeastern, Southern and Western Kazakh. The Northeastern Kazakh dialect is the standard dialect of the Kazakh language. In Kazakh, there are 9 vowels. They are either long or short and can make a difference in the meaning of a word.\n\nThe structure of the Kazakh language follows that of other Turkic languages in that there is vowel harmony. There are many consonants in Kazakh, including velar and uvular consonants. Consonants can be bilabial, labio-dental, dental/alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular or glottal. The stress of words in Kazakh is usually on the last syllable of a word. Grammatically speaking, Kazakh is an agglutinative language, meaning the grammatical relations are determined by adding suffixes to the roots of words. Nouns can be found in either singular or plural.\n\nThere are seven cases of nouns in Kazakh. They include: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative and instrumental. There is no gender in the Kazakh grammar. Kazakh follows the subject-object- verb word order. Verbs must agree with their subjects. There are singular and plural verbs, three persons, three tenses, five moods and two voices. Many words in the vocabulary of the language come from Russian, Arabic and Farsi.','Kazakh Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kazakh language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9576,9576,1,'Kazakh Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','468165aa-6634-4b1f-8a05-c0297c02de06','<h2>Kazakh interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kazakh interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kazakh language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kazakh language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kazakh language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kazakh language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kazakh people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kazakh Language</h2>\nThe Kazakh language is part of the Turkic language family of language, more specifically the Kipchak branch. Other names for the Kazakh language include Qazak, Kazak, Kaisak, Kosach, Kazax, Gazaqi, Kazakhi and Qazaqi. Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is derived from the Chagatai, which is an old and extinct Turkic language, which was once the first language of many areas in Central Asia. Chagatai refers to the Chagatai Khanate, the western area of the Mongolian empire. The Kazakhs, a group that were similar to the Uzbeks, became part of the Soviet Union in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, in 1917.\n\nAfter the Soviet Union fell in 1991, Kazakhstan became its own country. The word <em>Kazakh</em> comes form the Turkish word,<em> gaz</em>, which means <em>to wander.</em> The word “cossack” also comes from this root. The language is currently spoken in Kazakhstan, China, Uzbekistan, Iran, Mongolia and Turkey among others. There are approximately 13 million Kazakh speakers worldwide. 10 million are approximated to live in Kazakhstan, 1.25 million in China, 1 million in Uzbekistan and 100,000 speakers living in Mongolia.\n\nThe Kazakh language is spoken in the Gansu and Qinghai provinces of China and in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. In Uzbekistan, it is spoken in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic and in Mongolia, in the Bayan-Olgly and Hovd provinces. Kazakh is the official language of Kazakhstan and in the Altai Republic of Russia.\n\nThe Kazakh language was initially written in Arabic in the 1800s. There were many poets were had received Islamic education and had rebelled in Russia. In response to such revolts, Russia set up secular schools and derived a Kazakh script with the Cyrillic alphabet. It was not accepted and by 1917, Arabic script is used for the language, including in schools and with local government. In 1927 due to the Kazakh nationalist movement, the Arabic script was no longer used and the Latin alphabet was imposed. Soon after, in 1940, the Cyrillic alphabet replaced the Latin script.\n\nIn 1927, Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up but was soon suppressed. At the same time the Arabic script was banned and the Latin alphabet was imposed for writing Kazakh. The Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940. In 2006, in an attempt to modernize the language, the Latin alphabet took over once more. As of October 2017, the switch began to the Latin alphabet and should be done by 2025.\n\nThe three main dialects of the Kazakh language are Northeastern, Southern and Western Kazakh. The Northeastern Kazakh dialect is the standard dialect of the Kazakh language. In Kazakh, there are 9 vowels. They are either long or short and can make a difference in the meaning of a word.\n\nThe structure of the Kazakh language follows that of other Turkic languages in that there is vowel harmony. There are many consonants in Kazakh, including velar and uvular consonants. Consonants can be bilabial, labio-dental, dental/alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular or glottal. The stress of words in Kazakh is usually on the last syllable of a word. Grammatically speaking, Kazakh is an agglutinative language, meaning the grammatical relations are determined by adding suffixes to the roots of words. Nouns can be found in either singular or plural.\n\nThere are seven cases of nouns in Kazakh. They include: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative and instrumental. There is no gender in the Kazakh grammar. Kazakh follows the subject-object- verb word order. Verbs must agree with their subjects. There are singular and plural verbs, three persons, three tenses, five moods and two voices. Many words in the vocabulary of the language come from Russian, Arabic and Farsi.','Kazakh Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kazakh language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9577,9577,1,'Kinyarwanda Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','e8d7a646-1374-409b-88f6-aa35d98e03ca','<h2>Kinyarwanda interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kinyarwanda interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kinyarwanda language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kinyarwanda language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kinyarwanda language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kinyarwanda language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kinyarwanda people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kinyarwanda Language</h2>\nThe language of Kinyarwanda, also known as Rwanda or Ruanda, is a Bantu language that comes from the Niger-Congo languages, more specifically the Bantu-Congo branch. About 6.5 million people speak Kinyarwanda in the Republic of Rwanda. This is about 90% of the country’s population. It is approximated that another 25,000 people speak Kinyarwanda in the Congo and another half a million or so speak the language in Burundi and Southern Uganda, known as Fumbira. It is estimated that about 7.3 million people worldwide speak Kinyarwanda. Those who speak Rundi are typically able to understand and speak Kinyarwanda as well.\n\nKinyarwanda, along with English and French, is an official language of the Republic of Rwanda. Typically, childhood education is taught in Kinyarwanda. Secondary education is taught in either English or French. There are several dialects of the language. They are: Bufumbwa, Gitwa, Hutu, Igikiga, Kiga, Ikinyanduga and Rutwa. The Kinyarwanda language is very similar to other Bantu languages; especially in its use of tones. There are five vowels and 24 consonants. The tones in the language play a very large role in the language, similar to other Niger-Congo languages as it belongs in the same familial group.\n\nThe grammar is also similar to other Bantu languages. There are ten classes of nouns, leading to a lot of randomness to determine what class the noun belongs in. In the language, each verb has a root that can be changed by adding certain prefixes that can show subject agreement. There are tenses as well such as present progressive, future and continuous progressive. The language follows the Subject-Verb-Object word order. Additionally, the vocabulary has many loan words from English, French and Swahili. The writing has been standardized since the 1940s.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about Rwanda</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Rwanda is surrounded by only land in all its borders.</li>\n 	<li>More than 12 million people live in Rwanda as of January 2017</li>\n 	<li>It is the 145<sup>th</sup> largest country in the world</li>\n 	<li>Rwanda has 4 official languages: English, French, Kinyarwanda and Swahili</li>\n 	<li>Kigali is the largest city and capital of the country</li>\n 	<li>Volcanoes National Park is located in the Northwestern part of Rwanda</li>\n 	<li>Akagera National Park was founded in 1934 to protect animals. It is named after the Kagera River</li>\n 	<li>There is a genocide museum, called the Kigali Genocide Museum which commemorates the genocide against the Tutsi people in 1994. The remains of 225,000 people are in this museum.</li>\n</ul>','Kinyarwanda Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kinyarwanda language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9578,9578,1,'Kinyarwanda Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','de0eb78c-e638-41b4-9880-c6ac0613b814','<h2>Kinyarwanda interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kinyarwanda interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kinyarwanda language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kinyarwanda language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kinyarwanda language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Kinyarwanda language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kinyarwanda people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kinyarwanda Language</h2>\nThe language of Kinyarwanda, also known as Rwanda or Ruanda, is a Bantu language that comes from the Niger-Congo languages, more specifically the Bantu-Congo branch. About 6.5 million people speak Kinyarwanda in the Republic of Rwanda. This is about 90% of the country’s population. It is approximated that another 25,000 people speak Kinyarwanda in the Congo and another half a million or so speak the language in Burundi and Southern Uganda, known as Fumbira. It is estimated that about 7.3 million people worldwide speak Kinyarwanda. Those who speak Rundi are typically able to understand and speak Kinyarwanda as well.\n\nKinyarwanda, along with English and French, is an official language of the Republic of Rwanda. Typically, childhood education is taught in Kinyarwanda. Secondary education is taught in either English or French. There are several dialects of the language. They are: Bufumbwa, Gitwa, Hutu, Igikiga, Kiga, Ikinyanduga and Rutwa. The Kinyarwanda language is very similar to other Bantu languages; especially in its use of tones. There are five vowels and 24 consonants. The tones in the language play a very large role in the language, similar to other Niger-Congo languages as it belongs in the same familial group.\n\nThe grammar is also similar to other Bantu languages. There are ten classes of nouns, leading to a lot of randomness to determine what class the noun belongs in. In the language, each verb has a root that can be changed by adding certain prefixes that can show subject agreement. There are tenses as well such as present progressive, future and continuous progressive. The language follows the Subject-Verb-Object word order. Additionally, the vocabulary has many loan words from English, French and Swahili. The writing has been standardized since the 1940s.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about Rwanda</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Rwanda is surrounded by only land in all its borders.</li>\n 	<li>More than 12 million people live in Rwanda as of January 2017</li>\n 	<li>It is the 145<sup>th</sup> largest country in the world</li>\n 	<li>Rwanda has 4 official languages: English, French, Kinyarwanda and Swahili</li>\n 	<li>Kigali is the largest city and capital of the country</li>\n 	<li>Volcanoes National Park is located in the Northwestern part of Rwanda</li>\n 	<li>Akagera National Park was founded in 1934 to protect animals. It is named after the Kagera River</li>\n 	<li>There is a genocide museum, called the Kigali Genocide Museum which commemorates the genocide against the Tutsi people in 1994. The remains of 225,000 people are in this museum.</li>\n</ul>','Kinyarwanda Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kinyarwanda language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9579,9579,1,'Kiswahili Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','09460e18-ae84-4a77-b4cf-5247b1f4452a','<h2>Kiswahili interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kiswahili interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kiswahili language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kiswahili language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kiswahili language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Kiswahili language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kiswahili people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kiswahili Language</h2>\nThe Kiswahili language, also know as Swhahili, is a Bantu language that is spoken either as a first or second language in various countries in Africa spanning from the Lamu Island in Kenya to the southern border of Tanzania. The people that speak Swahili as their native and sole tongue are called the Waswahili. This refers to the language only and does not indicate any ethnic or tribal affiliation. There are several countries that use Swahili as their mother tongue. Tanzania uses Swahili as its language of administration and primary education. In Kenya, Swahili is used for the same purposes but only after the English language. In the Congo, it is also used as a language of administration among three other languages. Lastly, in Uganda, it is also used but the main language is English.\n\nArabic has largely influenced the language of Swahili. There are many Arabic loanwords in Swahili. In fact, the word <em>Swahili</em> means “of the coast” in Arabic. It is said that the Swahili language has been so influenced because of the contact between the Arab traders with those who lived on the eastern coast of the African continent for hundreds of years. With this Arab influence, Swahili became the mother tongue, or the lingua franca, and was used by tribes who used other Bantu languages. In the early 1800s, there was a great push for Swahili to become the language of those who live more inland and not just on the coast. Not long after, European colonialists began using Swahili, particularly the Germans, as they used it as the main language of the administration n Tanganyika. It, therefore, became the foundation for when it was adapted as the national language of Tanzania. During colonial times, other languages were encouraged to become official in Kenya and Uganda but not with much success. Swahili is now emphasized.\n\nKiswahili is believed to have literature that dates back as early as the 1700s. It was written in Arabic, even though modern Swahili is written in the Roman alphabet. In the Swahili language, there are 15 dialects. The main ones are Kiunguia, which is spoken in Zanzibar and in Tanzania. The next popular dialect is Kimvita, which was spoken in Mombara and other places in Kenya. Lastly, is the Kiamu dialect, which is spoken on an island, Lamu. The standard Swahili language is spoken using the Kiunguia dialect. Like other Bantu languages, Swahili has a similar grammar and a large vocabulary related to these languages. There are noun classes in the Swahili language as well such as singular and plural.\n<h2>Kiswahili and Swahili Interpreting &amp; Translation Services</h2>\nSwahili is steeped in culture. Gaining access to an interpreter or translator with cultural relevance is important. Learn more about why CIT is your best choice for a Swahili interpreter or translation service in more detail.','Kiswahili Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kiswahili language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','kiswahili interpreting & translation services'),(9580,9580,1,'Kiswahili Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','6ab89ca0-fdc1-4a42-87ad-9f8b61eaaab2','<h2>Kiswahili interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kiswahili interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kiswahili language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kiswahili language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kiswahili language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Kiswahili language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kiswahili people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kiswahili Language</h2>\nThe Kiswahili language, also know as Swhahili, is a Bantu language that is spoken either as a first or second language in various countries in Africa spanning from the Lamu Island in Kenya to the southern border of Tanzania. The people that speak Swahili as their native and sole tongue are called the Waswahili. This refers to the language only and does not indicate any ethnic or tribal affiliation. There are several countries that use Swahili as their mother tongue. Tanzania uses Swahili as its language of administration and primary education. In Kenya, Swahili is used for the same purposes but only after the English language. In the Congo, it is also used as a language of administration among three other languages. Lastly, in Uganda, it is also used but the main language is English.\n\nArabic has largely influenced the language of Swahili. There are many Arabic loanwords in Swahili. In fact, the word <em>Swahili</em> means “of the coast” in Arabic. It is said that the Swahili language has been so influenced because of the contact between the Arab traders with those who lived on the eastern coast of the African continent for hundreds of years. With this Arab influence, Swahili became the mother tongue, or the lingua franca, and was used by tribes who used other Bantu languages. In the early 1800s, there was a great push for Swahili to become the language of those who live more inland and not just on the coast. Not long after, European colonialists began using Swahili, particularly the Germans, as they used it as the main language of the administration n Tanganyika. It, therefore, became the foundation for when it was adapted as the national language of Tanzania. During colonial times, other languages were encouraged to become official in Kenya and Uganda but not with much success. Swahili is now emphasized.\n\nKiswahili is believed to have literature that dates back as early as the 1700s. It was written in Arabic, even though modern Swahili is written in the Roman alphabet. In the Swahili language, there are 15 dialects. The main ones are Kiunguia, which is spoken in Zanzibar and in Tanzania. The next popular dialect is Kimvita, which was spoken in Mombara and other places in Kenya. Lastly, is the Kiamu dialect, which is spoken on an island, Lamu. The standard Swahili language is spoken using the Kiunguia dialect. Like other Bantu languages, Swahili has a similar grammar and a large vocabulary related to these languages. There are noun classes in the Swahili language as well such as singular and plural.\n<h2>Kiswahili and Swahili Interpreting &amp; Translation Services</h2>\nSwahili is steeped in culture. Gaining access to an interpreter or translator with cultural relevance is important. Learn more about why CIT is your best choice for a Swahili interpreter or translation service in more detail.','Kiswahili Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kiswahili language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','kiswahili interpreting & translation services'),(9581,9581,1,'Korean Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','75e132b9-c14a-4326-823c-b15f4427b114','<h2>Korean Language Interpretation Services</h2>\nNeed Korean interpreting to English in a rush? CIT staffs native speaking Korean language interpreters.\n\nThere are approximately 75 million Korean speakers worldwide. About two-thirds of the speakers reside in South Korea and the other third reside in North Korea. Korea is spoken by almost 3 million people outside of Korea in China, Japan, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, and the US.\n<h2>Korean interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Korean interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Korean language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Korean language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Korean language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Korean language, as well as of the culture and history of the Korean people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Korean Language</h2>\nThe Korean language is the primary language of the Korean peninsula. The ancestors of the Korean people came to the Korean peninsula and Manchuria around 4,000 BC. There are several theories regarding the beginnings of the Korean language.\n\nBecause of its many years of contact with Chinese and Japanese languages, it became difficult to isolate the origins of Korean. One theory, the Southern theory, indicates that the Korean language is part of the Austronesian family of languages. According to the Northern theory, Korean is part of the Altaic language family. Because of the many similarities between Korean and Japanese, many linguists believe that Korean might be part of the Japonic group of languages. Because there are discrepancies as to which group the language belongs to, many linguists classify the language as its own.\n\nFrom 1910-1945, when Japan occupied Korea, the official language was Japanese. The Korean language was banned and the Koreans were forced to change their Korean last names to Japanese ones. In 1945, after the end of the Japanese occupation, the Korean language reassumed the role of the official language in Korea. The same year, when Korea was divided into north and south, each of the Koreas established their own standard language. Today, the Modern Korean dialect is used in both North and South Korea.\n\nAncient Korean had two dialects: Puyo and Han. Puyo had previously been spoken in Manchuria and northern Korea, as opposed to Han which was spoken in southern Korea. In the 600s the Han dialect was more dominant. Presently, the standard Korean spoken in South Korea is based on the Seoul dialect whereas the standard Korean spoken in North Korea is based on the P’yongyang dialect.\n<h2>Grammar and Writing</h2>\nThere are ten vowels in the Korean language. When a vowel is emphasized, it can change the meaning of a word entirely. There are 21 consonants. Just like the vowels, the consonant sounds can make a difference in a word meaning. Korean grammar is known to be quite complex. Unlike in many other languages, nouns are not specified for gender or number nor are there any articles. Verbs do not agree in number, person or gender according to their subjects. Politeness is what indicates the conjugation of a verb.\n\nThere are several levels of politeness, or deference. They are high, middle and low and each level has sublevels, for a total of seven levels. In the Korean language, the level spoken is indicative of the respect the speaker has towards the listener or one who is reading.\n\nKorean follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order. Considering that the Korean language had many Chinese characters, there are many Chinese loanwords as part of the vocabulary. Even though the Japanese had occupied Korea, there are not many Japanese loanwords. Additionally, there are loanwords from English.','Korean Translators','Professional Korean language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Korean Translator & Interpreter'),(9582,9582,1,'Korean Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','02a0f78d-e510-4893-b824-15c3b527f253','<h2>Korean Language Interpretation Services</h2>\nNeed Korean interpreting to English in a rush? CIT staffs native speaking Korean language interpreters.\n\nThere are approximately 75 million Korean speakers worldwide. About two-thirds of the speakers reside in South Korea and the other third reside in North Korea. Korea is spoken by almost 3 million people outside of Korea in China, Japan, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, and the US.\n<h2>Korean interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Korean interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Korean language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Korean language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Korean language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Korean language, as well as of the culture and history of the Korean people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Korean Language</h2>\nThe Korean language is the primary language of the Korean peninsula. The ancestors of the Korean people came to the Korean peninsula and Manchuria around 4,000 BC. There are several theories regarding the beginnings of the Korean language.\n\nBecause of its many years of contact with Chinese and Japanese languages, it became difficult to isolate the origins of Korean. One theory, the Southern theory, indicates that the Korean language is part of the Austronesian family of languages. According to the Northern theory, Korean is part of the Altaic language family. Because of the many similarities between Korean and Japanese, many linguists believe that Korean might be part of the Japonic group of languages. Because there are discrepancies as to which group the language belongs to, many linguists classify the language as its own.\n\nFrom 1910-1945, when Japan occupied Korea, the official language was Japanese. The Korean language was banned and the Koreans were forced to change their Korean last names to Japanese ones. In 1945, after the end of the Japanese occupation, the Korean language reassumed the role of the official language in Korea. The same year, when Korea was divided into north and south, each of the Koreas established their own standard language. Today, the Modern Korean dialect is used in both North and South Korea.\n\nAncient Korean had two dialects: Puyo and Han. Puyo had previously been spoken in Manchuria and northern Korea, as opposed to Han which was spoken in southern Korea. In the 600s the Han dialect was more dominant. Presently, the standard Korean spoken in South Korea is based on the Seoul dialect whereas the standard Korean spoken in North Korea is based on the P’yongyang dialect.\n<h2>Grammar and Writing</h2>\nThere are ten vowels in the Korean language. When a vowel is emphasized, it can change the meaning of a word entirely. There are 21 consonants. Just like the vowels, the consonant sounds can make a difference in a word meaning. Korean grammar is known to be quite complex. Unlike in many other languages, nouns are not specified for gender or number nor are there any articles. Verbs do not agree in number, person or gender according to their subjects. Politeness is what indicates the conjugation of a verb.\n\nThere are several levels of politeness, or deference. They are high, middle and low and each level has sublevels, for a total of seven levels. In the Korean language, the level spoken is indicative of the respect the speaker has towards the listener or one who is reading.\n\nKorean follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order. Considering that the Korean language had many Chinese characters, there are many Chinese loanwords as part of the vocabulary. Even though the Japanese had occupied Korea, there are not many Japanese loanwords. Additionally, there are loanwords from English.','Korean Translators','Professional Korean language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Korean Translator & Interpreter'),(9583,9583,1,'Korowai Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','8ee86d47-114f-491e-8889-99dff8c76f8f','<h2>Korowai interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Korowai interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Korowai language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Korowai language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Korowai language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Korowai language, as well as of the culture and history of the Korowai people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Korowai Language</h2>\nThe Korowai Language, a native language of the Papua New Guinea region, is one of the various languages in the region. Papua New Guinea has over 800 languages spoken in the country. Because of this, it is considered to be one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. The Korowai tribe derives from the Awyu-Dumut family and the Trans-New Guinea group of languages. As other tribal languages, the Korowai language is highly combined with the style of living of the tribe. The Korowai people call  themselves bolu-aup, meaning “place language.” People and objects get referred to whether or not they are familiar with the area.\n\nAs with other tribal languages, the language of the Korowai tribe is very much connected with the spiritual beliefs of the tribe. For example, the Korowai people believe that words have spiritual power. An example of this would be the belief that speaking a person’s name can have effects on this person, both physically and spiritually. Because of this, the Korowai people use what has been deemed by anthropologists to be called “joking avoidance,” where Korowai people will refer to each other using a word that refers to an experience. An instance of this would be in two people from the Korowai tribe share food, they will refer to each other as the food they shared.\n\nRecently, there have been many instances where the Korowai people have been introduced and exposed to Christian missionaries, naturally shifting their beliefs to be more Christian. An example of this is that more people now are naming their children Christian names. This is a sign that the Korowai people may be fading away from their traditional and tribal beliefs, although they still have much respect and awe for the spirits. Additionally, because Indonesia has colonized West Papua, the Korowai language has been impacted. As a result, many Korowai people now speak both Korowai and Indonesian, whereas Korowai used to be the only language spoken by the tribe. Even with this, the language is quite integral. Now, considering that school-aged children are now being put through an Indonesian educational system, there is a fear that the language may lose its status and sooner rather than later.\n\nAn interesting fact about the Korowai people is that they used to believe that people who were not from their tribe were demons.','Korowai Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Korowai language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9584,9584,1,'Korowai Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','7c9f1068-3df2-4b77-a14e-b5e09bd6cee3','<h2>Korowai interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Korowai interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Korowai language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Korowai language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Korowai language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Korowai language, as well as of the culture and history of the Korowai people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Korowai Language</h2>\nThe Korowai Language, a native language of the Papua New Guinea region, is one of the various languages in the region. Papua New Guinea has over 800 languages spoken in the country. Because of this, it is considered to be one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. The Korowai tribe derives from the Awyu-Dumut family and the Trans-New Guinea group of languages. As other tribal languages, the Korowai language is highly combined with the style of living of the tribe. The Korowai people call  themselves bolu-aup, meaning “place language.” People and objects get referred to whether or not they are familiar with the area.\n\nAs with other tribal languages, the language of the Korowai tribe is very much connected with the spiritual beliefs of the tribe. For example, the Korowai people believe that words have spiritual power. An example of this would be the belief that speaking a person’s name can have effects on this person, both physically and spiritually. Because of this, the Korowai people use what has been deemed by anthropologists to be called “joking avoidance,” where Korowai people will refer to each other using a word that refers to an experience. An instance of this would be in two people from the Korowai tribe share food, they will refer to each other as the food they shared.\n\nRecently, there have been many instances where the Korowai people have been introduced and exposed to Christian missionaries, naturally shifting their beliefs to be more Christian. An example of this is that more people now are naming their children Christian names. This is a sign that the Korowai people may be fading away from their traditional and tribal beliefs, although they still have much respect and awe for the spirits. Additionally, because Indonesia has colonized West Papua, the Korowai language has been impacted. As a result, many Korowai people now speak both Korowai and Indonesian, whereas Korowai used to be the only language spoken by the tribe. Even with this, the language is quite integral. Now, considering that school-aged children are now being put through an Indonesian educational system, there is a fear that the language may lose its status and sooner rather than later.\n\nAn interesting fact about the Korowai people is that they used to believe that people who were not from their tribe were demons.','Korowai Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Korowai language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9585,9585,1,'Kurdish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','03556c1a-bdce-405c-9c5c-61527740425b','<h2>Kurdish interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kurdish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kurdish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kurdish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kurdish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Kurdish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kurdish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kurdish Language</h2>\nThe Kurdish language is part of the Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European languages. About 4,000 years ago, the first Indo-European language speakers migrated to modern-day Kurdistan. The original language of the Kurds had evolved completelty to what is known as modern-day Kurdish. Kurdish is very similar to other languages from lands in the area such as Turkey, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijani.\n\nCurrently, the Kurdish language had official language status in Kurdistan. Even though the Kurdish language is spoken heavily in Turkey and Syria, it still does not have official status in these countries. In Iran, the Kurds live in villages and many are nomadic as well. The Iranian Kurds speak Kurdish at home and the language is also spoken in many Kurdish areas. Additionally, there is media such as newspapers, magazines and radio shows in Kurdish. Kurdish speakers also speak Farsi.\n\nIn Iraq, the Kurdish language has official status in the Iraqi region of Kurdistan. Since the early 1900s, Kurdish has been the language of public schools. The history of the Kurdish language is a little different in Turkey, where it had been banned in 1938 resulting in diminished bilingualism of Kurdish and Turkish languages. In the early 1960s, as a new Turkish constitution was developed, the Kurdish language reappeared but would be banned almost immediately. In 1991, it became legal to reuse the Kurdish language and in 2006, Turkey granted permission to allow Turkish shows to appear in Kurdish.\n\nAlthough a rather small group, the Kurdish community in Armenia was protected and had state support from the 1930s to the 1980s. However, now that the Soviet Union no longer stands, there is an uncertain future for the Kurdish in Armenia. In Syria, the Kurdish language is spoken only at home as the Syrian government has opposed the use of the Kurdish language.\n\nAccording to the Kurdish Academy of Language, the Kurdish language is divided into three dialects, including central Kurdish, northern Kurdish and Southern Kurdish. Central Kurdish, known as Kurdi or Sorani is spoken by about 6.8 million people in various countries such as Iraq, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Turkmenistan. Within the Central Kurdish dialect, there are about 10 varieties. Northern Kurdish, known as Kermanci, Kirmanci, Kurdi, Kurmanci or Kurmanji, is spoken by about 15 million people in Turkey but is also spoken in other countries, similar to Central Kurdish. Lastly, Southern Kurdish is spoken by about 3 million people in Iran and Iraq.\n\nKurdish has ten vowels that can be either short or long. The length of a vowel can indicate a different word meaning. The Kurdish language is inflected, meaning that prefixes and suffixes are added to root words to give them meaning. Nouns are either simple or compound, there are no grammatical genders, there is adjective agreement and verbs agree with their subject, either in person or number. Verbs can be either present or past, simple or secondary. There are three tenses (present, past and future), two voices (active and passive), two aspects (perfect and imperfect) and four moods (indicative, conditional, imperative and potential). The Kurdish language follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order.\n\nThe Kurdish language shares much of its vocabulary with other Indo-Iranian languages. Due to the fact that Kurdish is spoken in many countries, each country has influenced the vocabulary somewhat but adding loanwords. Even recently, the English language has had its influence on the Kurdish language in technological, political and military vocabulary.','Kurdish Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kurdish language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9586,9586,1,'Kurdish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','8b23be92-f0c0-42b4-b0bb-8e61443be1cd','<h2>Kurdish interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Kurdish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Kurdish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Kurdish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Kurdish language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Kurdish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Kurdish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Kurdish Language</h2>\nThe Kurdish language is part of the Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European languages. About 4,000 years ago, the first Indo-European language speakers migrated to modern-day Kurdistan. The original language of the Kurds had evolved completelty to what is known as modern-day Kurdish. Kurdish is very similar to other languages from lands in the area such as Turkey, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijani.\n\nCurrently, the Kurdish language had official language status in Kurdistan. Even though the Kurdish language is spoken heavily in Turkey and Syria, it still does not have official status in these countries. In Iran, the Kurds live in villages and many are nomadic as well. The Iranian Kurds speak Kurdish at home and the language is also spoken in many Kurdish areas. Additionally, there is media such as newspapers, magazines and radio shows in Kurdish. Kurdish speakers also speak Farsi.\n\nIn Iraq, the Kurdish language has official status in the Iraqi region of Kurdistan. Since the early 1900s, Kurdish has been the language of public schools. The history of the Kurdish language is a little different in Turkey, where it had been banned in 1938 resulting in diminished bilingualism of Kurdish and Turkish languages. In the early 1960s, as a new Turkish constitution was developed, the Kurdish language reappeared but would be banned almost immediately. In 1991, it became legal to reuse the Kurdish language and in 2006, Turkey granted permission to allow Turkish shows to appear in Kurdish.\n\nAlthough a rather small group, the Kurdish community in Armenia was protected and had state support from the 1930s to the 1980s. However, now that the Soviet Union no longer stands, there is an uncertain future for the Kurdish in Armenia. In Syria, the Kurdish language is spoken only at home as the Syrian government has opposed the use of the Kurdish language.\n\nAccording to the Kurdish Academy of Language, the Kurdish language is divided into three dialects, including central Kurdish, northern Kurdish and Southern Kurdish. Central Kurdish, known as Kurdi or Sorani is spoken by about 6.8 million people in various countries such as Iraq, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Turkmenistan. Within the Central Kurdish dialect, there are about 10 varieties. Northern Kurdish, known as Kermanci, Kirmanci, Kurdi, Kurmanci or Kurmanji, is spoken by about 15 million people in Turkey but is also spoken in other countries, similar to Central Kurdish. Lastly, Southern Kurdish is spoken by about 3 million people in Iran and Iraq.\n\nKurdish has ten vowels that can be either short or long. The length of a vowel can indicate a different word meaning. The Kurdish language is inflected, meaning that prefixes and suffixes are added to root words to give them meaning. Nouns are either simple or compound, there are no grammatical genders, there is adjective agreement and verbs agree with their subject, either in person or number. Verbs can be either present or past, simple or secondary. There are three tenses (present, past and future), two voices (active and passive), two aspects (perfect and imperfect) and four moods (indicative, conditional, imperative and potential). The Kurdish language follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order.\n\nThe Kurdish language shares much of its vocabulary with other Indo-Iranian languages. Due to the fact that Kurdish is spoken in many countries, each country has influenced the vocabulary somewhat but adding loanwords. Even recently, the English language has had its influence on the Kurdish language in technological, political and military vocabulary.','Kurdish Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kurdish language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9587,9587,1,'Kyrgyz Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','175685d9-7cf3-4438-ae34-b528066e3bab','<h2>Kyrgyz Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nDespite being in the language industry for over 10 years, CIT’s methods continue to move with the times. As such, we can easily monitor our quality assurance processes and minimize turnaround times. Our linguists stay in the loop with developments so that they can provide comprehensive services using modern language tools. We never rely on machine translators or interpreters because they often yield inaccuracies that damage the integrity of the communication. With CIT, we will bring you a talented Kyrgyz interpreter or translator no matter the assignment.\n<h2>History of Kyrgyz</h2>\nThe Kyrgyz language, part of the Turkic languages within the Altaic family of languages, refers to the Kyrgyz people from northern Mongolia. It is spoken by around 2.5 million people in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, as it is the national language. The language was discovered around the late 1800s, using Orkhon inscription from about the 800s. Because the Mongolian empire spread around the 1200s, the Kyrgyz people also migrated, mainly south, and settled what is known today as Kyrgyzstan. Due to invasions by the Turks and Mongols, many Kyrgyz had migrated to Turkestan.\n\nAround the 1750s, the Kyrgyz people were under the rule of the Chinese. When Kyrgyzia became incorporated with the Russian Empire, some of the Kyrgyz speakers moved to Afghanistan. It was in 1936 that Kyrgyzia became part of the USSR and later became the Republic of Kyrgyzstan after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1990.\n\nMany Kyrgyz speakers also speak Russian. Kyrgyz is spoken in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, China, Uzbekistan, Turkey, and Tajikistan. It is approximated that about 3 million people worldwide speak Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz had not been standard until it was part of the Soviet Union. The language had also no press before 1917 but slowly started to have publications and by the 1980s, there were many newspapers, magazines, and television and radio programs available in Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz is taught in secondary schools as the main language and also at the Kyrgyz National University, but only for some courses.\n<h2>Kyrgyz Dialects</h2>\nThere are two dialects in the Kyrgyz language. The northern dialect has many Kazakh loanwords and is similar to Mongolian languages. This is what Standard Kyrgyz is based on. The southern dialect of Kyrgyz is based similar to Uzbek, Tajik, and Persian. Understanding the differences between Kyrgyz, its dialects, and these other languages are essential for the average interpreter or translator. Contact us today to work with an expert.\n<h2>Kyrgyz Grammar</h2>\nThere are eight vowels in Kyrgyz, and vowels are similar to other Turkic language systems. The Kyrgyz language also has vowel harmony, with front/back and rounded/unrounded. There are nineteen consonants and they are sounds that differentiate meanings. The emphasis usually falls on the last syllable in Kyrgyz words. Like all other Turkic languages, the Kyrgyz language is agglutinative, meanings that suffixes added to root words are what are going to indicate grammatical relations. There are prefixes in Kyrgyz. Nouns are marked for singular and plural but not for gender.\n\nThere are seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and ablative). Additionally, there are no articles. Verbs, on the other hand, can be described by singular or plural, three persons, five moods (indicative, dubitative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive), two voices (active and passive), and three tenses (past, present, and future). Kyrgyz follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order but it is possible to have other word orders. Vocabulary in Kyrgyz is based mainly on the Turkic languages but with loanwords from Arabic, Persian, and Russian.\n\nThe Kyrgyz language has been written in different scripts in its history. It was written in Arabic up until 1923. In 1924, it was still written in Arabic but was modified after the language was standardized. In 1936, a Cyrillic script was used and is still used today. However, this alphabet does not properly highlight the pronunciation of the Kyrgyz language. Today, there are many that are advocating that the script should be shifted to a Latin script. Some material is written in the Turkish version of the Latin alphabet.\n<h2>Hire a Kyrgyz Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Kyrgyz interpreter or Kyrgyz translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Kyrgyz interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Kyrgyz interpreting assignment, or request a Kyrgyz translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Kyrgyz Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kyrgyz language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9588,9588,1,'Kyrgyz Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','d9350ece-97a4-4a8a-a26c-8cb3af71240c','<h2>Kyrgyz Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nDespite being in the language industry for over 10 years, CIT’s methods continue to move with the times. As such, we can easily monitor our quality assurance processes and minimize turnaround times. Our linguists stay in the loop with developments so that they can provide comprehensive services using modern language tools. We never rely on machine translators or interpreters because they often yield inaccuracies that damage the integrity of the communication. With CIT, we will bring you a talented Kyrgyz interpreter or translator no matter the assignment.\n<h2>History of Kyrgyz</h2>\nThe Kyrgyz language, part of the Turkic languages within the Altaic family of languages, refers to the Kyrgyz people from northern Mongolia. It is spoken by around 2.5 million people in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, as it is the national language. The language was discovered around the late 1800s, using Orkhon inscription from about the 800s. Because the Mongolian empire spread around the 1200s, the Kyrgyz people also migrated, mainly south, and settled what is known today as Kyrgyzstan. Due to invasions by the Turks and Mongols, many Kyrgyz had migrated to Turkestan.\n\nAround the 1750s, the Kyrgyz people were under the rule of the Chinese. When Kyrgyzia became incorporated with the Russian Empire, some of the Kyrgyz speakers moved to Afghanistan. It was in 1936 that Kyrgyzia became part of the USSR and later became the Republic of Kyrgyzstan after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1990.\n\nMany Kyrgyz speakers also speak Russian. Kyrgyz is spoken in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, China, Uzbekistan, Turkey, and Tajikistan. It is approximated that about 3 million people worldwide speak Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz had not been standard until it was part of the Soviet Union. The language had also no press before 1917 but slowly started to have publications and by the 1980s, there were many newspapers, magazines, and television and radio programs available in Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz is taught in secondary schools as the main language and also at the Kyrgyz National University, but only for some courses.\n<h2>Kyrgyz Dialects</h2>\nThere are two dialects in the Kyrgyz language. The northern dialect has many Kazakh loanwords and is similar to Mongolian languages. This is what Standard Kyrgyz is based on. The southern dialect of Kyrgyz is based similar to Uzbek, Tajik, and Persian. Understanding the differences between Kyrgyz, its dialects, and these other languages are essential for the average interpreter or translator. Contact us today to work with an expert.\n<h2>Kyrgyz Grammar</h2>\nThere are eight vowels in Kyrgyz, and vowels are similar to other Turkic language systems. The Kyrgyz language also has vowel harmony, with front/back and rounded/unrounded. There are nineteen consonants and they are sounds that differentiate meanings. The emphasis usually falls on the last syllable in Kyrgyz words. Like all other Turkic languages, the Kyrgyz language is agglutinative, meanings that suffixes added to root words are what are going to indicate grammatical relations. There are prefixes in Kyrgyz. Nouns are marked for singular and plural but not for gender.\n\nThere are seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and ablative). Additionally, there are no articles. Verbs, on the other hand, can be described by singular or plural, three persons, five moods (indicative, dubitative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive), two voices (active and passive), and three tenses (past, present, and future). Kyrgyz follows the Subject-Object-Verb word order but it is possible to have other word orders. Vocabulary in Kyrgyz is based mainly on the Turkic languages but with loanwords from Arabic, Persian, and Russian.\n\nThe Kyrgyz language has been written in different scripts in its history. It was written in Arabic up until 1923. In 1924, it was still written in Arabic but was modified after the language was standardized. In 1936, a Cyrillic script was used and is still used today. However, this alphabet does not properly highlight the pronunciation of the Kyrgyz language. Today, there are many that are advocating that the script should be shifted to a Latin script. Some material is written in the Turkish version of the Latin alphabet.\n<h2>Hire a Kyrgyz Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Kyrgyz interpreter or Kyrgyz translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Kyrgyz interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Kyrgyz interpreting assignment, or request a Kyrgyz translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Kyrgyz Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Kyrgyz language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9589,9589,1,'Ladin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','8dbd3728-a3e2-4ca6-b249-6711e3472200','<h2>Ladin interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Ladin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ladin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ladin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ladin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ladin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ladin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Ladin Language</h2>\nThe Ladin languages, spoken in the Dolomite Mountains and the Non-Valley, is native to Italy, particularly in the Trentino region. It is part of the Indo-European language family and is spoken by approximately only 40,000 people.\n\nThe Ladin language dates back to Roman times. Roman Emperor Drusus had conquered the Alpine region in 15 BC. Between the Rhaetian and the Roman civilizations came the Ladin language. Many believe that Ladin was established during it’s few centuries of existence, as opposed to other languages, such as Italian, had developed many centuries later.\n\nLadin had mainly been used over the Alps. It was used within the land that spanned between the Danube to Lake Garda and between the Gotthard Pass to the Trieste. The Ladin language initially was mostly widely used in the Alps. With the invasion of the Bajuwars in the 500s, the area that connected the Dolomite valleys and the Rhaeto-Romanesque lands were no longer connected. Only some places in Italy and Switzerland were now preserving their languages. These areas included the Val Gardena, Val Badia, Val di Eassa, Valle d’Ampezzo valleys, and the Livinallongo, which are in the Dolomite valleys along with some Italian regions, such as Friuli and the Canton of Grisons.\n\nAt the end of the first World War when South Tyrol was separated and added to Italy, certain areas that were once part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, such as Val Badia and Val Gardena were moved to the Italian Monarchy. Previously, Ladin had been through to be an Italian dialect. However, nowadays, it is thought to be part of the Rhaeto-Romantic languages. Ladin is the third official language of South Tyrol and is considered a minority language in Italy.\n\nThe Ladin Culture Institute, known as Micura de Ru, is located in the Val Badia valley. Its aim is to promote and preserve the language and its culture while the Museum Ladin Ciastel de Tor’s intention is to preserve the history of the Ladin people and the Ladin language.\n\nThere are seven subdivisions of Ladin and within each subdivision are different dialects. The following are the subdivisions of Ladin and each subdivision’s dialects: Athesian (Gherdëina and Badiot and Maro), Trentinian (Moenat, Brach and Cazet), Agordino (Fodom and Rochessano), Ampezzan, Cadorino, Nones and Solandro and Lager.\n\nThere are six consonant phonemes and four vowel phonemes.','Ladin Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ladin language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9590,9590,1,'Ladin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','1505ca73-9e94-4db3-a977-5dd69756f71c','<h2>Ladin interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Ladin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ladin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ladin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ladin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ladin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ladin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Ladin Language</h2>\nThe Ladin languages, spoken in the Dolomite Mountains and the Non-Valley, is native to Italy, particularly in the Trentino region. It is part of the Indo-European language family and is spoken by approximately only 40,000 people.\n\nThe Ladin language dates back to Roman times. Roman Emperor Drusus had conquered the Alpine region in 15 BC. Between the Rhaetian and the Roman civilizations came the Ladin language. Many believe that Ladin was established during it’s few centuries of existence, as opposed to other languages, such as Italian, had developed many centuries later.\n\nLadin had mainly been used over the Alps. It was used within the land that spanned between the Danube to Lake Garda and between the Gotthard Pass to the Trieste. The Ladin language initially was mostly widely used in the Alps. With the invasion of the Bajuwars in the 500s, the area that connected the Dolomite valleys and the Rhaeto-Romanesque lands were no longer connected. Only some places in Italy and Switzerland were now preserving their languages. These areas included the Val Gardena, Val Badia, Val di Eassa, Valle d’Ampezzo valleys, and the Livinallongo, which are in the Dolomite valleys along with some Italian regions, such as Friuli and the Canton of Grisons.\n\nAt the end of the first World War when South Tyrol was separated and added to Italy, certain areas that were once part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, such as Val Badia and Val Gardena were moved to the Italian Monarchy. Previously, Ladin had been through to be an Italian dialect. However, nowadays, it is thought to be part of the Rhaeto-Romantic languages. Ladin is the third official language of South Tyrol and is considered a minority language in Italy.\n\nThe Ladin Culture Institute, known as Micura de Ru, is located in the Val Badia valley. Its aim is to promote and preserve the language and its culture while the Museum Ladin Ciastel de Tor’s intention is to preserve the history of the Ladin people and the Ladin language.\n\nThere are seven subdivisions of Ladin and within each subdivision are different dialects. The following are the subdivisions of Ladin and each subdivision’s dialects: Athesian (Gherdëina and Badiot and Maro), Trentinian (Moenat, Brach and Cazet), Agordino (Fodom and Rochessano), Ampezzan, Cadorino, Nones and Solandro and Lager.\n\nThere are six consonant phonemes and four vowel phonemes.','Ladin Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ladin language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9591,9591,1,'Lakhota','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','ece12bde-e026-4f55-a2d6-dd9c9c89eb78','<h2>Lakota Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nAt CIT, the client is always number one. We dedicate the same amount of time and effort to <em>Fortune 500</em> companies, local businesses, and individuals. The unrivaled perfection of our methods does not discriminate between the type of size of the job. In addition, we give you the same access to our brilliant support staff. We make them available 24/7, so you can ask all of your questions without hesitation. Our services come in many forms, each with its virtues. We utilize traditional processes and combine them with the latest technological developments. Through this, we can bring you a translator or interpreter in a hard to find language, like Lakota, quickly.\n\nWith regards to interpreting, our telephonic and video remote options give you an alternative to in-person. This way, you can get the same exact expertise from the comfort of your home. With CIT, there’s never a compromise. We offer our top-of-the-line services at competitive rates. When it comes to our translations, we proof and edit each document over multiple stages to ensure that you get an unrivaled final product. We never use machine translators, so you can rest easy that we do our work with integrity.\n<h2>The Lakota Language</h2>\nLakota, along with Dakota and Nakota, represents one of the three dialects of the Siouan languages. While many of its speakers saw Lakota as its own unique language, it is mutually intelligible with its other dialects. To this day, the Lakota make up the largest Native American speaking group in the world with a few thousand speakers.\n\nMany organizations continue to make efforts to keep the language alive through various programs. These initiatives focus their efforts in North and South Dakota, where the majority of its speakers reside. Settlers in the new world made it into a written language. The Lakota people feel the pressures of society each and every single day. Between gentrification and alcoholism, they struggle to cope with the changes we force upon them.\n\nTheir grammar uses a subject-object-verb form. It also uses 5 vowels. Lakota includes a number of nasal vowels as well as postpositions. With every single assignment, CIT keeps these incredible parts of Lakota alive by training every interpreter and translator properly. In addition to that, our interest in keeping the traditions of the Lakota people alive goes far beyond our services. Every CIT linguist understands the importance of keeping cultural elements and modern social developments in mind. This way, we can treasure the contributions of the Lakota people to the world.\n<h2>Hire a Lakota Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Lakota interpreter or Lakota translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Lakota interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Lakota interpreting assignment, or request a Lakota translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Lakhota','Professional Lakhota language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9592,9592,1,'Lakhota','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','24d87128-3ed1-49a3-81df-b00bef92f65d','<h2>Lakota Translator &amp; Interpreter Services</h2>\nAt CIT, the client is always number one. We dedicate the same amount of time and effort to <em>Fortune 500</em> companies, local businesses, and individuals. The unrivaled perfection of our methods does not discriminate between the type of size of the job. In addition, we give you the same access to our brilliant support staff. We make them available 24/7, so you can ask all of your questions without hesitation. Our services come in many forms, each with its virtues. We utilize traditional processes and combine them with the latest technological developments. Through this, we can bring you a translator or interpreter in a hard to find language, like Lakota, quickly.\n\nWith regards to interpreting, our telephonic and video remote options give you an alternative to in-person. This way, you can get the same exact expertise from the comfort of your home. With CIT, there’s never a compromise. We offer our top-of-the-line services at competitive rates. When it comes to our translations, we proof and edit each document over multiple stages to ensure that you get an unrivaled final product. We never use machine translators, so you can rest easy that we do our work with integrity.\n<h2>The Lakota Language</h2>\nLakota, along with Dakota and Nakota, represents one of the three dialects of the Siouan languages. While many of its speakers saw Lakota as its own unique language, it is mutually intelligible with its other dialects. To this day, the Lakota make up the largest Native American speaking group in the world with a few thousand speakers.\n\nMany organizations continue to make efforts to keep the language alive through various programs. These initiatives focus their efforts in North and South Dakota, where the majority of its speakers reside. Settlers in the new world made it into a written language. The Lakota people feel the pressures of society each and every single day. Between gentrification and alcoholism, they struggle to cope with the changes we force upon them.\n\nTheir grammar uses a subject-object-verb form. It also uses 5 vowels. Lakota includes a number of nasal vowels as well as postpositions. With every single assignment, CIT keeps these incredible parts of Lakota alive by training every interpreter and translator properly. In addition to that, our interest in keeping the traditions of the Lakota people alive goes far beyond our services. Every CIT linguist understands the importance of keeping cultural elements and modern social developments in mind. This way, we can treasure the contributions of the Lakota people to the world.\n<h2>Hire a Lakota Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Lakota interpreter or Lakota translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Lakota interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Lakota interpreting assignment, or request a Lakota translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Lakhota','Professional Lakhota language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9593,9593,1,'Lao Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','186ce648-b6c2-419b-97b2-17232983037d','<h2>Lao interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lao interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lao language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lao language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lao language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Lao language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lao people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lao Language</h2>\nThe Lao language, also known as Laotian is part of the Tai-Kadai languages. About 3 million people in Laos and Thailand speak the language. It is also spoken in Cambodia, Australia, Canada, France and the US. Collectively, about 3.2 million people speak Lao. The history of Tai-Kadai language speaking people dates back 2,000 years to China and northern Vietnam. It is estimated that people moved to the Mekong valley around the 1100s.\n\nLao is the official language of Laos and is spoken by a little over half the population. It is the lingua franca of the country, although over 80 languages from the Mon-Khmer, Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan language and Ta-Kadai families are spoken in Lao. Because of previous French colonialism, people in Laos speak French as well. Laos does remarkably well with French, far better than any other Asian country. About a third of students in Laos are taught in French, although English is becoming more popular.\n\nAlthough there are several dialects of Lao, linguists do not agree on the number of dialects. Some dialects may include Vientiane, Luang Phrabang, Swanakhet, Pakse, Lao-Kao and Lao-Khrang. Standard Laotian is based on Vientiane. It is spoken in the capital and is understood by most of the country. The written Laotian language is also based on the Vientiane dialect.\n\nThere are 10 vowel phonemes, 23 consonants and three diphthongs in Laotian. Lao is a tonal language, meaning that the tone on a syllable is derived by the combination of vowels, consonants and whether a syllable is open or closed. The grammar of Lao is very closely related to Thai grammar. Nouns are not distinguished through number, gender or case. In Laotian, there are classifiers by numbers that come before the noun. For example, “elephant three-body” would mean “three elephants.” There are several pronouns in Lao, such as first, second (adult and children) and third-person pronouns, depending on who is speaking to whom. For example, if children are speaking to adults or if one is speaking to a person of authority, their pronouns will be different. Additionally, when talking about royalty, different pronouns will be used.\n\nIn Laotian, there are three classes of particles that are present at the end of sentences. They are politeness particles, which express a difference in status to the person they are spoken to. The mood particles express attitude and different question particles are used when someone asks a “yes/no” question. Lao follows a Subject-Verb-Object word order. Vocabulary in Lao has many loanwords from Saksrit and Pali, especially with religious words. There is a big influence of French on Laotian along with Thai and English. Additionally, writing in Lao can go back to the 1500s. It originally was Old Khmer but has now evolved to Brahmi script.','Lao Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Lao language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Lao'),(9594,9594,1,'Lao Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','cc1e98c6-c99d-45d9-81c5-b58eaf5f6158','<h2>Lao interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lao interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lao language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lao language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lao language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Lao language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lao people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lao Language</h2>\nThe Lao language, also known as Laotian is part of the Tai-Kadai languages. About 3 million people in Laos and Thailand speak the language. It is also spoken in Cambodia, Australia, Canada, France and the US. Collectively, about 3.2 million people speak Lao. The history of Tai-Kadai language speaking people dates back 2,000 years to China and northern Vietnam. It is estimated that people moved to the Mekong valley around the 1100s.\n\nLao is the official language of Laos and is spoken by a little over half the population. It is the lingua franca of the country, although over 80 languages from the Mon-Khmer, Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan language and Ta-Kadai families are spoken in Lao. Because of previous French colonialism, people in Laos speak French as well. Laos does remarkably well with French, far better than any other Asian country. About a third of students in Laos are taught in French, although English is becoming more popular.\n\nAlthough there are several dialects of Lao, linguists do not agree on the number of dialects. Some dialects may include Vientiane, Luang Phrabang, Swanakhet, Pakse, Lao-Kao and Lao-Khrang. Standard Laotian is based on Vientiane. It is spoken in the capital and is understood by most of the country. The written Laotian language is also based on the Vientiane dialect.\n\nThere are 10 vowel phonemes, 23 consonants and three diphthongs in Laotian. Lao is a tonal language, meaning that the tone on a syllable is derived by the combination of vowels, consonants and whether a syllable is open or closed. The grammar of Lao is very closely related to Thai grammar. Nouns are not distinguished through number, gender or case. In Laotian, there are classifiers by numbers that come before the noun. For example, “elephant three-body” would mean “three elephants.” There are several pronouns in Lao, such as first, second (adult and children) and third-person pronouns, depending on who is speaking to whom. For example, if children are speaking to adults or if one is speaking to a person of authority, their pronouns will be different. Additionally, when talking about royalty, different pronouns will be used.\n\nIn Laotian, there are three classes of particles that are present at the end of sentences. They are politeness particles, which express a difference in status to the person they are spoken to. The mood particles express attitude and different question particles are used when someone asks a “yes/no” question. Lao follows a Subject-Verb-Object word order. Vocabulary in Lao has many loanwords from Saksrit and Pali, especially with religious words. There is a big influence of French on Laotian along with Thai and English. Additionally, writing in Lao can go back to the 1500s. It originally was Old Khmer but has now evolved to Brahmi script.','Lao Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Lao language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Lao'),(9595,9595,1,'Lithuanian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','79159fc8-a3d4-4c27-8128-5375801752ef','<h2>Lithuanian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lithuanian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lithuanian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lithuanian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lithuanian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lithuanian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lithuanian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lithuanian Language</h2>\nThe Lithuanian language is also known as Lietuvskai, Lietuviu, Litauische, Litweski or Litovskiy. It is an East Baltic language and the closest language to Latvian.  About 2.8 million people in Lithuania speak the language. Additionally, another 200,000 people in Estonia and Latvia speak the language. Lithuanian is the national language of Lithuania and has been since 1918. Lithuanian is also the oldest Indo-European language that is still spoken today. It falls under the Indo-European classification of languages. There are several dialects of the language, such as Highland Lithuanian, Dzuku, and Aukstaiciai.\n\nThe Lithuanian literary language came into existence in the 1500s. The Lord’s Prayer, which is a creed, and the Ave Maria, which is a prayer to the Virgin Mary used in Catholic prayers, were the first documents translated around the year 1525. This version of Lithuanian was used only for religious writings and is quite different than the Lithuanian spoken today. For example, the older Lithuanian has much longer forms of endings than the Lithuanian spoken today. It also has more cases and appears to be more influenced by Slavic languages.\n\nIn the 1800s, there were three known dialects. They were the Low Lithuanian, the East High Lithuanian dialect (used mainly for poetic purposes) and the West High Lithuanian dialect, which was used mainly on the border of East Prussia. Modern-day Lithuanian has a 32-letter alphabet written in Latin and is closes to the West High Lithuanian, which was founded by Jonas Jablonsis (1861-1930).\n<h2>Facts about Lithuania</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>By the 14<sup>th</sup> century, Lithuania was the biggest country in Europe</li>\n 	<li>91% of Lithuanian Jews were killed in the Holocaust, one of largest percentages of any nation.</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania has over 61 miles of coast</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania joined the European Union in 2004</li>\n 	<li>Iceland was the first nation to recognized Lithuania in 1991.</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania was the last European country to be converted to Christianity</li>\n 	<li>There was only ever one king in Lithuanian, King Mindaugas</li>\n</ul>','Lithuanian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Lithuanian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9596,9596,1,'Lithuanian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','a39411ae-3e97-4b11-950a-0b0c4e4b2d0f','<h2>Lithuanian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lithuanian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lithuanian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lithuanian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lithuanian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lithuanian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lithuanian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lithuanian Language</h2>\nThe Lithuanian language is also known as Lietuvskai, Lietuviu, Litauische, Litweski or Litovskiy. It is an East Baltic language and the closest language to Latvian.  About 2.8 million people in Lithuania speak the language. Additionally, another 200,000 people in Estonia and Latvia speak the language. Lithuanian is the national language of Lithuania and has been since 1918. Lithuanian is also the oldest Indo-European language that is still spoken today. It falls under the Indo-European classification of languages. There are several dialects of the language, such as Highland Lithuanian, Dzuku, and Aukstaiciai.\n\nThe Lithuanian literary language came into existence in the 1500s. The Lord’s Prayer, which is a creed, and the Ave Maria, which is a prayer to the Virgin Mary used in Catholic prayers, were the first documents translated around the year 1525. This version of Lithuanian was used only for religious writings and is quite different than the Lithuanian spoken today. For example, the older Lithuanian has much longer forms of endings than the Lithuanian spoken today. It also has more cases and appears to be more influenced by Slavic languages.\n\nIn the 1800s, there were three known dialects. They were the Low Lithuanian, the East High Lithuanian dialect (used mainly for poetic purposes) and the West High Lithuanian dialect, which was used mainly on the border of East Prussia. Modern-day Lithuanian has a 32-letter alphabet written in Latin and is closes to the West High Lithuanian, which was founded by Jonas Jablonsis (1861-1930).\n<h2>Facts about Lithuania</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>By the 14<sup>th</sup> century, Lithuania was the biggest country in Europe</li>\n 	<li>91% of Lithuanian Jews were killed in the Holocaust, one of largest percentages of any nation.</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania has over 61 miles of coast</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania joined the European Union in 2004</li>\n 	<li>Iceland was the first nation to recognized Lithuania in 1991.</li>\n 	<li>Lithuania was the last European country to be converted to Christianity</li>\n 	<li>There was only ever one king in Lithuanian, King Mindaugas</li>\n</ul>','Lithuanian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Lithuanian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9597,9597,1,'Languages Offered','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:16','91db3cf4-c722-4092-a1aa-f7463da30484','Cal Interpreting &amp; Translations (CIT) offers interpreting, translation and multilingual transcription services in over 200 international languages. Below you will find a list of the languages we offer:\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/afrikaans/\">Afrikaans</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/ainu/\">Ainu</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/albanian/\">Albanian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/aleut/\">Aleut</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/algonquin/\">Algonquin</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/amhara/\">Amharic</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/apache/\">Apache</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/arabic/\">Arabic</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/aramaic/\">Aramaic</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/assamese/\">Assamese</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/asturian/\">Asturian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/avestan/\">Avestan</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/azerbaijani/\">Azerbaijani</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/balochi/\">Balochi</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/bambara/\">Bambara</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/basque/\">Basque</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/bavarian/\">Bavarian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/belarusian/\">Belarusian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/bemba/\">Bemba</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/berber/\">Berber</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/bihari/\">Bihari</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/blackfoot/\">Blackfoot</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/bosnian/\">Bosnian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/brahuri/\">Brahuri</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/breton/\">Breton</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/bulgarian/\">Bulgarian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/burmese/\">Burmese</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/cantonese/\">Cantonese</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/carib/\">Carib</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/catalan/\">Catalan</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/cayuga/\">Cayuga</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/cebuano/\">Cebuano</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/chechen/\">Chechen</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/cornish/\">Cornish</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/croate/\">Croate</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/czech/\">Czech</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/danishdansk/\">Danish &amp; Dansk</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/Dida/\">Dida</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/duala/\">Duala</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/dutch/\">Dutch</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/estonian/\">Estonian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/farsi/\">Farsi</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/filipino/\">Filipino</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/finnish/\">Finnish</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/flemish/\">Flemish</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/frenchcreole/\">French Creole</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/french/\">French</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/frisian/\">Frisian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/galician/\">Galician</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/gayo/\">Gayo</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/georgian/\">Georgian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/german/\">German</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/greek/\">Greek</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/guarini/\">Guarini</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/haitiancreole/\">Haitian Creole</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/hausa/\">Hausa</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/Hawaiian/\">Hawaiian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/hebrew/\">Hebrew</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/hindi/\">Hindi</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/hittie/\">Hittie</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/hungarian/\">Hungarian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/hutteritegerman/\">Hutterite German</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/icelandic/\">Icelandic</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/igbo/\">Igbo</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/ilocano/\">Ilocano</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/indonesian/\">Indonesian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/inupiat/\">Inupiat</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/irish/\">Irish</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/italian/\">Italian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/japanese-translator-interpeter/\">Japanese</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/kabyle/\">Kabyle</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/kannada/\">Kannada</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/kaonde/\">Kaonde</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/kashubian/\">Kashubian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/kazakh/\">Kazakh</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/kinyarwanda/\">Kinyarwanda</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/kiswahili/\">Kiswahili</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/korean/\">Korean</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/korowai/\">Korowai</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/kurdish/\">Kurdish</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/krygyz/\">Krygyz</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/ladin/\">Ladin</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/lakhota/\">Lakhota</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/lao/\">Lao</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/lithuanian/\">Lithuanian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/lovale/\">Lovale</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/lozi/\">Lozi</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/lunda/\">Lunda</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/makassar/\">Makassar</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/malagasy/\">Malagasy</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/malayalam/\">Malayalam</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/maltese/\">Maltese</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/Manchurian/\">Manchurian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/mandarin/\">Mandarin</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/maori/\">Maori</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/maya/\">Maya</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/michif/\">Michif</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/Minangkabau/\">Minangkabau</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/mon/\">Mon</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/mongolian/\">Mongolian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/nahauatl/\">Nahauatl</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/nauruan/\">Nauruan</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/navajo/\">Navajo</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/nheengatu/\">Nheengatu</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/nigerianpidgin/\">Nigerian Pidgin</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/njanja/\">Njanja</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/norwegian-norsk/\">Norwegian/Norsk</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/oromifa/\">Oromifa</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/ossetic/\">Ossetic</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/pashto/\">Pashto</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/750-2/\">Pennsylvania German</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/polish/\">Polish</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/portuguese/\">Portuguese</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/provencal/\">Provencal</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/punjabi/\">Punjabi</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/romanian/\">Romanian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/russian/\">Russian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/serbian/\">Serbian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/774-2/\">Serbo-Croatian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/sindebele/\">Sindebele</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/sinhalese/\">Sinhalese</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/sioux/\">Sioux</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/slovak/\">Slovak</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/slovene/\">Slovene</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/spanish/\">Spanish</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/sundanese/\">Sundanese</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/swedish/\">Swedish</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tahitian/\">Tahitian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tajik/\">Tajik</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tamil/\">Tamil</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tatar/\">Tatar</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/thai/\">Thai</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tibetan/\">Tibetan</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tigre/\">Tigre</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tigrinya/\">Tigrinya</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tok-pisin/\">Tok Pisin</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tongan/\">Tongan</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tsimshian/\">Tsimshian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tswana/\">Tswana</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/turkish\">Turkish</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/tuvan/\">Tuvan</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/ukrainian/\">Ukrainian</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/ulster-scots/\">Ulster Scots</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/urdu/\">Urdu</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/uzbek/\">Uzbek</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/vietnamese/\">Vietnamese</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/walloon/\">Walloon</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/welsh/\">Welsh</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/wolof/\">Wolof</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/sakha/\">Yakut</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/yoruba/\">Yoruba</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/zapotec/\">Zapotec</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/zhuang/\">Zhuang</a></div>\n<div style=\"text-align:center;\"><a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/translation-services/zulu/\">Zulu</a></div>','Languages Offered','Professional language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','Language'),(9598,9598,1,'languages-offered','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','0b313e81-d6f6-421a-b1fc-d1cd912148c1',NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL),(9599,9599,1,'Lozi Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','207da86d-ae9d-40b6-843b-bf941ed51bc8','<h2>Lozi interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lozi interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lozi language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lozi language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lozi language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lozi language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lozi people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lozi Language</h2>\nThe Lozi language is spoken by approximately 730,000 people worldwide. Of those people, about 612,000 of them live in Zambia. Lozi is also known as Kololo, Kolololo, Rotse, Rozi, Rutse, Silozi or Tovzi. It is spoken primarily in the Southern province, the Linvingstone area and the Western province of Barotseland. Lozi is also spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe along with Zambia. Lozi is used in education, home, church and community. It is taught in both primary and secondary schools and is used for media such as newspapers and the radio and is recognized for administrative and educational reasons. The Lozi language falls under the Niger-Congo language family and further, under the classification of Bantu languages. Its script is written in Latin, introduced by missionaries, and has a Zambian Braille system as well.\n\nThe history of the Lozi language indicates that Lozi came about as a compilation based on two languages: Luyana and Kololo. It is believed that the Luyana people had traveled south from both the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda in the Katanga region of the Congo River basin around the late 1600s or early 1700s. Because of this influence from the Luba and Lunda kingdoms, their language was heavily influenced and quite similar to theirs. After much travel, they settled in the upper Zambezi floodplains. Today, this area is known as Zambia. They established their own kingdom, known as Barotseland and named this area the Barotse Floodplain, also known as Bulozi.\n\nOn the other hand, the Kololo people were Sotho people who used to live in an area known today as Lesotho. The Kololo fled from Shaka Zulu in the beginning of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. Having learned war tactics from the Zulus, the Kololo people conquered the Luyana people, thus ruling them and forced their laws and language upon the Luyana. About 30 years after in 1864, the Luyana rebelled and ran out of the Kololo. In those thirty years, the native Luyana language had minimally been used. A new language, called Lozi or Silozi, was not the main language.\n\nThe Lozi people are very skilled in water, soil and grass conditions, making them excellent in agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing. The Lozi people consider themselves a separate people from Zambia and have their own flag.\n\nThe Lozi people have a hierarchy. The royalty is at the top and it goes all the way down to the slaves and serfs. Regarding the religion of the Lozi, the Nyambe cult is the most cardinal, indicating that all prayers are directed towards Nywambe. In the cult of Nyambe, the ‘priest’ is the oldest member of a family, whether it is a man or a woman, as there are no delegated priests in this cult. Nyambe had been worshipped only during special occasions and times of crises such as harvest time, war and drought. The second type of religion with the Lozi is the Royal Grave cult, where prayers are directed to spirits of the ancestor kings against Nyambe, which is the Supreme Being for the Lozi. It is believed, through royal descent, that the Royals came from Nyambe through the ancestress. Through royal descent, a person can be eligible for kingship.','Lozi Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Lozi language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9600,9600,1,'Lozi Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','7b595ec1-d505-44e6-83de-592112da3074','<h2>Lozi interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lozi interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lozi language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lozi language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lozi language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lozi language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lozi people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lozi Language</h2>\nThe Lozi language is spoken by approximately 730,000 people worldwide. Of those people, about 612,000 of them live in Zambia. Lozi is also known as Kololo, Kolololo, Rotse, Rozi, Rutse, Silozi or Tovzi. It is spoken primarily in the Southern province, the Linvingstone area and the Western province of Barotseland. Lozi is also spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe along with Zambia. Lozi is used in education, home, church and community. It is taught in both primary and secondary schools and is used for media such as newspapers and the radio and is recognized for administrative and educational reasons. The Lozi language falls under the Niger-Congo language family and further, under the classification of Bantu languages. Its script is written in Latin, introduced by missionaries, and has a Zambian Braille system as well.\n\nThe history of the Lozi language indicates that Lozi came about as a compilation based on two languages: Luyana and Kololo. It is believed that the Luyana people had traveled south from both the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda in the Katanga region of the Congo River basin around the late 1600s or early 1700s. Because of this influence from the Luba and Lunda kingdoms, their language was heavily influenced and quite similar to theirs. After much travel, they settled in the upper Zambezi floodplains. Today, this area is known as Zambia. They established their own kingdom, known as Barotseland and named this area the Barotse Floodplain, also known as Bulozi.\n\nOn the other hand, the Kololo people were Sotho people who used to live in an area known today as Lesotho. The Kololo fled from Shaka Zulu in the beginning of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. Having learned war tactics from the Zulus, the Kololo people conquered the Luyana people, thus ruling them and forced their laws and language upon the Luyana. About 30 years after in 1864, the Luyana rebelled and ran out of the Kololo. In those thirty years, the native Luyana language had minimally been used. A new language, called Lozi or Silozi, was not the main language.\n\nThe Lozi people are very skilled in water, soil and grass conditions, making them excellent in agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing. The Lozi people consider themselves a separate people from Zambia and have their own flag.\n\nThe Lozi people have a hierarchy. The royalty is at the top and it goes all the way down to the slaves and serfs. Regarding the religion of the Lozi, the Nyambe cult is the most cardinal, indicating that all prayers are directed towards Nywambe. In the cult of Nyambe, the ‘priest’ is the oldest member of a family, whether it is a man or a woman, as there are no delegated priests in this cult. Nyambe had been worshipped only during special occasions and times of crises such as harvest time, war and drought. The second type of religion with the Lozi is the Royal Grave cult, where prayers are directed to spirits of the ancestor kings against Nyambe, which is the Supreme Being for the Lozi. It is believed, through royal descent, that the Royals came from Nyambe through the ancestress. Through royal descent, a person can be eligible for kingship.','Lozi Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Lozi language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9601,9601,1,'Lunda Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','c02e2467-4b29-4166-86e1-1255a5497aeb','<h2>Lunda interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lunda interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lunda language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lunda language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lunda language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lunda language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lunda people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lunda Language</h2>\nThe Lunda Language, also known as the Chilunda language, is spoken main in Zambia. Approximately 403,000 people worldwide speak the language. Lunda is also spoken in Angola and even a little in the Republic of Congo. Lunda is spoken primarily in the Northwestern province of Zambia.\n\nLunda is part of the Niger-Congo language family and is a Bantu language. There are four dialacts of Lunda: Humbu, Kawiku, Kosa (also known as Koosa) and Ndembu. It is written in Latin. The main vocabulary of Lunda can be understood mutually between dialects and geographical locations. However, as one moves further away from the central point, the level of understanding Lunda decreases. Certain groups, for example, the Luapula Lunda, have essentially adopted the language of people where they settled.\n\nThe word “Lunda” is used to refer to hundreds of social groups who have a very similar oral history. Their histories connect them all to an empire that controlled trade around a vast majority of Central Africa from around the 1500s to the 1800s. When the Lunda has another name, it is usually given by locals in order to reflect the geographical or topographical position or can be named after local ruling dynasties.\n\nA lot of the Lunda land has high plateaus, between 1,200 and 1,500 meters above sea level. The vegetation soil can be described as Northern Brachystegia woodlands. The landscape can include thick forest with low stunted trees, plains and shrublands. The rainy season can run between September and April. Between August and September, it can be a hot/dry season.\n\nUnfortunately, there are no credible sources to indicate the census of the Lunda people and who considers themselves to be Lunda. Considering the land and the population, it is calculated that there are about .8 people per square kilometer, There are much higher numbers in Angola, Zaire and Zambia.\n\nThe Lunda people have a history that goes back many centuries. The Lunda people operated by segmentary matrilineage, where each segment had its own small territory, called <em>mpat</em>. The Lunda matrilineal. However, there is only an emphasis to remember the lineage of chiefs or certain headmen. Regarding kinship terminology, there are certain distinctions made between a father and a mother’s side of the family.  There is also a preference for cross-cousin marriage. The Lunda raised several crop, including maize, bananas, pumpkin, groundnuts, tomatoes and cabbage but fishing was their main activity. Crops were planted along the riverbank. This system led to a very productive and resourceful group. After 1600, traders from the Atlantic and Indian oceans were attracted to the region. The capital was in modern-day Zaire, known as Musumba. With the establishment of colonialism in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the Lunda people were divided among three main powers: England, Portugal and Belgium (which was later France).','Lunda Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Lunda language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9602,9602,1,'Lunda Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','36b1c947-8d6b-4aa7-a545-57ca4e324d6a','<h2>Lunda interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lunda interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lunda language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lunda language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lunda language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lunda language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lunda people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Lunda Language</h2>\nThe Lunda Language, also known as the Chilunda language, is spoken main in Zambia. Approximately 403,000 people worldwide speak the language. Lunda is also spoken in Angola and even a little in the Republic of Congo. Lunda is spoken primarily in the Northwestern province of Zambia.\n\nLunda is part of the Niger-Congo language family and is a Bantu language. There are four dialacts of Lunda: Humbu, Kawiku, Kosa (also known as Koosa) and Ndembu. It is written in Latin. The main vocabulary of Lunda can be understood mutually between dialects and geographical locations. However, as one moves further away from the central point, the level of understanding Lunda decreases. Certain groups, for example, the Luapula Lunda, have essentially adopted the language of people where they settled.\n\nThe word “Lunda” is used to refer to hundreds of social groups who have a very similar oral history. Their histories connect them all to an empire that controlled trade around a vast majority of Central Africa from around the 1500s to the 1800s. When the Lunda has another name, it is usually given by locals in order to reflect the geographical or topographical position or can be named after local ruling dynasties.\n\nA lot of the Lunda land has high plateaus, between 1,200 and 1,500 meters above sea level. The vegetation soil can be described as Northern Brachystegia woodlands. The landscape can include thick forest with low stunted trees, plains and shrublands. The rainy season can run between September and April. Between August and September, it can be a hot/dry season.\n\nUnfortunately, there are no credible sources to indicate the census of the Lunda people and who considers themselves to be Lunda. Considering the land and the population, it is calculated that there are about .8 people per square kilometer, There are much higher numbers in Angola, Zaire and Zambia.\n\nThe Lunda people have a history that goes back many centuries. The Lunda people operated by segmentary matrilineage, where each segment had its own small territory, called <em>mpat</em>. The Lunda matrilineal. However, there is only an emphasis to remember the lineage of chiefs or certain headmen. Regarding kinship terminology, there are certain distinctions made between a father and a mother’s side of the family.  There is also a preference for cross-cousin marriage. The Lunda raised several crop, including maize, bananas, pumpkin, groundnuts, tomatoes and cabbage but fishing was their main activity. Crops were planted along the riverbank. This system led to a very productive and resourceful group. After 1600, traders from the Atlantic and Indian oceans were attracted to the region. The capital was in modern-day Zaire, known as Musumba. With the establishment of colonialism in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the Lunda people were divided among three main powers: England, Portugal and Belgium (which was later France).','Lunda Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Lunda language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9603,9603,1,'Lovale Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','a525ce53-27c4-4469-9cc4-2fc9d8681c28','<h2>Lovale interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lovale interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lovale language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lovale language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lovale language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lovale language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lovale people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Luvale Language</h2>\nThe Luvale language, also known as Lubale, Lovale and Lwena or Luena, is a Bantu language. It is spoken in Angola (in Moxico Province) and Zambia (in North-west and western provinces). There are eight official Zambian languages, including Luvale. In 2010, it was calculated that there are approximately 635,000 Lovale speakers worldwide with about 171,000 of those speakers living in Zambia. Today, the Lovale language is used in many facets, such as education, administration and media, including television and radio. The language is written in a Latin script.\n\nThe Luvale language is close to the Lunda and Ndembu people in many categories such as history, materials, religion and language. Culturally, they are very close to the Kaonde, Chokwe and Luchazi, which are prominent and important groups in East Angola. However, the Luvale have made a clear distinction between themselves and the Lunda, particularly because of ethnic politics that led the groups to have poor relations ever since the mid 20<sup>th</sup> century. What they both have in common is their dislike of the Lozi, their southern neighbors. Some of the biggest parts of their conflict are due to agricultural issues.\n\nWhile en route to get slaves for the Portuguese, Mdundu traders originating from Angola met the Luvale people in the late 1700s. For a trade of guns, cloth, beads and other materials, the Luvale obtained slaves for the Mbundu. This was later stopped in the early 1900s by the British.\n\nThe Luvale are different from other Zambians as they have strong lineage and clans. Although there are Luvale chiefs, lineage groups play different roles. According to Luvale, matrilineal descent is followed and it is preferred that cross-cousin marriage occurs. Additionally, there is a very important male initiation into manhood, called <em>mukanda</em>, and is a significant rite of passage that bestows manhood and further responsibilities.\n\nThe Luvale people are known to be great fishermen and they are particularly known for their export of dry catfish. Another Luvale tradition is that of hunting; however, the game is becoming rare in the area. Some of their most important crops include yams, peanuts and corn.','Lovale Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Lovale language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9604,9604,1,'Lovale Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','fd9366ab-14d6-40c3-8413-758a37847cf6','<h2>Lovale interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Lovale interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Lovale language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Lovale language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Lovale language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Lovale language, as well as of the culture and history of the Lovale people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Luvale Language</h2>\nThe Luvale language, also known as Lubale, Lovale and Lwena or Luena, is a Bantu language. It is spoken in Angola (in Moxico Province) and Zambia (in North-west and western provinces). There are eight official Zambian languages, including Luvale. In 2010, it was calculated that there are approximately 635,000 Lovale speakers worldwide with about 171,000 of those speakers living in Zambia. Today, the Lovale language is used in many facets, such as education, administration and media, including television and radio. The language is written in a Latin script.\n\nThe Luvale language is close to the Lunda and Ndembu people in many categories such as history, materials, religion and language. Culturally, they are very close to the Kaonde, Chokwe and Luchazi, which are prominent and important groups in East Angola. However, the Luvale have made a clear distinction between themselves and the Lunda, particularly because of ethnic politics that led the groups to have poor relations ever since the mid 20<sup>th</sup> century. What they both have in common is their dislike of the Lozi, their southern neighbors. Some of the biggest parts of their conflict are due to agricultural issues.\n\nWhile en route to get slaves for the Portuguese, Mdundu traders originating from Angola met the Luvale people in the late 1700s. For a trade of guns, cloth, beads and other materials, the Luvale obtained slaves for the Mbundu. This was later stopped in the early 1900s by the British.\n\nThe Luvale are different from other Zambians as they have strong lineage and clans. Although there are Luvale chiefs, lineage groups play different roles. According to Luvale, matrilineal descent is followed and it is preferred that cross-cousin marriage occurs. Additionally, there is a very important male initiation into manhood, called <em>mukanda</em>, and is a significant rite of passage that bestows manhood and further responsibilities.\n\nThe Luvale people are known to be great fishermen and they are particularly known for their export of dry catfish. Another Luvale tradition is that of hunting; however, the game is becoming rare in the area. Some of their most important crops include yams, peanuts and corn.','Lovale Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Lovale language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9605,9605,1,'Makassar Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','76da4b47-92c0-4dd0-9bbf-8476e4a7967d','<h2>Makassar interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Makassar interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Makassar language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Makassar language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\nCIT’s Makassar language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Makassar language, as well as of the culture and history of the Makassar people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Makassar Language</h2>\nThe Makassar language, spoken by approximately 2.1 million people, is native to Indonesia. In Indonesia, it is particular to the South Sulawesi region. Makassar is part of the Austronesian language family. The language is closely related to Buginese. In the Makassar language, there are three dialects: Gowa, Maros-Pangkep and Jeneponto.\n\nMakassar is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi and is about 2,473 square kilometers. As of 2013, 1.6 million people lived in the 15 districts of Makassar. The 15 districts are: Biringkanaya, Bontoala, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangkarang_Islands\">Sangkarang Islands</a>, Makassar, Mamajang, Manggala, Mariso, Panakkukang, Rappocini, Tallo, Tamalanrea, Tamalate, Ujung Pandang, Land Edge, and Wajo.\n\nHistorically, Makassar has been known for its ports and its spice trading. There had always been struggles between the foreign powers and the natives over who would control the trade, considering how much money the trade was bringing in. The history of Makassar has been recorded and dates back to the 1200s. In 1945, Makassar declared its independence from the Netherlands. It became the capital of the State of East Indonesia. Because the country grew so much after its independence, many historical sites were destroyed in order to make room for more development. Today, one must dig deep to find the few historical landmarks that remain.\n\nThe main economy of Makassar is its ports, indicating domestic and international shipping. It is particularly known for docking pinisi boats, the last of their kind to ship long distances in trade. Because it is the biggest city in Sulawesi Island, a lot of its economy is based on services, such as restaurants and hotels. After that in popularity comes transportation and communication. The Makassar transportation system is called <em>pete-pete</em>, which are light blue mini busses that carry passengers. The city of Makassar is governed by a major.\n\nMakassar is a very warm area. It is categorized as having a tropical monsoon climate. There are five universities. They are: State University of Makassar, Hasanuddin University, Alauddin Islamic State University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar and Universitas Muslim Indonesia. As of 2007, all schoolgirls in Makassar must wear skirts below their knees.\n\nMakassar is known for its traditional foods. Its most famous is Coto Makasar, a stew made of nuts, spices, beef brain, tongue and intestine. Another famous food is <em>pisang epe</em>, which is a pressed banana that is grilled and covered with palm sugar.','Makassar Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Makassar language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9606,9606,1,'Makassar Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','95d5d546-29ec-40d5-a354-ad1845cab7e1','<h2>Makassar interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Makassar interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Makassar language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Makassar language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\nCIT’s Makassar language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Makassar language, as well as of the culture and history of the Makassar people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Makassar Language</h2>\nThe Makassar language, spoken by approximately 2.1 million people, is native to Indonesia. In Indonesia, it is particular to the South Sulawesi region. Makassar is part of the Austronesian language family. The language is closely related to Buginese. In the Makassar language, there are three dialects: Gowa, Maros-Pangkep and Jeneponto.\n\nMakassar is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi and is about 2,473 square kilometers. As of 2013, 1.6 million people lived in the 15 districts of Makassar. The 15 districts are: Biringkanaya, Bontoala, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangkarang_Islands\">Sangkarang Islands</a>, Makassar, Mamajang, Manggala, Mariso, Panakkukang, Rappocini, Tallo, Tamalanrea, Tamalate, Ujung Pandang, Land Edge, and Wajo.\n\nHistorically, Makassar has been known for its ports and its spice trading. There had always been struggles between the foreign powers and the natives over who would control the trade, considering how much money the trade was bringing in. The history of Makassar has been recorded and dates back to the 1200s. In 1945, Makassar declared its independence from the Netherlands. It became the capital of the State of East Indonesia. Because the country grew so much after its independence, many historical sites were destroyed in order to make room for more development. Today, one must dig deep to find the few historical landmarks that remain.\n\nThe main economy of Makassar is its ports, indicating domestic and international shipping. It is particularly known for docking pinisi boats, the last of their kind to ship long distances in trade. Because it is the biggest city in Sulawesi Island, a lot of its economy is based on services, such as restaurants and hotels. After that in popularity comes transportation and communication. The Makassar transportation system is called <em>pete-pete</em>, which are light blue mini busses that carry passengers. The city of Makassar is governed by a major.\n\nMakassar is a very warm area. It is categorized as having a tropical monsoon climate. There are five universities. They are: State University of Makassar, Hasanuddin University, Alauddin Islamic State University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar and Universitas Muslim Indonesia. As of 2007, all schoolgirls in Makassar must wear skirts below their knees.\n\nMakassar is known for its traditional foods. Its most famous is Coto Makasar, a stew made of nuts, spices, beef brain, tongue and intestine. Another famous food is <em>pisang epe</em>, which is a pressed banana that is grilled and covered with palm sugar.','Makassar Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Makassar language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9607,9607,1,'Malagasy Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','9eead367-0659-41f3-94a6-a7d7145f6991','<h2>Malagasy interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Malagasy interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Malagasy language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Malagasy language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Malagasy language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Malagasy language, as well as of the culture and history of the Malagasy people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Malagasy Language</h2>\nThe Malagasy language is part of the Malayo-Polynesiona language family, particularly the East Barito branch. It is spoken in Madagascar as the national and official language of the country. It is also spoken in Comoros, Reunion and Mayotte. There are approximately 18 million Malagasy speakers worldwide. Some additional communities that speak the language are located in Franch, Quebec (Canada), Belgium and Washington, D.C. (USA).\n\nSince Malagasy is part of the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages, it is closely related to other languages of the same family located in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. It is particularly close to a Southeast Barito language called Ma’anyan.\n\nThe Malagasy language was first recorded in the 1400s. It is written in the Sorabe and Latin scripts. In Malagasy, there are loanwords from Swahili and Arabic. Additionally, because French is the former colonial language, there are some loanwords from French as well. Because of 18<sup>th</sup> century pirates who came to the area, there are some loanwords in English as well.\n\nThere are many dialects of Malagasy. These include Antankarana, Bara, Masikoro, Northern Betsimisaraka, Merina, Sakalava, Tanosy, Tesaka and Tsimihety. The standard form of Malagasy is the Merina dialect which is spoken in the capital of Antananarivo and in the highlands. Merina can go by other names such as Plateau Malagasy, Ambaniandro, Borizany, Fiteny Malagasy, Hova, Malgache, Official Malagasy, Standard Malagasy or Teny ofisiealy. In Madagascar, Malagasy is the language used in primary and secondary schools. French is also used.\n\nIn the 1600s, as the French build Fort-Dauphin, which is now known as Tolanaro, located in the south of Madagascar, it came to their attention that the Malagasy people were using Sorabe, which is a form of Arabic letters, to write Malagasy. This seemed odd to them considering that Sorabe had previously only been used for magical text and astronomy. In 1658, the first Malagasy language dictionary was published by Eitenne de Flacourt. Later, in 1885, an English-Malagasy dictionary was published by James Richardson. A Welsh missionary, David Jones, came up with a way to write Malagasy using the Latin alphabet. This occurred in 1823. Working with another missionary named David Griffiths, Jones wrote the Bible in Malagasy. They then brought over the London Missionary Society to help build churches and schools in Madagascar.','Malagasy Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Malagasy language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9608,9608,1,'Malagasy Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','135609a0-2317-4174-9faa-88758b540a4a','<h2>Malagasy interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Malagasy interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Malagasy language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Malagasy language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Malagasy language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Malagasy language, as well as of the culture and history of the Malagasy people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Malagasy Language</h2>\nThe Malagasy language is part of the Malayo-Polynesiona language family, particularly the East Barito branch. It is spoken in Madagascar as the national and official language of the country. It is also spoken in Comoros, Reunion and Mayotte. There are approximately 18 million Malagasy speakers worldwide. Some additional communities that speak the language are located in Franch, Quebec (Canada), Belgium and Washington, D.C. (USA).\n\nSince Malagasy is part of the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages, it is closely related to other languages of the same family located in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. It is particularly close to a Southeast Barito language called Ma’anyan.\n\nThe Malagasy language was first recorded in the 1400s. It is written in the Sorabe and Latin scripts. In Malagasy, there are loanwords from Swahili and Arabic. Additionally, because French is the former colonial language, there are some loanwords from French as well. Because of 18<sup>th</sup> century pirates who came to the area, there are some loanwords in English as well.\n\nThere are many dialects of Malagasy. These include Antankarana, Bara, Masikoro, Northern Betsimisaraka, Merina, Sakalava, Tanosy, Tesaka and Tsimihety. The standard form of Malagasy is the Merina dialect which is spoken in the capital of Antananarivo and in the highlands. Merina can go by other names such as Plateau Malagasy, Ambaniandro, Borizany, Fiteny Malagasy, Hova, Malgache, Official Malagasy, Standard Malagasy or Teny ofisiealy. In Madagascar, Malagasy is the language used in primary and secondary schools. French is also used.\n\nIn the 1600s, as the French build Fort-Dauphin, which is now known as Tolanaro, located in the south of Madagascar, it came to their attention that the Malagasy people were using Sorabe, which is a form of Arabic letters, to write Malagasy. This seemed odd to them considering that Sorabe had previously only been used for magical text and astronomy. In 1658, the first Malagasy language dictionary was published by Eitenne de Flacourt. Later, in 1885, an English-Malagasy dictionary was published by James Richardson. A Welsh missionary, David Jones, came up with a way to write Malagasy using the Latin alphabet. This occurred in 1823. Working with another missionary named David Griffiths, Jones wrote the Bible in Malagasy. They then brought over the London Missionary Society to help build churches and schools in Madagascar.','Malagasy Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Malagasy language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9609,9609,1,'Malayalam Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','1e1cf4d4-16ea-4ef4-aab1-d03326d86abe','<h2>Malayalam interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Malayalam interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Malayalam language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Malayalam language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Malayalam language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Malayalam language, as well as of the culture and history of the Malayalam people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Malayalam Language</h2>\nThe Malayalam language is spoken by 36 million people worldwide. Malayalam is spoken in southwest India, specifically in Kerala, the Laccadive Islands along with Bahrain, Fiji, Israel, Malaysia, Qatar, Singapore, the UAE and the UK.\n\nMalayalam was initially written in the Vatteluttu alphabet, which was developed from the Brahmi script. Vatteluttu is written in ‘round writing.’ The oldest text known to be recorded in Malayalam was from 830 and is known as the Vazhappalli. As for the oldest and still surviving text of Malayalam, the Ramacharitam, is a poem written around the turn of the 13<sup>th</sup> century.\n\nAround the 8<sup>th</sup> century, the Grangtha alphabet, which had been previously used in the Chola Kingdom, was used to write the Malayalam and Tulu languages. Around the early 1200s, many believed that a systematic Malayalam alphabet was being used. Over the future centuries, there had been some changes to the alphabet and around the 1850s, the alphabet became more solid and is what is currently used today.\n\nDue to the difficulty of printing the Malayalam language, a much more simplified version was introduced in the 1970s and 1980s. The Malayalam script also has an Arabic version. It is used by Muslims in Singapore and Malaysia and sometimes by Muslims in Kerala. However, Christians in Kerala were accustomed to writing Malayalam with the Syriac script. They use Suriyani Malayalam in their worship.\n\nMalayalam is the 8<sup>th</sup> most spoken language in India out of the 18 popular languages. There are three main dialects of the Malayalam language, although there are smaller ones as well. The language has diglossia, which is a difference between the formal, literary and colloquial language. The Malayalam language has developed from the Tamil dialect of from a Proto-Dravidian language that Tamil is thought to be from as well. Malayalam has several retroflex consonants; meaning one pronounces them but curling the tongue to the roof of the mouth. The word order of Malayalam is subject-object-verb. Additionally, there is a “natural” gender, which means  that the form indicates gender of humans as masculine or feminine and any inanimate nouns are neutral.','Malayalam Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Malayalam language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9610,9610,1,'Malayalam Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','e7e2d313-231a-42c2-b8ff-67e68efdd809','<h2>Malayalam interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Malayalam interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Malayalam language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Malayalam language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Malayalam language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Malayalam language, as well as of the culture and history of the Malayalam people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Malayalam Language</h2>\nThe Malayalam language is spoken by 36 million people worldwide. Malayalam is spoken in southwest India, specifically in Kerala, the Laccadive Islands along with Bahrain, Fiji, Israel, Malaysia, Qatar, Singapore, the UAE and the UK.\n\nMalayalam was initially written in the Vatteluttu alphabet, which was developed from the Brahmi script. Vatteluttu is written in ‘round writing.’ The oldest text known to be recorded in Malayalam was from 830 and is known as the Vazhappalli. As for the oldest and still surviving text of Malayalam, the Ramacharitam, is a poem written around the turn of the 13<sup>th</sup> century.\n\nAround the 8<sup>th</sup> century, the Grangtha alphabet, which had been previously used in the Chola Kingdom, was used to write the Malayalam and Tulu languages. Around the early 1200s, many believed that a systematic Malayalam alphabet was being used. Over the future centuries, there had been some changes to the alphabet and around the 1850s, the alphabet became more solid and is what is currently used today.\n\nDue to the difficulty of printing the Malayalam language, a much more simplified version was introduced in the 1970s and 1980s. The Malayalam script also has an Arabic version. It is used by Muslims in Singapore and Malaysia and sometimes by Muslims in Kerala. However, Christians in Kerala were accustomed to writing Malayalam with the Syriac script. They use Suriyani Malayalam in their worship.\n\nMalayalam is the 8<sup>th</sup> most spoken language in India out of the 18 popular languages. There are three main dialects of the Malayalam language, although there are smaller ones as well. The language has diglossia, which is a difference between the formal, literary and colloquial language. The Malayalam language has developed from the Tamil dialect of from a Proto-Dravidian language that Tamil is thought to be from as well. Malayalam has several retroflex consonants; meaning one pronounces them but curling the tongue to the roof of the mouth. The word order of Malayalam is subject-object-verb. Additionally, there is a “natural” gender, which means  that the form indicates gender of humans as masculine or feminine and any inanimate nouns are neutral.','Malayalam Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Malayalam language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9611,9611,1,'Maltese Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','b8df2331-7d85-47d2-a764-e9b51352bbaa','<h2>Maltese interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Maltese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Maltese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Maltese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Maltese language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Maltese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Maltese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Maltese Language</h2>\nThe Maltese language is spoken by about 420,000 speakers in Malta, Gozo and Comino. It is a Central Semitic language and comes from the Siculo-Arabic, which was developed in both Sicility and Malta between 800-1300. The first recording of Malta having its own language is from 1364. The first recorded text in Maltese was from 1485. It was written by Pietro Caxaro. In Malta, there are two official languages: Maltese and English. The alphabet used today was established in 1924 and is written in a Latin script.\n\nThere are six recorded dialects of Maltese, besides Maltese. They are Gozo, Port Maltese, Rural Central Maltese, Rural East Maltese, Rural West Maltese and Zurrieq. There are five short vowels, six long vowels and seven diphthongs. The stress of a word is usually on the second to the last syllable.\n<h2>History of Malta and Maltese</h2>\nA prominent theory of the origination of the Maltese language is that it came from Carthaginian or Punic, which was languages of Carthage and a form of Phoenician. In a book written between 1594 and 1602 by Giacomo Bosio titled, “The History of the Sacred Religion and Illustrious Militia of St. John of Jerusalem,” this theory is discussed. In 1649, the first Maltese dictionary was published.\n\nMalta had been occupied by the Norman starting in 1090. Before that, the Arab had begun settling Malta starting in 870 AD. Between 1530 and 1798, the Knights Hospitaller of St. John had occupied Malta. They spoke French, Italian, Latin, German, Portuguese and Spanish. When Malta became a British colony in 1800, the British tried to have English as a local language in place of Italian. Because of this, about 20% of the Maltese vocabulary comes from English whereas about 50% of the vocabulary comes from Sicilian and Italian. There are also several words in Norman and French.\n\nWhen Malta gained its independence in 1964, English and Maltese both reach official status and are the official languages of Malta today. Both languages are used for public life including lawmaking, religion such as church, media and conversation. English is the preferred language to be used in schools, particularly in higher education.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about Malta</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Calypso Cave in Malta is said to be the cave Homer wrote about in The Odyssey</li>\n 	<li>On Gazo, an island of Malta, its capital, Victoria is also known as Rabat.</li>\n 	<li>The size of Malta is about 121 square miles</li>\n 	<li>The capital of Malta, Valetta is one of the most historical areas of the world</li>\n 	<li>Maltese sounds very close to Arabic</li>\n</ul>','Maltese Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Maltese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9612,9612,1,'Maltese Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','3f62426c-4c1e-4ef4-8d95-607668d96bd8','<h2>Maltese interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Maltese interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Maltese language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Maltese language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Maltese language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Maltese language, as well as of the culture and history of the Maltese people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Maltese Language</h2>\nThe Maltese language is spoken by about 420,000 speakers in Malta, Gozo and Comino. It is a Central Semitic language and comes from the Siculo-Arabic, which was developed in both Sicility and Malta between 800-1300. The first recording of Malta having its own language is from 1364. The first recorded text in Maltese was from 1485. It was written by Pietro Caxaro. In Malta, there are two official languages: Maltese and English. The alphabet used today was established in 1924 and is written in a Latin script.\n\nThere are six recorded dialects of Maltese, besides Maltese. They are Gozo, Port Maltese, Rural Central Maltese, Rural East Maltese, Rural West Maltese and Zurrieq. There are five short vowels, six long vowels and seven diphthongs. The stress of a word is usually on the second to the last syllable.\n<h2>History of Malta and Maltese</h2>\nA prominent theory of the origination of the Maltese language is that it came from Carthaginian or Punic, which was languages of Carthage and a form of Phoenician. In a book written between 1594 and 1602 by Giacomo Bosio titled, “The History of the Sacred Religion and Illustrious Militia of St. John of Jerusalem,” this theory is discussed. In 1649, the first Maltese dictionary was published.\n\nMalta had been occupied by the Norman starting in 1090. Before that, the Arab had begun settling Malta starting in 870 AD. Between 1530 and 1798, the Knights Hospitaller of St. John had occupied Malta. They spoke French, Italian, Latin, German, Portuguese and Spanish. When Malta became a British colony in 1800, the British tried to have English as a local language in place of Italian. Because of this, about 20% of the Maltese vocabulary comes from English whereas about 50% of the vocabulary comes from Sicilian and Italian. There are also several words in Norman and French.\n\nWhen Malta gained its independence in 1964, English and Maltese both reach official status and are the official languages of Malta today. Both languages are used for public life including lawmaking, religion such as church, media and conversation. English is the preferred language to be used in schools, particularly in higher education.\n<h2>Interesting Facts about Malta</h2>\n<ul>\n 	<li>Calypso Cave in Malta is said to be the cave Homer wrote about in The Odyssey</li>\n 	<li>On Gazo, an island of Malta, its capital, Victoria is also known as Rabat.</li>\n 	<li>The size of Malta is about 121 square miles</li>\n 	<li>The capital of Malta, Valetta is one of the most historical areas of the world</li>\n 	<li>Maltese sounds very close to Arabic</li>\n</ul>','Maltese Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Maltese language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9613,9613,1,'Manchu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','eefb8a64-2b5a-4d2e-bfb6-4e33e84a0715','<h2>Manchu interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Manchu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Manchu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Manchu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Manchu language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Manchu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Manchu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Manchu Language</h2>\nManchu, also known as Man, is a highly endangered language. It is part of the Manchu-Tungus languages from the Altaic family. It had been spoken by the Manchu people of Manchuria but now, there are only about 20 people who speak the language natively. They are all above the age of 70 years olf as well. There are thousands of people, however, who speak Manchu as a second language. Additionally, many people (thousands as well), speak Sibo (or Xibe), which is very closely related to Manchu and is found spoken in the Yili region of Xinjiang.\n<h2>Manchu Grammar and Vocabulary</h2>\nIn Manchu, there is vowel harmony, indicating that the vowels are broken up into two or three classes. There are certain restrictions in the words, particularly that additional suffixes must all be in the same vowel class. This is often seen in Altaic languages but is not as strict as it might be in other Altaic languages, for example, Mongol. When referring to verbs in Manchu, there is no difference between person or number. Since the 1600s, Manchu has been a written language and uses Mongol alphabetic script, althought the phonetics of the language are based on Jurchen, an earlier version of Manchu writing. Jurchen is the name of the empire the Manchu people formed on their own. In 1599, the Manchu alphabet was developed by a Manchu leader named Nurhaci. He was the founded of the Manchu state and lived between 1559-1626. In 1632, slight changes were made to the Manchu alphabet.\n<h2>Manchurian History</h2>\nBetween 1644 to 1911, the Ch’ing dynasty had ruled China. Between the 17<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries during the Ch’ing dynasty, Manchu was the official language of the Chinese government. The Manchu people would later invade China to form the Ch’ing dynasty. Even with a treaty between China and Russia, the Russian annexed the part of land near the Pacific ocean. Japan attacked the Russians to seize control of this part of the land. Japan later attacked the Chinese part of Manchuria, which led to their involvement in World War II. In the mid 1800s, the Manchus began using Chinese as their first language but several materials were still produced in Manchu.\n\nThe Manchu languages uses an alphabetic system of writing and is written from left to right in columns from top to bottom. A majority of the letters have several forms. For example, initial, medial and final letters which would be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of words.\n\nManchuria is located in northeast China and in the Russian Far East.','Manchu Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Manchu language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9614,9614,1,'Manchu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','5ca67acf-6553-4ff6-8b50-c289ba895784','<h2>Manchu interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Manchu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Manchu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Manchu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Manchu language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Manchu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Manchu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Manchu Language</h2>\nManchu, also known as Man, is a highly endangered language. It is part of the Manchu-Tungus languages from the Altaic family. It had been spoken by the Manchu people of Manchuria but now, there are only about 20 people who speak the language natively. They are all above the age of 70 years olf as well. There are thousands of people, however, who speak Manchu as a second language. Additionally, many people (thousands as well), speak Sibo (or Xibe), which is very closely related to Manchu and is found spoken in the Yili region of Xinjiang.\n<h2>Manchu Grammar and Vocabulary</h2>\nIn Manchu, there is vowel harmony, indicating that the vowels are broken up into two or three classes. There are certain restrictions in the words, particularly that additional suffixes must all be in the same vowel class. This is often seen in Altaic languages but is not as strict as it might be in other Altaic languages, for example, Mongol. When referring to verbs in Manchu, there is no difference between person or number. Since the 1600s, Manchu has been a written language and uses Mongol alphabetic script, althought the phonetics of the language are based on Jurchen, an earlier version of Manchu writing. Jurchen is the name of the empire the Manchu people formed on their own. In 1599, the Manchu alphabet was developed by a Manchu leader named Nurhaci. He was the founded of the Manchu state and lived between 1559-1626. In 1632, slight changes were made to the Manchu alphabet.\n<h2>Manchurian History</h2>\nBetween 1644 to 1911, the Ch’ing dynasty had ruled China. Between the 17<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries during the Ch’ing dynasty, Manchu was the official language of the Chinese government. The Manchu people would later invade China to form the Ch’ing dynasty. Even with a treaty between China and Russia, the Russian annexed the part of land near the Pacific ocean. Japan attacked the Russians to seize control of this part of the land. Japan later attacked the Chinese part of Manchuria, which led to their involvement in World War II. In the mid 1800s, the Manchus began using Chinese as their first language but several materials were still produced in Manchu.\n\nThe Manchu languages uses an alphabetic system of writing and is written from left to right in columns from top to bottom. A majority of the letters have several forms. For example, initial, medial and final letters which would be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of words.\n\nManchuria is located in northeast China and in the Russian Far East.','Manchu Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Manchu language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9615,9615,1,'Mandarin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','b5b707ff-f33e-467f-a321-0b3d18f7a424','<h2>Mandarin interpreters and translators</h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Mandarin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mandarin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mandarin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mandarin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Mandarin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mandarin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>The Mandarin Language</h2>		\n		<p>The Mandarin language is mainly known a Chinese, or Northern Chinese. It is a Sino-Tibetan language and the most popular form of the Chinese language among the five most popular languages spoken in China. It is spoken in all parts of China that are north of the Yangtze River and is the most popular language in the world. About 66% of China speaks Mandarin as a native language. Mandarin is spoken in China, Eastern Central Myanmar, Northern Myanmar, Mongolia and Taiwan. Over 1 billion people in China speak Mandarin and close to 1.2 billion people worldwide speak Mandarin.</p><p>Mandarin Chinese has 4 subgroups. They are: Northern Mandarin (centered around Beijing, northern China and Manchuria), Northern Mandarin (spoken between Baoji and most of northwestern China), Southwestern Mandarin (Chongqing and Sichuan) and Southern (Nanjing). Mandarin Chinese is based around Beijing. It is the national language of China, referred to as <em>putonghua</em>. Modern Standard Chinese is the official language of Taiwan.</p><p>There are four tones in the Mandarin language. They are: level, rising, falling and high-rising. These tones are used in order to differentiate between words or syllables that are similar. As with other Chinese languages, Mandarin has primarily monosyllabic words.</p><p>Mandarin follows the subject-verb-object word order. There are six complete word classes, eight vowels, 24 consonants and 6 diphthongs. Mandarin is used in a variety of subjects such as academic, religious text, media related and government. 91% of the Chinese are literate and Mandarin is considered a fully developed language.</p><p>The Mandarin writing system is written in Bopomofo script and has been used since 1913. It was revised in 1920 and again in 1932. Han script has been used officially since 1956 in Mainland China along with Singapore. Mandarin text is written in vertical columns and are written from top to bottom, right to left. The first column is on the right side of the page and the last is on the left. Mandarin characters are written in an art form, where each part of a word can be its own character. For example, with the word <em>yesterday</em>, the part <em>yester</em> would be one character as for the part <em>day</em> would be another character. Characters are written in an imaginary box as they are written in columns, making each character the same size.</p><p>Traditionally, the main religions of China are Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Daoism and Islam.</p>','Mandarin Language Interpreters and Translators',NULL,NULL),(9616,9616,1,'Mandarin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','0d8fdfb5-9587-4dcf-a14a-507d523dfc59','<h2>Mandarin interpreters and translators</h2>		\n		<p>CIT offers Mandarin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.</p><p>Although based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mandarin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mandarin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mandarin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Mandarin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mandarin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>The Mandarin Language</h2>		\n		<p>The Mandarin language is mainly known a Chinese, or Northern Chinese. It is a Sino-Tibetan language and the most popular form of the Chinese language among the five most popular languages spoken in China. It is spoken in all parts of China that are north of the Yangtze River and is the most popular language in the world. About 66% of China speaks Mandarin as a native language. Mandarin is spoken in China, Eastern Central Myanmar, Northern Myanmar, Mongolia and Taiwan. Over 1 billion people in China speak Mandarin and close to 1.2 billion people worldwide speak Mandarin.</p><p>Mandarin Chinese has 4 subgroups. They are: Northern Mandarin (centered around Beijing, northern China and Manchuria), Northern Mandarin (spoken between Baoji and most of northwestern China), Southwestern Mandarin (Chongqing and Sichuan) and Southern (Nanjing). Mandarin Chinese is based around Beijing. It is the national language of China, referred to as <em>putonghua</em>. Modern Standard Chinese is the official language of Taiwan.</p><p>There are four tones in the Mandarin language. They are: level, rising, falling and high-rising. These tones are used in order to differentiate between words or syllables that are similar. As with other Chinese languages, Mandarin has primarily monosyllabic words.</p><p>Mandarin follows the subject-verb-object word order. There are six complete word classes, eight vowels, 24 consonants and 6 diphthongs. Mandarin is used in a variety of subjects such as academic, religious text, media related and government. 91% of the Chinese are literate and Mandarin is considered a fully developed language.</p><p>The Mandarin writing system is written in Bopomofo script and has been used since 1913. It was revised in 1920 and again in 1932. Han script has been used officially since 1956 in Mainland China along with Singapore. Mandarin text is written in vertical columns and are written from top to bottom, right to left. The first column is on the right side of the page and the last is on the left. Mandarin characters are written in an art form, where each part of a word can be its own character. For example, with the word <em>yesterday</em>, the part <em>yester</em> would be one character as for the part <em>day</em> would be another character. Characters are written in an imaginary box as they are written in columns, making each character the same size.</p><p>Traditionally, the main religions of China are Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Daoism and Islam.</p>','Mandarin Language Interpreters and Translators',NULL,NULL),(9617,9617,1,'Maori Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','ef0a2c2c-91b0-4630-978a-a8d06aae3b18','<h2>Maori interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Maori interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Maori language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Maori language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Maori language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Maori language, as well as of the culture and history of the Maori people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Maori Language</h2>\nThe Maori language, spoken in the North Island of New Zealand, is spoken by about 125,000 people. Maori, along with English, is an official language of New Zealand. It is believed that about 50,000 people speak Maori very well or fluently and that most Maori speakers are 65 years old or older. Prior to the 19<sup>th </sup>century, another language, Moriori, was spoken in the Chatham Islands, which is to the east of New Zealand. At this time, Maori was the only language spoken through the North and South Island of New Zealand. Currently, Moriori no longer exists. There have not been any native speakers recorded since the 1930s. However, the language has been recorded in written form quite elaborately.\n\nOne language that is quite similar to Maori is Cook Islands Maori, or Rarotongan. It is spoken in the Cook Islands. Maori is considered to be part of the East Polynesian languages within the Polynesian language group. Linguists are unable to give a concrete answer regarding the number of dialects there currently are in the Maori language. However, it has been agreed upon that there are three major dialect divisions.\n\nThese dialect divisions are Eastern North Island, Western North Island and South Island, although South Island has no native Maori speakers. There are not that many differences but the differences that do occur between dialects are those in pronunciation, vocabulary and idiom. If someone were fluent in Maori, they would be able to understand all dialects of the Maori language.\n\nIn New Zealand, the Maori language has influenced the English spoken in the country. There are some nature terms, such as for birds and tress that are referred to only by their Maori names. On the flipside, the English language has also highly influenced Maori. There are hundreds of words in the Maori language that have roots in English. The Maori that is spoken specifically by the younger population is more influenced by the English language, specifically in grammatical word order. Other languages that have influenced Maori are French, Hebrew and Latin. Thousands of people speak Maori as a second language to English.\n\nMaori is currently taught at the pre-school level. As a child grows, it is taught more as a subject for Maori immersion education. As of 2017, about 18,000 children learned Maori in school as part of a bilingual immersion program. Maori is written in Roman script.\n\nThe first book written in the Maori language dates back to 1815. In 1842, the first Maori newspaper was published. Later, an additional 39 Maori newspapers would appear. The Maori bible had been revised several times up until the middle of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. In recent times, only short stories have been published in Maori.','Maori Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Maori language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9618,9618,1,'Maori Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','6d841814-2c66-4b3e-9b22-f3f0e6a8bc48','<h2>Maori interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Maori interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Maori language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Maori language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Maori language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Maori language, as well as of the culture and history of the Maori people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Maori Language</h2>\nThe Maori language, spoken in the North Island of New Zealand, is spoken by about 125,000 people. Maori, along with English, is an official language of New Zealand. It is believed that about 50,000 people speak Maori very well or fluently and that most Maori speakers are 65 years old or older. Prior to the 19<sup>th </sup>century, another language, Moriori, was spoken in the Chatham Islands, which is to the east of New Zealand. At this time, Maori was the only language spoken through the North and South Island of New Zealand. Currently, Moriori no longer exists. There have not been any native speakers recorded since the 1930s. However, the language has been recorded in written form quite elaborately.\n\nOne language that is quite similar to Maori is Cook Islands Maori, or Rarotongan. It is spoken in the Cook Islands. Maori is considered to be part of the East Polynesian languages within the Polynesian language group. Linguists are unable to give a concrete answer regarding the number of dialects there currently are in the Maori language. However, it has been agreed upon that there are three major dialect divisions.\n\nThese dialect divisions are Eastern North Island, Western North Island and South Island, although South Island has no native Maori speakers. There are not that many differences but the differences that do occur between dialects are those in pronunciation, vocabulary and idiom. If someone were fluent in Maori, they would be able to understand all dialects of the Maori language.\n\nIn New Zealand, the Maori language has influenced the English spoken in the country. There are some nature terms, such as for birds and tress that are referred to only by their Maori names. On the flipside, the English language has also highly influenced Maori. There are hundreds of words in the Maori language that have roots in English. The Maori that is spoken specifically by the younger population is more influenced by the English language, specifically in grammatical word order. Other languages that have influenced Maori are French, Hebrew and Latin. Thousands of people speak Maori as a second language to English.\n\nMaori is currently taught at the pre-school level. As a child grows, it is taught more as a subject for Maori immersion education. As of 2017, about 18,000 children learned Maori in school as part of a bilingual immersion program. Maori is written in Roman script.\n\nThe first book written in the Maori language dates back to 1815. In 1842, the first Maori newspaper was published. Later, an additional 39 Maori newspapers would appear. The Maori bible had been revised several times up until the middle of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. In recent times, only short stories have been published in Maori.','Maori Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Maori language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9619,9619,1,'Mayan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','41ff4522-85c6-4e8c-b42f-e5ab777b3bc5','<h2>Mayan interpreters and translators</h2>		\n		<p>CIT provides interpreters and translators for Mayan languages including<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/language-services/qanjobal/\"> Q’anjob’al</a> for various needs such as legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more. If you\'re in need of us right away, call <a href=\"tel:208887379009\">888.737.900</a>.</p><p>You may ask, how can a California-based language translation company help Mayans in Palm Beach County,  Jupiter, and Lake Worth in Florida?</p><p>Our network of comprehensive Mayan language services includes interpreters from around the US and the globe. Our translation and transcription service is provided, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mayan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mayan language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Mayan language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mayan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>The Mayan Family of Languages</h2>		\n		<p>Over 6 million people, mainly in Central America, speak Mayan. There are approximately 69 languages that compose the Mayan language family. The Mayan language is believed to have originated about 5000 years ago from the Proto-Mayan family of languages. The primary speakers of Proto-Mayan were those who lived in the Mayan empire, many of which their remains can be found in modern day Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador and southern Mexico. The Mayan empire was quite powerful and successful for many centuries from 1500 BC but came to a downfall around the 9<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries AD.</p><p>Today, the largest bodies of Mayan speaking people are found in Mexico, specifically in the Yucatan, Campeche, Quitana Roo, Tabasco and Chiapas states. Historically speaking, Mayan has been well documented and the language classifications have been widely accepted by the Mayan people. The 69 language groups that Mayan is divided into are based widely on the ancestors who spoke the language. The first language to split from the Mayan languages was the Huastecan branch of languages, composed of Huastec and Chicomuceltec, which are now extinct languages. The next language to branch off was Yucatecan family, comprosed of Yucatec Maya, Lacandon, Itzaj and Mopan. </p><p>The largest branch of Mayan, known as Core Mayan, broke into several other languages. They include Greater Tzeltana, Greater <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/language-services/qanjobal/\">Q’anjob’alan</a>, and Eastern Mayan. Greater Tzeltalan broke into Ch’olan and Tzeltan. Ch’olan Langues include Chontoa, Ch’ol, Ch’orti, and Cholti, which is extinct. Tzeltanan includes Tzeltan and Tzolzil. Greater Q’anjob’alan is comprised of Q’anjob’alan (made up of Mocho’, Tuzantec, Q’anjob’al, Akateko, Jakalteko) and Chujean (Chuj and Tojolabal). Eastern Mayan has two branches: K’ichean (K’iche’, Kaqchike, Tz’utujil, Sakapulteko, Sipakepeno, Poqomam, Poqomchi’ Uspanteko, Q’eqchi’). Mamean languages include Mam, Teco, Awakateko, and Ixil.</p><p>In the 4<sup>th</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> centuries BC up until the 1600s, the Mayan languages were written in a complex hieroglyphic writing system. It had not been accurately deciphered until the mid-1900s. Since the language was deciphered, historians were much better able to understand Mayan history. It has been noted that the main speakers of the Classic Maya languages were the Ch’olan language speakers. They had a large influence on those who spoke Mayan and their non-speaking Mayan neighbors.</p>		\n															<img width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https://calinterpreting.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/QANJOBAL-MAYAN-LANGUAGE-INTERPRETING-AND-TRANSLATIONS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Q’anjob’al (pronounced kan-jo-bal) is an indigenous Mayan language to theQ’anjob’al’s in the Huehuetenango region of Guatemala.\" />															\n			<h2>Interesting Facts about the Mayan</h2>		\n		<ul><li>Mayan temples and pyramids are still being discovered today!</li><li>Their writing as in a very complex form on hieroglyphics</li><li>The Mayan calendar did not actually predict the end of the world</li><li>The Maya people invited the tooth grill!</li><li>Children would have their skulls bound to elongate their skulls, most probably to indicate social status</li><li>They engaged in heavy sports</li></ul>','Mayan Language Interpreters and Translators','Helpful Mayan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','mayan interpreters'),(9620,9620,1,'Mayan Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','d0520da4-3d40-46cf-93f9-423380125e31','<h2>Mayan interpreters and translators</h2>		\n		<p>CIT provides interpreters and translators for Mayan languages including<a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/language-services/qanjobal/\"> Q’anjob’al</a> for various needs such as legal, medical, and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration, and more. If you\'re in need of us right away, call <a href=\"tel:208887379009\">888.737.900</a>.</p><p>You may ask, how can a California-based language translation company help Mayans in Palm Beach County,  Jupiter, and Lake Worth in Florida?</p><p>Our network of comprehensive Mayan language services includes interpreters from around the US and the globe. Our translation and transcription service is provided, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field-tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mayan language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mayan language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Mayan language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mayan people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.</p>		\n			<h2>The Mayan Family of Languages</h2>		\n		<p>Over 6 million people, mainly in Central America, speak Mayan. There are approximately 69 languages that compose the Mayan language family. The Mayan language is believed to have originated about 5000 years ago from the Proto-Mayan family of languages. The primary speakers of Proto-Mayan were those who lived in the Mayan empire, many of which their remains can be found in modern day Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador and southern Mexico. The Mayan empire was quite powerful and successful for many centuries from 1500 BC but came to a downfall around the 9<sup>th</sup> and 10<sup>th</sup> centuries AD.</p><p>Today, the largest bodies of Mayan speaking people are found in Mexico, specifically in the Yucatan, Campeche, Quitana Roo, Tabasco and Chiapas states. Historically speaking, Mayan has been well documented and the language classifications have been widely accepted by the Mayan people. The 69 language groups that Mayan is divided into are based widely on the ancestors who spoke the language. The first language to split from the Mayan languages was the Huastecan branch of languages, composed of Huastec and Chicomuceltec, which are now extinct languages. The next language to branch off was Yucatecan family, comprosed of Yucatec Maya, Lacandon, Itzaj and Mopan. </p><p>The largest branch of Mayan, known as Core Mayan, broke into several other languages. They include Greater Tzeltana, Greater <a href=\"https://calinterpreting.com/language-services/qanjobal/\">Q’anjob’alan</a>, and Eastern Mayan. Greater Tzeltalan broke into Ch’olan and Tzeltan. Ch’olan Langues include Chontoa, Ch’ol, Ch’orti, and Cholti, which is extinct. Tzeltanan includes Tzeltan and Tzolzil. Greater Q’anjob’alan is comprised of Q’anjob’alan (made up of Mocho’, Tuzantec, Q’anjob’al, Akateko, Jakalteko) and Chujean (Chuj and Tojolabal). Eastern Mayan has two branches: K’ichean (K’iche’, Kaqchike, Tz’utujil, Sakapulteko, Sipakepeno, Poqomam, Poqomchi’ Uspanteko, Q’eqchi’). Mamean languages include Mam, Teco, Awakateko, and Ixil.</p><p>In the 4<sup>th</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> centuries BC up until the 1600s, the Mayan languages were written in a complex hieroglyphic writing system. It had not been accurately deciphered until the mid-1900s. Since the language was deciphered, historians were much better able to understand Mayan history. It has been noted that the main speakers of the Classic Maya languages were the Ch’olan language speakers. They had a large influence on those who spoke Mayan and their non-speaking Mayan neighbors.</p>		\n															<img width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https://calinterpreting.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/QANJOBAL-MAYAN-LANGUAGE-INTERPRETING-AND-TRANSLATIONS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Q’anjob’al (pronounced kan-jo-bal) is an indigenous Mayan language to theQ’anjob’al’s in the Huehuetenango region of Guatemala.\" />															\n			<h2>Interesting Facts about the Mayan</h2>		\n		<ul><li>Mayan temples and pyramids are still being discovered today!</li><li>Their writing as in a very complex form on hieroglyphics</li><li>The Mayan calendar did not actually predict the end of the world</li><li>The Maya people invited the tooth grill!</li><li>Children would have their skulls bound to elongate their skulls, most probably to indicate social status</li><li>They engaged in heavy sports</li></ul>','Mayan Language Interpreters and Translators','Helpful Mayan language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','mayan interpreters'),(9621,9621,1,'Michif Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','4f82433e-14e5-43c4-9444-04206465572e','<h2>Michif interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Michif interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Michif language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Michif language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Michif language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Michif language, as well as of the culture and history of the Michif people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Michif Language</h2>\nThe Michif language is spoken in certain parts of Canada, particulalry in Manitoba and Saskatchewan along with in North Dakota and Montana. Michif is spoken by the Metis people. It is a combination of Cree and French but has English and Indigenous language(such as Ojibwe) loanwords. As of 2016, Michif is considered an endangered language since only 1,170 people are reoirted to be Michif speakers. Even with its endangered status, it is the most commonly spoken Metish language among French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet.\n\nThe word Michif refers to the Metis people themselves and means “of mixed blood.” Michif came between Cree and Ojibwe speakers. Their offspring are the Metis and the language has been believed to be created in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century on the Plains. Historically speaking, Michif had been spoken only by bison hunters in the winter camps. It is said that most Metis people, such as the wealthy, fishers, farmers an ranchers, did not even speak Michif. Over the 1800s and 1900s, Michif became the language of the Metis people.\n\nMichif used to be thought of as poor French or a poor mixture of the language elements. However. Michif is quite complex and the complexity of the Michif language suggests to linguists and historians that Michif speakers spoke multiple languages, such as Cree, Ojibwe and French. However, today, not many Michif speakers can speak or even understand other languages fluently. In Michif, there are French nouns, numbers, articles and adjectives. The syntax and structure follows that of the French language. Unlike in French, Michif is written like it sounds to the people of a certain region. This means that there are several spellings for the same word based on the dialect of the area. Because Michif is considered to be an oral language, its spelling system is not very uniform. The first Michif spelling system created was the Turtle Mountain spelling system in North Dakota. The others were created by linguists named Rita Flamand, Robert Papan and Norman Fleury.\n\nToday, Michif is spoken where bison hunters used to spend their winters, specifically around the Assiniboine and Qu’Appelle rivers in Manitoba, the Qu’Appelle valley in Saskatchewan, and the Grand Coteau du Missouri in North Dakota. In 2016, Canadian statistics indicated that only 315 people reported Michif as their first language. In the schools, Michif is not spoken or taught; rather, English and French dominate. The fact that the language has lasted this long indicates a strong cultural tradition with the Metis people. Funding has been allocated in Canada to preserve the language through the production of dictionaries and language programs.\n\nOther Metis languages include French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet. French Cree is spoken in northern Saskatchewan, in the village of Ile-a-la-Crosse along with other communities such as Buffalo Narrows. It is the general consensus that French Cree is very different from Cree-Michif.\n\nFrench Michif, known as Metis French, is a variation of the French that helped create the Michif language. It originated from traders around the Great Lakes in the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries. It is still spoken in St. Lauren and St. Ambroise, located in Lake Manitoba.\n\nBungi, meaning “a little” is a mix of English, Ojibwe, Cree and Gaelic. It also has some French loanwords. It was spoken by the Metis who had Scottish ancestors but is almost now extinct as only a few elders speak the language.\n\nLastly, Brayet is another language that came to be as a mixture between Europeans and the Indigenous people. It includes French and Ojibwe words and has also been spoken around the Great Lakes. It is considered to be extinct.','Michif Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Michif language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9622,9622,1,'Michif Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','b38f53c0-f178-4bc2-bc06-b5002ce20334','<h2>Michif interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Michif interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Michif language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Michif language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Michif language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Michif language, as well as of the culture and history of the Michif people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Michif Language</h2>\nThe Michif language is spoken in certain parts of Canada, particulalry in Manitoba and Saskatchewan along with in North Dakota and Montana. Michif is spoken by the Metis people. It is a combination of Cree and French but has English and Indigenous language(such as Ojibwe) loanwords. As of 2016, Michif is considered an endangered language since only 1,170 people are reoirted to be Michif speakers. Even with its endangered status, it is the most commonly spoken Metish language among French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet.\n\nThe word Michif refers to the Metis people themselves and means “of mixed blood.” Michif came between Cree and Ojibwe speakers. Their offspring are the Metis and the language has been believed to be created in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century on the Plains. Historically speaking, Michif had been spoken only by bison hunters in the winter camps. It is said that most Metis people, such as the wealthy, fishers, farmers an ranchers, did not even speak Michif. Over the 1800s and 1900s, Michif became the language of the Metis people.\n\nMichif used to be thought of as poor French or a poor mixture of the language elements. However. Michif is quite complex and the complexity of the Michif language suggests to linguists and historians that Michif speakers spoke multiple languages, such as Cree, Ojibwe and French. However, today, not many Michif speakers can speak or even understand other languages fluently. In Michif, there are French nouns, numbers, articles and adjectives. The syntax and structure follows that of the French language. Unlike in French, Michif is written like it sounds to the people of a certain region. This means that there are several spellings for the same word based on the dialect of the area. Because Michif is considered to be an oral language, its spelling system is not very uniform. The first Michif spelling system created was the Turtle Mountain spelling system in North Dakota. The others were created by linguists named Rita Flamand, Robert Papan and Norman Fleury.\n\nToday, Michif is spoken where bison hunters used to spend their winters, specifically around the Assiniboine and Qu’Appelle rivers in Manitoba, the Qu’Appelle valley in Saskatchewan, and the Grand Coteau du Missouri in North Dakota. In 2016, Canadian statistics indicated that only 315 people reported Michif as their first language. In the schools, Michif is not spoken or taught; rather, English and French dominate. The fact that the language has lasted this long indicates a strong cultural tradition with the Metis people. Funding has been allocated in Canada to preserve the language through the production of dictionaries and language programs.\n\nOther Metis languages include French Cree, French Michif, Bungi and Brayet. French Cree is spoken in northern Saskatchewan, in the village of Ile-a-la-Crosse along with other communities such as Buffalo Narrows. It is the general consensus that French Cree is very different from Cree-Michif.\n\nFrench Michif, known as Metis French, is a variation of the French that helped create the Michif language. It originated from traders around the Great Lakes in the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries. It is still spoken in St. Lauren and St. Ambroise, located in Lake Manitoba.\n\nBungi, meaning “a little” is a mix of English, Ojibwe, Cree and Gaelic. It also has some French loanwords. It was spoken by the Metis who had Scottish ancestors but is almost now extinct as only a few elders speak the language.\n\nLastly, Brayet is another language that came to be as a mixture between Europeans and the Indigenous people. It includes French and Ojibwe words and has also been spoken around the Great Lakes. It is considered to be extinct.','Michif Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Michif language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9623,9623,1,'Minangkabau Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','1ebd4266-d49b-4df0-b88f-7f5727c76636','<h2>Minangkabau interpreters and translators</h2>\nAt CIT, the client is always number one. No matter what time of the day it is, you will always have an open line of communication with a brilliant representative. Our commitment goes beyond professionalism and availability, as we offer you premium services at extremely competitive rates.\n\nThe Minangkabau language is spoken by about 8.5 million people. The language is spoken in West and North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, Indonesia, and Malaysia. It is a Malayic language with several dialects. Because of this, it is extremely important to work with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator who knows the difference.\n\nMinangkabau means “People of the Plains”. The Minangkabau are the largest ethnic group in Sumatra. Historically, their homeland is in the west-central highlands. Minangkabau people have large fields and gardens where they are known for their crops such as rice, tobacco, cinnamon, and many fruits and vegetables. Along with this, they are known for their crafting such as woodcarving, metalwork, and weaving. The Minangkabau language is very similar to other Austronesian languages, particularly Malay.\n<h2>Minangkabau Traditions</h2>\nThe Minangkabau people are Muslim; however, they are matrilineal. When a man and woman wed, they live at the wife’s parents’ home and the husband is considered a guest who visits his wife at night. This domestic unit was called the rumah gadang, or the community house. It is under the control of the woman of the house, her sisters, daughters, and any female children. The boys would live in the house until they were circumcised, after which they would live in a local mosque. This community house was a rectangular-shaped building. Most of this building was the main room. There were then small living areas for each woman, her children, and her husband.\n\nAfter World War II, this structure was no longer considered so important and many of the families left in order to establish their own homes. Typically, people within a clan did not marry one another. Understanding the social background of a Minangkabau speaker is one of the main strengths of a CIT interpreter or translator.\n\nIn the late 1800s, some of the Minangkabau people moved to Malaya, which is now known as Peninsular Malaysia. They formed the Negri Sembilan or the Nine States. Minangkabau tribesmen left Sumatra in order to find more work across the Strait of Malacca. In the 1850s, due to Malayan tin mining growth, the Minangkabau people grew to become miners or petty merchants. In the early 1900s, the Minangkabau miners began pursuing agricultural jobs in river valleys. The Minangkabau people were able to gain land if they could claim it, clear it, plant it, and live in it.\n\nThe Minangkabau language is written using a Latin alphabet but had previously been written in Arabic.\n<h2>Hire a Minangkabau Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Minangkabau interpreter or Minangkabau translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Minangkabau interpreting assignment, or request a Minangkabau translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Minangkabau Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Minangkabau language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9624,9624,1,'Minangkabau Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','ac373161-4855-4e27-a5e4-253a8719df29','<h2>Minangkabau interpreters and translators</h2>\nAt CIT, the client is always number one. No matter what time of the day it is, you will always have an open line of communication with a brilliant representative. Our commitment goes beyond professionalism and availability, as we offer you premium services at extremely competitive rates.\n\nThe Minangkabau language is spoken by about 8.5 million people. The language is spoken in West and North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, Indonesia, and Malaysia. It is a Malayic language with several dialects. Because of this, it is extremely important to work with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator who knows the difference.\n\nMinangkabau means “People of the Plains”. The Minangkabau are the largest ethnic group in Sumatra. Historically, their homeland is in the west-central highlands. Minangkabau people have large fields and gardens where they are known for their crops such as rice, tobacco, cinnamon, and many fruits and vegetables. Along with this, they are known for their crafting such as woodcarving, metalwork, and weaving. The Minangkabau language is very similar to other Austronesian languages, particularly Malay.\n<h2>Minangkabau Traditions</h2>\nThe Minangkabau people are Muslim; however, they are matrilineal. When a man and woman wed, they live at the wife’s parents’ home and the husband is considered a guest who visits his wife at night. This domestic unit was called the rumah gadang, or the community house. It is under the control of the woman of the house, her sisters, daughters, and any female children. The boys would live in the house until they were circumcised, after which they would live in a local mosque. This community house was a rectangular-shaped building. Most of this building was the main room. There were then small living areas for each woman, her children, and her husband.\n\nAfter World War II, this structure was no longer considered so important and many of the families left in order to establish their own homes. Typically, people within a clan did not marry one another. Understanding the social background of a Minangkabau speaker is one of the main strengths of a CIT interpreter or translator.\n\nIn the late 1800s, some of the Minangkabau people moved to Malaya, which is now known as Peninsular Malaysia. They formed the Negri Sembilan or the Nine States. Minangkabau tribesmen left Sumatra in order to find more work across the Strait of Malacca. In the 1850s, due to Malayan tin mining growth, the Minangkabau people grew to become miners or petty merchants. In the early 1900s, the Minangkabau miners began pursuing agricultural jobs in river valleys. The Minangkabau people were able to gain land if they could claim it, clear it, plant it, and live in it.\n\nThe Minangkabau language is written using a Latin alphabet but had previously been written in Arabic.\n<h2>Hire a Minangkabau Interpreter or Translator</h2>\nNeed a Minangkabau interpreter or Minangkabau translator? CIT is here to help! We’ll draw on our network of thousands of certified, mother-tongue linguists to provide you with a Minangkabau interpreter or translator when and where you need them. To learn more, schedule a Minangkabau interpreting assignment, or request a Minangkabau translation, call us at 888-737-9009 or email us at <a href=\"mailto:info@calinterpreting.com\">info@calinterpreting.com</a>.','Minangkabau Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Minangkabau language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9625,9625,1,'Mon Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2144f018-3d33-4487-b7bf-9fca8f3700d3','<h2>Mon interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Mon interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mon language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mon language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mon language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Mon language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mon people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Mon Language</h2>\nThe Mon language is an Austroasiatic language. Mon is also known as Talaing or Peguan. It is currently spoken by about 850,000 speakers in Myanmar, Burma and Thailand. More specifically, Mon is spoken in the Mon State, in the Tanintharyi Region and the Kayin State in South Myanmar. After Pagan fell, Mon was the lingua franca of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287-1539), which today, is known as Lower Myanmar. Up until the mid 1800s, Mon was spoken extensively in Burma. However, at this time, the British took over the area, causing a lot of people from India and China to move to the area. Then, Mon became less used. In the 6<sup>th</sup> century, Mon had first been written using two different scripts. These inscriptions can be found in central Thailand in older archaeological sires that have been associated with the Dvaravati Kingdom. The first script came from the Grantha script. Another script came from the Kadamba or Grantha script. The first time the Mon script appeared was in 1113 in Mayzedi inscriptions. In Mon, there are two types of consonants, clear and breathy (or chest). The Ancient Mon language was written in script that originally came from South India. It has evolved and is more similar to the Burmese writing system. Today, Mon is spoken mainly in Myanmar between Moulmein and Ye. Mon is known as “the bubble language” as it is written with several round letters.\n\nToday, Mon is considered a developing language. It is classified as an Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer and Monic language. There are several dialects of Mon, such as Martaban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Mon Tang, Northern Mon) and Ye (Mon Nya, Southern Mon).  There are varieties of Mon in Myanmar and Thailand but they are minimal. The Mon language follows the subject-verb-order typology. Mon and Burmese are basically the same but Mon has more consonants.  Unlike Thai and Burmese, Mon is not a tonal language. There are barely any classifiers or prepositions in Mon.\n\nCompared to those who consider themselves Mon people, the amount of people that speak the language is very small. Since 1948, when Burma declared independence, there has been a rapid decline of speakers. The older generation is somewhat literate in Mon, however, those under 40 are almost not literate in Mon. Today, Mon is taught in some monasteries in Myanmar and Thailand. Literarily speaking, Mon has some literature, a dictionary, grammar and a Mon translation of the Bible. Most of the Mon people are Buddhist. The first publication in Mon in Myanmar since 1962 was released in 2013 as part of a newspaper, the Thanlwin Times, which is based in Mawlamyine.','Mon Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Mon language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9626,9626,1,'Mon Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','f6cddda6-fece-4a3b-b419-00dd5f55533d','<h2>Mon interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Mon interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mon language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mon language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mon language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Mon language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mon people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Mon Language</h2>\nThe Mon language is an Austroasiatic language. Mon is also known as Talaing or Peguan. It is currently spoken by about 850,000 speakers in Myanmar, Burma and Thailand. More specifically, Mon is spoken in the Mon State, in the Tanintharyi Region and the Kayin State in South Myanmar. After Pagan fell, Mon was the lingua franca of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287-1539), which today, is known as Lower Myanmar. Up until the mid 1800s, Mon was spoken extensively in Burma. However, at this time, the British took over the area, causing a lot of people from India and China to move to the area. Then, Mon became less used. In the 6<sup>th</sup> century, Mon had first been written using two different scripts. These inscriptions can be found in central Thailand in older archaeological sires that have been associated with the Dvaravati Kingdom. The first script came from the Grantha script. Another script came from the Kadamba or Grantha script. The first time the Mon script appeared was in 1113 in Mayzedi inscriptions. In Mon, there are two types of consonants, clear and breathy (or chest). The Ancient Mon language was written in script that originally came from South India. It has evolved and is more similar to the Burmese writing system. Today, Mon is spoken mainly in Myanmar between Moulmein and Ye. Mon is known as “the bubble language” as it is written with several round letters.\n\nToday, Mon is considered a developing language. It is classified as an Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer and Monic language. There are several dialects of Mon, such as Martaban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Mon Tang, Northern Mon) and Ye (Mon Nya, Southern Mon).  There are varieties of Mon in Myanmar and Thailand but they are minimal. The Mon language follows the subject-verb-order typology. Mon and Burmese are basically the same but Mon has more consonants.  Unlike Thai and Burmese, Mon is not a tonal language. There are barely any classifiers or prepositions in Mon.\n\nCompared to those who consider themselves Mon people, the amount of people that speak the language is very small. Since 1948, when Burma declared independence, there has been a rapid decline of speakers. The older generation is somewhat literate in Mon, however, those under 40 are almost not literate in Mon. Today, Mon is taught in some monasteries in Myanmar and Thailand. Literarily speaking, Mon has some literature, a dictionary, grammar and a Mon translation of the Bible. Most of the Mon people are Buddhist. The first publication in Mon in Myanmar since 1962 was released in 2013 as part of a newspaper, the Thanlwin Times, which is based in Mawlamyine.','Mon Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Mon language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9627,9627,1,'Mongolian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','a65f6cad-305e-4e07-99a2-87d489ac86ae','<h2>Mongolian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Mongolian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mongolian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mongolian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mongolian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Mongolian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mongolian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Mongolian Language</h2>\nThe Mongolian language is spoken by about 5 million people. The Altaic language is spoken in Mongolia, China. Afghanistan and Russia. There are several dialects, or varieties of Mongolian. They include Khalkha, which is the national language of Mongolia, along with Oirat, Chahar and Ordos, dialects of Mongolian that are spoken in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China. There are additional languages that are part of the Mongolian language family. They include Buryat and Kalmyk, which are spoken in Russia and Moghul (also known as Mogul), which is spoken in Afghanistan.\n<h2>History of the Mongols</h2>\nIn the early 13<sup>th</sup> century, Chinggis Khan had defeated the Naimas, which were a Turkic tribe occupying Central Asia. Khan captured the Uyghur scribe, Tatar-Tonga, who used the Old Uyghur alphabet to write the Mongolian script. This specific script is known as Uighurt/Uyghur Script and is the classical of traditional Mongol script. The traditional Mongolian script was not idyllic for writing the Mongolian language, and even less so for writing Chinese. During the 1200s, a Tibetan monk named Drogon Chogval Phagpa created the Phags-pa script. This script is known as the new Mongolian script and was based on Tibetan script. However, this script was never predominately used and when the Yuan dynasty fell in the mid 14<sup>th</sup> century, Phags-pa was used for Mongolian phonetic glosses in Chinese writings.\n\nA few centuries later, in the late 1600s, a Mongolian monk and scholar, Bogdo Zanabazar, created Soyombo, a new Mongolian script which was also used to write Chinese and Sanskrit. Its primary use was to translate Buddhist texts from temples into Mongolian. Zanabazar also made another script, Mongolian Square Script (aso known as Mongolian Horizontal Square Script). This script was revived in turn of the 19<sup>th</sup> century and was based on Tibetan script. Prior to this, however, in the mid 15<sup>th</sup> century, Ayuush Guush, a translator and scholar, added letters to the traditional Mongol script. This allowed loanwords from Tibetan, Sanskrit and Chinese to be written in Mongolian by emphasizing sound and pronounciation more appropriately.\n\nBetween February and March 1941, the Mongolain government got rid of the traditional Mongolian script and Mongolian was written in the Latin alphabet. After this brief time period, the Cyrillic alphabet was then used as the official writing system of Mongolian. Cyrillic was used because the Latin alphabet did not accurarely represent the sounds and pronounciations of Mongolian. However, many believe that the switch from Latin to Cyrillic may have been political.\n\nEver since 1994, many have wanted to reintroduce the Mongolian script. Currently, it is taught in some schools as more of a decorative subject, such as for art and calligraphy. In the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, Mongolian script is still used, although many in Mongolia known nothing about this traditional script.\n\nWhen writing in Mongolian, it is important to note some specific features of the script. For example, Mongolian script is a phonemic alphabet which used different letters for consonants and vowels. The script is written from left to right in vertical colums from top to bottom. Letters have several different shapes which depend on the position of the letter in a word and which letter it proceeds. Additionally, Mongolian script is usually taught in syllables as opposed to specific letters.','Mongolian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Mongolian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9628,9628,1,'Mongolian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','9b2d5b39-c2b9-4806-89ab-d69959b29928','<h2>Mongolian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Mongolian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Mongolian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Mongolian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Mongolian language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Mongolian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Mongolian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Mongolian Language</h2>\nThe Mongolian language is spoken by about 5 million people. The Altaic language is spoken in Mongolia, China. Afghanistan and Russia. There are several dialects, or varieties of Mongolian. They include Khalkha, which is the national language of Mongolia, along with Oirat, Chahar and Ordos, dialects of Mongolian that are spoken in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China. There are additional languages that are part of the Mongolian language family. They include Buryat and Kalmyk, which are spoken in Russia and Moghul (also known as Mogul), which is spoken in Afghanistan.\n<h2>History of the Mongols</h2>\nIn the early 13<sup>th</sup> century, Chinggis Khan had defeated the Naimas, which were a Turkic tribe occupying Central Asia. Khan captured the Uyghur scribe, Tatar-Tonga, who used the Old Uyghur alphabet to write the Mongolian script. This specific script is known as Uighurt/Uyghur Script and is the classical of traditional Mongol script. The traditional Mongolian script was not idyllic for writing the Mongolian language, and even less so for writing Chinese. During the 1200s, a Tibetan monk named Drogon Chogval Phagpa created the Phags-pa script. This script is known as the new Mongolian script and was based on Tibetan script. However, this script was never predominately used and when the Yuan dynasty fell in the mid 14<sup>th</sup> century, Phags-pa was used for Mongolian phonetic glosses in Chinese writings.\n\nA few centuries later, in the late 1600s, a Mongolian monk and scholar, Bogdo Zanabazar, created Soyombo, a new Mongolian script which was also used to write Chinese and Sanskrit. Its primary use was to translate Buddhist texts from temples into Mongolian. Zanabazar also made another script, Mongolian Square Script (aso known as Mongolian Horizontal Square Script). This script was revived in turn of the 19<sup>th</sup> century and was based on Tibetan script. Prior to this, however, in the mid 15<sup>th</sup> century, Ayuush Guush, a translator and scholar, added letters to the traditional Mongol script. This allowed loanwords from Tibetan, Sanskrit and Chinese to be written in Mongolian by emphasizing sound and pronounciation more appropriately.\n\nBetween February and March 1941, the Mongolain government got rid of the traditional Mongolian script and Mongolian was written in the Latin alphabet. After this brief time period, the Cyrillic alphabet was then used as the official writing system of Mongolian. Cyrillic was used because the Latin alphabet did not accurarely represent the sounds and pronounciations of Mongolian. However, many believe that the switch from Latin to Cyrillic may have been political.\n\nEver since 1994, many have wanted to reintroduce the Mongolian script. Currently, it is taught in some schools as more of a decorative subject, such as for art and calligraphy. In the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, Mongolian script is still used, although many in Mongolia known nothing about this traditional script.\n\nWhen writing in Mongolian, it is important to note some specific features of the script. For example, Mongolian script is a phonemic alphabet which used different letters for consonants and vowels. The script is written from left to right in vertical colums from top to bottom. Letters have several different shapes which depend on the position of the letter in a word and which letter it proceeds. Additionally, Mongolian script is usually taught in syllables as opposed to specific letters.','Mongolian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Mongolian language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9629,9629,1,'Nahauatl','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','54be3b51-bb06-467f-8e5c-178b63b9cebd','<h2>Nahuatl Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\nNot only do we customize our lineup of services to your particular needs, but we specify each individual communication to the job. To start with, we offer you an array of services that maximize the clarity and convenience of each assignment. Very few firms perform jobs in a customized manner, so even this firm-level of individualization is quite rare. Beyond that, even with languages like Nahuatl, a CIT interpreter or translator will ensure that every word is spoken or written according to the context of the situation. This is something that machine translators and interpreters always fail to address.\n\nThe Nahuatl language is a Uto-Aztecan language and is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Mexico. The majority of the Nahuatl speakers in Mexico live in Central Mexico, specifically in Puebla, Veracruz, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Guerrero, Mexico (the state), El Distrito Federal, Tlaxcala, Morelos, Oaxaca and in El Salvador. There are also Nahuatl speakers in parts of Mexico and the US but much smaller. Nahuatl is thought to be the most important of the Uto-Aztecan languages and was the language of the Aztec and Toltec people. Finding a Nahuatl interpreter or translator in various parts of the world can be very hard, so let CIT handle the time-consuming details.\n<h2>Dialects</h2>\nThere are several dialects of Nahuatl, although many of them are quite similar and can be understood within dialects. Most younger Nahuatl speakers also speak Spanish. Historically speaking, Classical Nahuatl was used in the Aztec empire and was a lingua franca in most of Mesoamerica beginning in the 600s until about the 1500s. The modern dialects of Nahuatl are most similar to the Classical Nahuatl dialect.\n<h2>Script</h2>\nThe original Nahuatl script was written in a pictographic script. Although not a complete writing system, it was used as a mnemonic which reminded its readers about the texts they had learned orally. This script was used carved in stone and in many picture books that the Spanish had unfortunately destroyed. It was the Spanish that had introduced Latin script to write Nahuatl. Since then, a lot of literature, particularly poetry and prose, has been written in Latin script. It is also because of this that many do not know how Nahuatl is actually spelled.\n\nAccording to the script, the letters b,d,g,f, ñ, and rr are used only in Spanish loanwords. In Classical Nahuatl, the tl sound is notable as it is made to be one single consonant and has a glottal stop. In modern dialects, there is no glottal stop and has been replaced bu the letter h. This sound, however, is used to differentiate between three modern dialects. They are the central and northern Aztect, which used the tl sound and can be seen in the word Nahuatl. The Eastern Aztec dialects do not use the tl, rather simply the t is used., referring to the language as Nahuat. Western dialects replaced the tl with only the l and refer to the language as Nahual. The Classical Nahuatl language from around the 1500s had used 15 consonants and 4 long and short vowels.','Nahauatl','Professional Nahauatl interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9630,9630,1,'Nahauatl','2022-08-27 20:59:12','2022-08-27 20:59:12','0749862f-e00d-421b-a541-536adbecfde9','<h2>Nahuatl Translator &amp; Interpreter</h2>\nNot only do we customize our lineup of services to your particular needs, but we specify each individual communication to the job. To start with, we offer you an array of services that maximize the clarity and convenience of each assignment. Very few firms perform jobs in a customized manner, so even this firm-level of individualization is quite rare. Beyond that, even with languages like Nahuatl, a CIT interpreter or translator will ensure that every word is spoken or written according to the context of the situation. This is something that machine translators and interpreters always fail to address.\n\nThe Nahuatl language is a Uto-Aztecan language and is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Mexico. The majority of the Nahuatl speakers in Mexico live in Central Mexico, specifically in Puebla, Veracruz, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Guerrero, Mexico (the state), El Distrito Federal, Tlaxcala, Morelos, Oaxaca and in El Salvador. There are also Nahuatl speakers in parts of Mexico and the US but much smaller. Nahuatl is thought to be the most important of the Uto-Aztecan languages and was the language of the Aztec and Toltec people. Finding a Nahuatl interpreter or translator in various parts of the world can be very hard, so let CIT handle the time-consuming details.\n<h2>Dialects</h2>\nThere are several dialects of Nahuatl, although many of them are quite similar and can be understood within dialects. Most younger Nahuatl speakers also speak Spanish. Historically speaking, Classical Nahuatl was used in the Aztec empire and was a lingua franca in most of Mesoamerica beginning in the 600s until about the 1500s. The modern dialects of Nahuatl are most similar to the Classical Nahuatl dialect.\n<h2>Script</h2>\nThe original Nahuatl script was written in a pictographic script. Although not a complete writing system, it was used as a mnemonic which reminded its readers about the texts they had learned orally. This script was used carved in stone and in many picture books that the Spanish had unfortunately destroyed. It was the Spanish that had introduced Latin script to write Nahuatl. Since then, a lot of literature, particularly poetry and prose, has been written in Latin script. It is also because of this that many do not know how Nahuatl is actually spelled.\n\nAccording to the script, the letters b,d,g,f, ñ, and rr are used only in Spanish loanwords. In Classical Nahuatl, the tl sound is notable as it is made to be one single consonant and has a glottal stop. In modern dialects, there is no glottal stop and has been replaced bu the letter h. This sound, however, is used to differentiate between three modern dialects. They are the central and northern Aztect, which used the tl sound and can be seen in the word Nahuatl. The Eastern Aztec dialects do not use the tl, rather simply the t is used., referring to the language as Nahuat. Western dialects replaced the tl with only the l and refer to the language as Nahual. The Classical Nahuatl language from around the 1500s had used 15 consonants and 4 long and short vowels.','Nahauatl','Professional Nahauatl interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9631,9631,1,'Navajo Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','8ee2bba7-65af-4a9d-993d-445953983bf9','<h2>Possessing Knowledge of Navajo Language</h2>\nCIT offers Navajo interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Navajo language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Navajo language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\nCIT’s Navajo language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Navajo language, as well as of the culture and history of the Navajo people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Navajo Language</h2>\nThe Navajo language is part of the Athabaskan branch of Na-Dene languages. Also known as Dine to its natives, Navajo is spoken primarily in the Navajo Nation, located in northeastern <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, southeastern Utah and northwestern New Mexico.\n\nAbout 170,000 people speak Navajo at home. The Navajo language is very similar and related to the Apache languages, but they are not so close that they are equally understandable.\n\nThe written Navajo language was first brought down in the mid 19th century as a word list which was published by Lt. James H. Simpson in the Journal of a Military Reconnaissance.\n\nIt was not long after, in the early 1900s, that missionaries had begun to publish religious texts, dictionaries and grammatical rules in Navajo. Each missionary had invented his own way of spelling causing several variations for the same word in Navajo.\n\nIn the 1930s, John Colliers, the head of Indian Affairs, and Willard Beatty, head of Indian Education, set out to standardize the Navajo alphabet. They commissioned four individuals, John Harrington, Robert Young, William Morgan and Oliver LaFarge, to make one Navajo alphabet and to put forth Navajo language materials.\n\nA short 9 years later in 1939, the alphabet was finished. By the next decade, there were bilingual (English- Navajo) children’s books, dictionaries and even a monthly newspaper. However, because of the poor trust because the Navajo and Collier, this alphabet was not popular. In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in this language.\n\nPart of this interest is in hopes to create Navajo computer fonts to facilitate reading, writing, editing and publishing literary Navajo materials. Since 1984, the Navajo language has been taught in schools.\n\nAlong with this, there are several immersion programs that have been put into place. In 1989, the Dine College in Tsaile, <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, offered an associate’s degree in Navajo. Additionally, one can take Navajo language classes at the Arizona State University.\n\nThe Navajo language has also made a mark on the media. Between 1943 and 1957, there had been a Navajo newspaper.\n\nAdditionally, there are radio stations, TV shows and even a version of the 1977 film <a href=\"https://www.cbr.com/disney-finally-adds-navajo-translation-for-star-wars-a-new-hope/\">Star Wars translated into Navajo</a>.\n\nThere are certain grammatical notes one should know regarding Navajo. For example, the letter x only appears after the letters g, s, or z. There are four tones in Navajo (high, rising, falling and low). A high tone has an acute accent mark. The rising and falling tones can only happen with a long vowel.','Navajo Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Navajo interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','navajo interpreters and translators'),(9632,9632,1,'Navajo Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','1bd416db-1f9c-42ac-992c-5301b1090e89','<h2>Possessing Knowledge of Navajo Language</h2>\nCIT offers Navajo interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Navajo language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Navajo language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel.\n\nCIT’s Navajo language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Navajo language, as well as of the culture and history of the Navajo people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Navajo Language</h2>\nThe Navajo language is part of the Athabaskan branch of Na-Dene languages. Also known as Dine to its natives, Navajo is spoken primarily in the Navajo Nation, located in northeastern <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, southeastern Utah and northwestern New Mexico.\n\nAbout 170,000 people speak Navajo at home. The Navajo language is very similar and related to the Apache languages, but they are not so close that they are equally understandable.\n\nThe written Navajo language was first brought down in the mid 19th century as a word list which was published by Lt. James H. Simpson in the Journal of a Military Reconnaissance.\n\nIt was not long after, in the early 1900s, that missionaries had begun to publish religious texts, dictionaries and grammatical rules in Navajo. Each missionary had invented his own way of spelling causing several variations for the same word in Navajo.\n\nIn the 1930s, John Colliers, the head of Indian Affairs, and Willard Beatty, head of Indian Education, set out to standardize the Navajo alphabet. They commissioned four individuals, John Harrington, Robert Young, William Morgan and Oliver LaFarge, to make one Navajo alphabet and to put forth Navajo language materials.\n\nA short 9 years later in 1939, the alphabet was finished. By the next decade, there were bilingual (English- Navajo) children’s books, dictionaries and even a monthly newspaper. However, because of the poor trust because the Navajo and Collier, this alphabet was not popular. In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in this language.\n\nPart of this interest is in hopes to create Navajo computer fonts to facilitate reading, writing, editing and publishing literary Navajo materials. Since 1984, the Navajo language has been taught in schools.\n\nAlong with this, there are several immersion programs that have been put into place. In 1989, the Dine College in Tsaile, <a href=\"http://calinterpreting.com/united-states/arizona/\">Arizona</a>, offered an associate’s degree in Navajo. Additionally, one can take Navajo language classes at the Arizona State University.\n\nThe Navajo language has also made a mark on the media. Between 1943 and 1957, there had been a Navajo newspaper.\n\nAdditionally, there are radio stations, TV shows and even a version of the 1977 film <a href=\"https://www.cbr.com/disney-finally-adds-navajo-translation-for-star-wars-a-new-hope/\">Star Wars translated into Navajo</a>.\n\nThere are certain grammatical notes one should know regarding Navajo. For example, the letter x only appears after the letters g, s, or z. There are four tones in Navajo (high, rising, falling and low). A high tone has an acute accent mark. The rising and falling tones can only happen with a long vowel.','Navajo Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Navajo interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009','navajo interpreters and translators'),(9633,9633,1,'Nheengatu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','f5b04501-ec96-4a6b-b0e1-d8430fbdebd8','<h2>Nheengatu interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Nheengatu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nheengatu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nheengatu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nheengatu language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nheengatu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nheengatu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Nheengatu Language</h2>\nThe Nheengatu languags is spoken by about 19,000 people worldwide in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. In Brazil, Nheengatu is spoken primarily around the Rio Negro area. It is known as the Amazonian General language and is part of the Tupi-Guarani language family. The Nheengatu language originated from the <em>tupinambe</em>, another spoken spoken only by the Tupi people, specifically in Maranhao and Para located on the north coast of Brazil. In the 1600s, Jesuit msisionaries standardized Nheengatu, thus making it the lingua franca of the Brazilian missionaries, the European settlers and the indigenous people. Not long after, in the mid 18<sup>th</sup> century, Portuguese was forced upon the people of Brazil by the Marquis of Pombal. This was due to the Jesuits being kicked out of Brazil in 1759 and because of the high levels of immigration from Portugal to Brazil.\n\nCurrently, Nheengatu is still spoken in the Amazona State and as of 2002, has official status in Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira. Nheengatu is also used as a form of communication between Indians and non-Indians alike. Sometimes, Nheengatu is used for people to affirm their tribal identity, such as with the Baresm Arapacos, Baniwa people and the Werekena.\n\nThe first literary documents were produced by the Jesuit missionaries in the 1500s and 1600s, such as <em>Arte da Grammatica da Lingoa mais usada na costa do Brasil</em>, written by Father Jose de Anchleta in 1595. Another was <em>Arte da Lingua Brasilica</em> by Luis Figueira in 1621. These texts were written to highlight their religious purposes as missionaries. More recently, a Portuguese- Nheengatu dictionary was published in 2014 by Stradelli.\n\nA professor at the University of Sao Paulo, Eduardo de Alameida Navarro, founded an organization caled the “Tupi Here” or the <em>Tupi Aqui</em> in 1998<em>.</em> This organization was founded in order to teach high school students in Brazil about the history of the Nheengatu and Tupi. Navarro wrote a book about teaching Nheengatu and developed materials and a website through the University of Sao Paulo. A notable scholar, Moore (1994), researched how Nheengatu has changed through its contact with other languages. Moore emphasis the importance of locating and documenting the dialects of Nheengatu lest the language becomes extinct.','Nheengatu Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Nheengatu interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9634,9634,1,'Nheengatu Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','1c7e5fee-8820-4eb6-afdc-242bb2b2f5dc','<h2>Nheengatu interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Nheengatu interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nheengatu language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nheengatu language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nheengatu language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nheengatu language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nheengatu people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Nheengatu Language</h2>\nThe Nheengatu languags is spoken by about 19,000 people worldwide in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. In Brazil, Nheengatu is spoken primarily around the Rio Negro area. It is known as the Amazonian General language and is part of the Tupi-Guarani language family. The Nheengatu language originated from the <em>tupinambe</em>, another spoken spoken only by the Tupi people, specifically in Maranhao and Para located on the north coast of Brazil. In the 1600s, Jesuit msisionaries standardized Nheengatu, thus making it the lingua franca of the Brazilian missionaries, the European settlers and the indigenous people. Not long after, in the mid 18<sup>th</sup> century, Portuguese was forced upon the people of Brazil by the Marquis of Pombal. This was due to the Jesuits being kicked out of Brazil in 1759 and because of the high levels of immigration from Portugal to Brazil.\n\nCurrently, Nheengatu is still spoken in the Amazona State and as of 2002, has official status in Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira. Nheengatu is also used as a form of communication between Indians and non-Indians alike. Sometimes, Nheengatu is used for people to affirm their tribal identity, such as with the Baresm Arapacos, Baniwa people and the Werekena.\n\nThe first literary documents were produced by the Jesuit missionaries in the 1500s and 1600s, such as <em>Arte da Grammatica da Lingoa mais usada na costa do Brasil</em>, written by Father Jose de Anchleta in 1595. Another was <em>Arte da Lingua Brasilica</em> by Luis Figueira in 1621. These texts were written to highlight their religious purposes as missionaries. More recently, a Portuguese- Nheengatu dictionary was published in 2014 by Stradelli.\n\nA professor at the University of Sao Paulo, Eduardo de Alameida Navarro, founded an organization caled the “Tupi Here” or the <em>Tupi Aqui</em> in 1998<em>.</em> This organization was founded in order to teach high school students in Brazil about the history of the Nheengatu and Tupi. Navarro wrote a book about teaching Nheengatu and developed materials and a website through the University of Sao Paulo. A notable scholar, Moore (1994), researched how Nheengatu has changed through its contact with other languages. Moore emphasis the importance of locating and documenting the dialects of Nheengatu lest the language becomes extinct.','Nheengatu Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Nheengatu interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9635,9635,1,'Nigerian Pidgin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','e7d46967-cbca-419d-8783-b09be24269e2','<h2>Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nigerian Pidgin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nigerian Pidgin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nigerian Pidgin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nigerian Pidgin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nigerian Pidgin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Nigerian Pidgin Language</h2>\nNigerian Pidgin, although a language group, is the lingua franca of Nigeria, spoken natively by approximately 30 million people. It is part of the Creole language family. Nigeria, a country located in Africa with over 162 milion people, is a nation with over 500 languages. Nigeria was first visited by European explorers and traders, particularly the Portuguese, in the 1400s. It is believed the Portuguese started trading with the indigenous people of the Niger Delta in 1469. They thus established ties with the kingdoms of the area and Portugal. Additionally, schools and churches were established and Christianity was taught in Portuguese. This was the basis for the creation of Naija, a Portuguese-based language group in the Niger Delta. Because the Niger Delta had a variety of people speaking several different languages such as Annang, Edo, Efik, Ibibio, Igbo, Ijaw, Isoko, Itsekiri and Isoko, many people learned the Portuguese based language for commonality.\n\nAfter the Portuguese people had left the Niger Delta, the Dutch then came along and began trading for about fifty years. Next were the French and finally, the English arrived around the middle of the 17<sup>th</sup> century and took control of trading in the area. Initially, the English were most interested in trade. This soon evolved into an interest in religion, education and colonization. With these changes came changes to the langauges in the region. Soon after, English became a main language of the government and the Portuguese-based language group began to have more English. By the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Naija was now heavy with English words. When Nigeria got its independence from Britian in 1960, the English language had already gain such popularity. Even nowadays, English is spoken more than any other language in Nigeria.\n\nIn the last three or four decades, Naija is the first language of about 5 million people in Nigeria, while another 75 million use it as a second language in parts of Nigeria, Europe, America and other places in the world. Today, education is mostly taught in English, Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. However, Naija is spoken more predominantly in cities, with the police and military along with television, ads, popular and religious music and everyday business deals. Some refer to the language as <em>Pidgin English</em> or <em>Broken English</em>.\n\nNigerian Pidgin used to not be taken as a serious language. Although this is changing and it is, in fact, becoming more serious, there is not much literature written using this language.','Nigerian Pidgin Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Nigerian Pidgen interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9636,9636,1,'Nigerian Pidgin Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','c0a6095a-ac84-410d-8176-7e17b2994714','<h2>Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Nigerian Pidgin interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Nigerian Pidgin language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Nigerian Pidgin language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Nigerian Pidgin language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Nigerian Pidgin language, as well as of the culture and history of the Nigerian Pidgin people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Nigerian Pidgin Language</h2>\nNigerian Pidgin, although a language group, is the lingua franca of Nigeria, spoken natively by approximately 30 million people. It is part of the Creole language family. Nigeria, a country located in Africa with over 162 milion people, is a nation with over 500 languages. Nigeria was first visited by European explorers and traders, particularly the Portuguese, in the 1400s. It is believed the Portuguese started trading with the indigenous people of the Niger Delta in 1469. They thus established ties with the kingdoms of the area and Portugal. Additionally, schools and churches were established and Christianity was taught in Portuguese. This was the basis for the creation of Naija, a Portuguese-based language group in the Niger Delta. Because the Niger Delta had a variety of people speaking several different languages such as Annang, Edo, Efik, Ibibio, Igbo, Ijaw, Isoko, Itsekiri and Isoko, many people learned the Portuguese based language for commonality.\n\nAfter the Portuguese people had left the Niger Delta, the Dutch then came along and began trading for about fifty years. Next were the French and finally, the English arrived around the middle of the 17<sup>th</sup> century and took control of trading in the area. Initially, the English were most interested in trade. This soon evolved into an interest in religion, education and colonization. With these changes came changes to the langauges in the region. Soon after, English became a main language of the government and the Portuguese-based language group began to have more English. By the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Naija was now heavy with English words. When Nigeria got its independence from Britian in 1960, the English language had already gain such popularity. Even nowadays, English is spoken more than any other language in Nigeria.\n\nIn the last three or four decades, Naija is the first language of about 5 million people in Nigeria, while another 75 million use it as a second language in parts of Nigeria, Europe, America and other places in the world. Today, education is mostly taught in English, Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. However, Naija is spoken more predominantly in cities, with the police and military along with television, ads, popular and religious music and everyday business deals. Some refer to the language as <em>Pidgin English</em> or <em>Broken English</em>.\n\nNigerian Pidgin used to not be taken as a serious language. Although this is changing and it is, in fact, becoming more serious, there is not much literature written using this language.','Nigerian Pidgin Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Nigerian Pidgen interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9637,9637,1,'Norwegian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','7e415a76-3870-43a7-9812-da79a5879f38','<h2>Norwegian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Norwegian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Norwegian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Norwegian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Norwegian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Norwegian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Norwegian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Norwegian Language</h2>\nNorwegian, a North Germanic language, has about 5 million speakers in Norways. Apart from Norway, Norwegian is spoken in Denmark, Sweden, German, the UK, the US , Spain and Canada. It is part of the Indo-European family of languages. Norwegian was first written in the 1000s with mainly poetry and historical prose, in West Norse. After the 1300s, Norway was ruled by the Swedish and Danish. Even with these new rules, Norwegian was still spoken. The Danish language, however, became the official language for officials and in higher education.\n\nWhen Norway became independent from Denmark in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century, Danish was still used in schools. Around the 1830s, there was a great push to create a new national language. This was because the written Danish language was so different from the Norwegian language that was spoken that it made it difficult to learn. Additionally, the citizens of Norway believed that each country should have its own language. At this time, there was great debate about the proceedings of creating a new language.\n\nBecause of this, two languages came to be: the first, <em>Landsmal,</em> is a national language based on informal Norwegian. The second is <em>Riksmal</em>, another national language, mainly used as a written language and very close to Danish. In 1929, <em>Landsmal</em> became known as New Norwegian and nowadays, <em>Riksmal</em> is known as <em>Bokmal</em>, or “book language.” There are only a few people, typically over 60 still speak <em>Riksmal.</em> Currently, Norwegian schools teach both variations of the language and students are required to learn both variations. However, they may choose which of the two languages they would like to major in. Those who work for the government, such as postal workers and police offiers, must be able to use both languages on a daily basis.\n\nThere had previously been a push to create one, standard Norwegian languages and although politicians had liked the idea of one, unified language, others believed it was a waste of time. This language project, which was called <em>Samnorsk</em> (meaning Union Norwegian), was officially dropped on January 1, 2002.\n\nThere are different ways a Norwegian word can be pronounced, depending on the region in which the language is spoken. Urban East Norwegian (also known as Standard East Norwegian) is the unofficial standard for the way Norwegian words are pronounced. It is spoken in Oslo and in neighboring towns and is typically the dialect version of Norwegian that is used for television and radio along with the version that is taught to foreign students.','Norwegian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Norwegian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9638,9638,1,'Norwegian Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','a3fb8c1f-1328-4cfe-adde-5a89eb846832','<h2>Norwegian interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Norwegian interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Norwegian language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Norwegian language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Norwegian language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Norwegian language, as well as of the culture and history of the Norwegian people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Norwegian Language</h2>\nNorwegian, a North Germanic language, has about 5 million speakers in Norways. Apart from Norway, Norwegian is spoken in Denmark, Sweden, German, the UK, the US , Spain and Canada. It is part of the Indo-European family of languages. Norwegian was first written in the 1000s with mainly poetry and historical prose, in West Norse. After the 1300s, Norway was ruled by the Swedish and Danish. Even with these new rules, Norwegian was still spoken. The Danish language, however, became the official language for officials and in higher education.\n\nWhen Norway became independent from Denmark in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century, Danish was still used in schools. Around the 1830s, there was a great push to create a new national language. This was because the written Danish language was so different from the Norwegian language that was spoken that it made it difficult to learn. Additionally, the citizens of Norway believed that each country should have its own language. At this time, there was great debate about the proceedings of creating a new language.\n\nBecause of this, two languages came to be: the first, <em>Landsmal,</em> is a national language based on informal Norwegian. The second is <em>Riksmal</em>, another national language, mainly used as a written language and very close to Danish. In 1929, <em>Landsmal</em> became known as New Norwegian and nowadays, <em>Riksmal</em> is known as <em>Bokmal</em>, or “book language.” There are only a few people, typically over 60 still speak <em>Riksmal.</em> Currently, Norwegian schools teach both variations of the language and students are required to learn both variations. However, they may choose which of the two languages they would like to major in. Those who work for the government, such as postal workers and police offiers, must be able to use both languages on a daily basis.\n\nThere had previously been a push to create one, standard Norwegian languages and although politicians had liked the idea of one, unified language, others believed it was a waste of time. This language project, which was called <em>Samnorsk</em> (meaning Union Norwegian), was officially dropped on January 1, 2002.\n\nThere are different ways a Norwegian word can be pronounced, depending on the region in which the language is spoken. Urban East Norwegian (also known as Standard East Norwegian) is the unofficial standard for the way Norwegian words are pronounced. It is spoken in Oslo and in neighboring towns and is typically the dialect version of Norwegian that is used for television and radio along with the version that is taught to foreign students.','Norwegian Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Norwegian interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9639,9639,1,'Njanja Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','c8989319-0e94-4d00-8744-abf13b611b86','<h2>Njanja interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Njanja interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Njanja language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Njanja language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Njanja language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Njanja language, as well as of the culture and history of the Njanja people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Njanja Language</h2>\nThe Njanja language, also known as Chichewa or Chewa, is spoken in Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe by approximately 8 million people. It is part of the Bantu language group. Njanja is the official language of Malawi, along with Enlgish. There are small differences between the Chewa language of Malawi and the Nyanja (or Njanja) language of Zimbabwe. Although there are some differences, they are considered the same language. There is one dialect, however, called Town Nyanja, that is spoken in Lusaka and in parts of Zambia is is quite different from Njanja and Chichewa.\n\nThe Chewa people were a branch of the Maravi people. They once lived in the Eastern Province of Zambia along with the northern part of Mozambique. The word “Chewa” was first recorded by a gentleman on an expedition from Tete to the court of King Kazembe, modern day Zambia. Antonio Gamitto, at a young age of 26 was second-in-command of this expedition in 1831. According to Gamitto, these were the people that were ruled by King Undi.\n\nBesides from the few words that Gamitto had put in writing on his expedition in Chewa, a more widespread recording of Chewa was provided by Johannes Bebmann. In 1877, he published a dictionary of the Kinlassa language, which held the recording of the Chewa language. A missionary, Bebmann got his information from a Malawi slave anmed Salimini. The first grammatical guidelines and English-Chinyanja dictionaries were writte in the 1880s by Alexander Riddel. In 1912, the Bible was transalted into the Likoma dialect of Njanja by William Johnson. About a decade later, with the help of Malawians, Dutch missionaries from the Reformed Mission and Church of Scotland translated the bible into a more widespread dialect from the Central Region. In 2016, this version was remodernised.\n\nIn 1937, an America, Mark Hanna Watkins, wrote a book titled <em>A Grammar of Chichewa</em>, which was the first book about an African language written by an American. It was a collaboration between a black PhD student and a student from Nyasaland who were studying in Chicago. The young student, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, became the first president of the Republic of Malawi in 1966.\n\nThe economy of the Chewa is built mainly on agricululture, with their main crops being corn and sorghum. Additionally, they engage in hunting and fishing. It is typical that a man will engage in polygyny, meaning he will have more than one wife. According to Chewa culture, the mother is very prominent. They follow a matrilineal culture, meaning descent, inheritance and succession are brought down from the mother. Their settlements are inherited as well.','Njanja Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Njanja interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9640,9640,1,'Njanja Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','5d2a8264-5c36-43b8-b7cc-b5957d824014','<h2>Njanja interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Njanja interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Njanja language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Njanja language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Njanja language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Njanja language, as well as of the culture and history of the Njanja people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Njanja Language</h2>\nThe Njanja language, also known as Chichewa or Chewa, is spoken in Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe by approximately 8 million people. It is part of the Bantu language group. Njanja is the official language of Malawi, along with Enlgish. There are small differences between the Chewa language of Malawi and the Nyanja (or Njanja) language of Zimbabwe. Although there are some differences, they are considered the same language. There is one dialect, however, called Town Nyanja, that is spoken in Lusaka and in parts of Zambia is is quite different from Njanja and Chichewa.\n\nThe Chewa people were a branch of the Maravi people. They once lived in the Eastern Province of Zambia along with the northern part of Mozambique. The word “Chewa” was first recorded by a gentleman on an expedition from Tete to the court of King Kazembe, modern day Zambia. Antonio Gamitto, at a young age of 26 was second-in-command of this expedition in 1831. According to Gamitto, these were the people that were ruled by King Undi.\n\nBesides from the few words that Gamitto had put in writing on his expedition in Chewa, a more widespread recording of Chewa was provided by Johannes Bebmann. In 1877, he published a dictionary of the Kinlassa language, which held the recording of the Chewa language. A missionary, Bebmann got his information from a Malawi slave anmed Salimini. The first grammatical guidelines and English-Chinyanja dictionaries were writte in the 1880s by Alexander Riddel. In 1912, the Bible was transalted into the Likoma dialect of Njanja by William Johnson. About a decade later, with the help of Malawians, Dutch missionaries from the Reformed Mission and Church of Scotland translated the bible into a more widespread dialect from the Central Region. In 2016, this version was remodernised.\n\nIn 1937, an America, Mark Hanna Watkins, wrote a book titled <em>A Grammar of Chichewa</em>, which was the first book about an African language written by an American. It was a collaboration between a black PhD student and a student from Nyasaland who were studying in Chicago. The young student, Hastings Kamuzu Banda, became the first president of the Republic of Malawi in 1966.\n\nThe economy of the Chewa is built mainly on agricululture, with their main crops being corn and sorghum. Additionally, they engage in hunting and fishing. It is typical that a man will engage in polygyny, meaning he will have more than one wife. According to Chewa culture, the mother is very prominent. They follow a matrilineal culture, meaning descent, inheritance and succession are brought down from the mother. Their settlements are inherited as well.','Njanja Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Njanja interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9641,9641,1,'Oromo','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','5d8e9b90-bc8f-4311-8928-33714dd756e3','<h2>Oromiffa Translation</h2>		\n		<p>Many firms claim to bring you the most skilled Oromigna interpreter or translator in the industry, but CIT allows our customers to speak for us. Our unrivaled track record of working with the best. </p><p>We attribute this to our rigorous screening process as well as the extensive training periods that ever CIT linguist goes through. They emerge from this as experts in their specialized field. The Oromo, or Oromiffs, language, is a Cushitic language spoken by about 30 million people in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Egypt.</p><p>It is the third most popular language in Africa. The Oromo people make up about 40% of the Ethiopian population and are the largest ethnic group in the country. They are spread all over Ethiopia, especially in Wollega, Sho, Illubabour, Jimma, Arsi, Bale, Haraghe, Wollo, Borana, and parts of Gojjam. The geographical spread of Oromo speakers has created a number of dialects, in which your interpreter or translator must be able to differentiate between.</p>		\n			<h2>History</h2>		\n		<p>Prior to the 1970s, the Oromo language was written using two scripts: either the Ge’ez of the Latin scripts. In the 70s, however, the OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) decided to use solely the Latin script to write the Oromo language. From then until the early 1990s, it was forbidden by the Mengistu regime to write Oromo in any script (except minimally in the Ge’ez script). Where there are Muslims in an Oromo area, Arabic script had been used as well. In 1991, the OLF had met with over 1,000 Oromo intellectuals and historians who decided unanimously, after several hours of debate, to adopt the Latin alphabet to write the Oromo language.</p><p>The Oromo people could originally be found in the southeastern parts of Ethiopia. However, in the 1500s, they had migrated heavily towards other parts of the country. At that point, they had inhabited all of the southern lands of Ethiopia along with settlements on the Tana River in Kenya. They had also settled in most of the western and central provinces of Ethiopia, including parts of the Amhara region along with the Welo and Tigre regions. Wherever they had settled, even in the areas that were quite different than what they were used to do, they meshed well and adapted customs along with intermarried others. Because of these actions, a lot of their original culture was lost. Eventually, they were controlled by the Amhara people, which are the next biggest ethnic group in Ethiopia.</p>		\n			<h2>Origins</h2>		\n		<p>The Oromo people got their name from the initial tribe they came from, Oromia (or Biiya-Oromo). For a large part of history, the Oromo people were called the “galla.” One reason for this name was given by the French explorer, Antoine d’ Abaddie, who stated that “galla” was a war cry by the Oromo people. Another reason for the name is believed to be that when the Islamic prophet Muhammad asked the Chief of the Oromo to accept Islam, his response was “gha la,” which means “no.” It is believed that the Oromo are originally from the Lake Shamo area.</p><p>Because of their heavy influences from the Somalis, Afar, and Bejas people, they follow a form of an organization called, “gadaa.” Gadaa is a form of social system where the leaders are chosen every eight years. It regulates the political, religious, and social life of the Oromo people.</p>','Oromo','Professional Oromo language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9642,9642,1,'Oromo','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','ede442e6-3185-4c26-872b-0d7c99964d94','<h2>Oromiffa Translation</h2>		\n		<p>Many firms claim to bring you the most skilled Oromigna interpreter or translator in the industry, but CIT allows our customers to speak for us. Our unrivaled track record of working with the best. </p><p>We attribute this to our rigorous screening process as well as the extensive training periods that ever CIT linguist goes through. They emerge from this as experts in their specialized field. The Oromo, or Oromiffs, language, is a Cushitic language spoken by about 30 million people in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Egypt.</p><p>It is the third most popular language in Africa. The Oromo people make up about 40% of the Ethiopian population and are the largest ethnic group in the country. They are spread all over Ethiopia, especially in Wollega, Sho, Illubabour, Jimma, Arsi, Bale, Haraghe, Wollo, Borana, and parts of Gojjam. The geographical spread of Oromo speakers has created a number of dialects, in which your interpreter or translator must be able to differentiate between.</p>		\n			<h2>History</h2>		\n		<p>Prior to the 1970s, the Oromo language was written using two scripts: either the Ge’ez of the Latin scripts. In the 70s, however, the OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) decided to use solely the Latin script to write the Oromo language. From then until the early 1990s, it was forbidden by the Mengistu regime to write Oromo in any script (except minimally in the Ge’ez script). Where there are Muslims in an Oromo area, Arabic script had been used as well. In 1991, the OLF had met with over 1,000 Oromo intellectuals and historians who decided unanimously, after several hours of debate, to adopt the Latin alphabet to write the Oromo language.</p><p>The Oromo people could originally be found in the southeastern parts of Ethiopia. However, in the 1500s, they had migrated heavily towards other parts of the country. At that point, they had inhabited all of the southern lands of Ethiopia along with settlements on the Tana River in Kenya. They had also settled in most of the western and central provinces of Ethiopia, including parts of the Amhara region along with the Welo and Tigre regions. Wherever they had settled, even in the areas that were quite different than what they were used to do, they meshed well and adapted customs along with intermarried others. Because of these actions, a lot of their original culture was lost. Eventually, they were controlled by the Amhara people, which are the next biggest ethnic group in Ethiopia.</p>		\n			<h2>Origins</h2>		\n		<p>The Oromo people got their name from the initial tribe they came from, Oromia (or Biiya-Oromo). For a large part of history, the Oromo people were called the “galla.” One reason for this name was given by the French explorer, Antoine d’ Abaddie, who stated that “galla” was a war cry by the Oromo people. Another reason for the name is believed to be that when the Islamic prophet Muhammad asked the Chief of the Oromo to accept Islam, his response was “gha la,” which means “no.” It is believed that the Oromo are originally from the Lake Shamo area.</p><p>Because of their heavy influences from the Somalis, Afar, and Bejas people, they follow a form of an organization called, “gadaa.” Gadaa is a form of social system where the leaders are chosen every eight years. It regulates the political, religious, and social life of the Oromo people.</p>','Oromo','Professional Oromo language interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9643,9643,1,'Ossetic Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','7d225566-f7eb-43fd-92af-70390c9a4079','<h2>Ossetic interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Ossetic Language</h2>\nThe Ossetic language, part of the Northeastern Iranian branch of language, is an Indo-European language spoken by about 500,000 people in Ossetia. Ossetia is a region by the borders of Russia and Georgia. Most Ossetic speakers live in Russia. However, some live in Georgia and Turkey as well. Ossetic, or Ossetian, stems from the Alanic language group, a medieval language spoken by the Alans, an Iranian people.\n\nOssetic, or <em>asi</em> in many Iranian languages, is the most popular Northeastern Iranian language. There are two primary dialects of Ossetian: Iron and Digor. Iron is the more spoken dialect and is the standard dialect for written Ossetic. Jassic, another dialect, is the Osstic dialect spoken in Hungray. Currently, there are a few Ossetian newspapers and Ossetic is taught in schools. The first written records of Ossetic were in the 1700s, using an Arabic script. In the mid 19<sup>th</sup> century, Sjoegren developed a Cyrillic alphabet script of Ossetic. In the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, between 1923 and 1937, the Latin alphabet was used for script. Not long after, between 1938 and 1950s, Ossetic was written using a Georgian alphabet. Today, Ossetic is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. The Ossetic language comes from the Alani, who was Sarmatian people. There are several similarities to Old Iranian, including cases and prefixes. There are Ossetic folk epics as well, including stories of war heroes. The literary Ossetic language was created by the poet Kosta Khetagurov around the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. The Ossetian language shares similarities with Pashto and Yaghnobi considering its geographical location. There are several regions where Ossetian is spoken in conjunction with Caucasian or Turkic languages. For example, areas where people are bilingual in Ossetian and Georgian.\n\nThe Ossetic language has seven vowels. Three of them are front vowels, three are back vowels and one is a high central vowel. There are important roles of glottalization in the stops and affricates of vowels. There are velar and uvular consonants as well. The stress of a word will be on the first of second syllables of a word in the Ossetic language. Additionally, there are nine cases in Ossetic: nominative, genitive, dative, allative, ablative, incessive, adessive, equative and comitative. Personal pronouns are also an important part of Ossetic phonology. Verbs in Ossetian have a past and present tense. A verb in past tense will end in a T or a D. Turning a root into a verb in Ossetian grammar follows similar rules in other Iranian languages. A verb can be conjugated for a 6-person combination by changing a personal suffix. CIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.','Ossetic Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ossetic interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9644,9644,1,'Ossetic Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','9c2c4686-7d1b-4f21-a502-bc9e58c83119','<h2>Ossetic interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Ossetic Language</h2>\nThe Ossetic language, part of the Northeastern Iranian branch of language, is an Indo-European language spoken by about 500,000 people in Ossetia. Ossetia is a region by the borders of Russia and Georgia. Most Ossetic speakers live in Russia. However, some live in Georgia and Turkey as well. Ossetic, or Ossetian, stems from the Alanic language group, a medieval language spoken by the Alans, an Iranian people.\n\nOssetic, or <em>asi</em> in many Iranian languages, is the most popular Northeastern Iranian language. There are two primary dialects of Ossetian: Iron and Digor. Iron is the more spoken dialect and is the standard dialect for written Ossetic. Jassic, another dialect, is the Osstic dialect spoken in Hungray. Currently, there are a few Ossetian newspapers and Ossetic is taught in schools. The first written records of Ossetic were in the 1700s, using an Arabic script. In the mid 19<sup>th</sup> century, Sjoegren developed a Cyrillic alphabet script of Ossetic. In the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, between 1923 and 1937, the Latin alphabet was used for script. Not long after, between 1938 and 1950s, Ossetic was written using a Georgian alphabet. Today, Ossetic is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. The Ossetic language comes from the Alani, who was Sarmatian people. There are several similarities to Old Iranian, including cases and prefixes. There are Ossetic folk epics as well, including stories of war heroes. The literary Ossetic language was created by the poet Kosta Khetagurov around the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. The Ossetian language shares similarities with Pashto and Yaghnobi considering its geographical location. There are several regions where Ossetian is spoken in conjunction with Caucasian or Turkic languages. For example, areas where people are bilingual in Ossetian and Georgian.\n\nThe Ossetic language has seven vowels. Three of them are front vowels, three are back vowels and one is a high central vowel. There are important roles of glottalization in the stops and affricates of vowels. There are velar and uvular consonants as well. The stress of a word will be on the first of second syllables of a word in the Ossetic language. Additionally, there are nine cases in Ossetic: nominative, genitive, dative, allative, ablative, incessive, adessive, equative and comitative. Personal pronouns are also an important part of Ossetic phonology. Verbs in Ossetian have a past and present tense. A verb in past tense will end in a T or a D. Turning a root into a verb in Ossetian grammar follows similar rules in other Iranian languages. A verb can be conjugated for a 6-person combination by changing a personal suffix. CIT offers Ossetic interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Ossetic language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Ossetic language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Ossetic language interpreters and translators possess in-depth knowledge of the Ossetic language, as well as of the culture and history of the Ossetic people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.','Ossetic Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Ossetic interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9645,9645,1,'Pashto Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','456c8bef-6680-47a2-95ee-d3ea7b983a22','<h2>Pashto interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Pashto interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pashto language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pashto language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pashto language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pashto language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pashto people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Pashto Language</h2>\nThe Pashto language, or Pukhto, is an Eastern Iranian language belonging to the Indo-European language family. It is also known as Afghani or Pathani. Those who speak the language are sometimes referred to as Pashtuns, Pakhtuns, Pathans or Afghans. There are about 55 million native Pashto speakers worldwide. Pashto, along with Dari, is the official language of Afghanistan and became the official language in 1936 by King Zahir Shah. It is also spoken in Pakistan and is the second-largest regional language of the country. Additionally, there are smaller communities of Pashto speakers in Iran, Tajikistan, the UAE and the UK.\n<h2>Origins of the Pashto Language</h2>\nThere are debates as to where Pashto originated from. There are many commonalities with other languages such as Greek, Saka, Parthia and Persian along with some Indian languages such as Prakrits, Balochi and Sindhi. In Pashto, there are about 5,500 loanwords. There are two main dialects in the Pashto language: southern (more ancient <em>sh</em> and <em>zh</em> sounds) and northern (<em>kh</em> and <em>gh</em> sounds). Central Pashto is another, less popular dialect spoken primarily in Pakistan.\n<h2>Grammar and Literature of Pashto</h2>\nThe grammar and literature of the Pashto language can be quite similar to Hindi. In Pashto, pronouns come after the adjective. The verb will agree with the subject in transitive and intransitve tenses. The Pashto language is written in the Naskh Arabic alphabet, although it is modified slightly. The Pashto alphabet has forty-four letters as opposed to standard Arabic, which only has twenty-eight letters.\n\nThe earliest form of recorded Pashto literature was poetry. Mohammad Hotak composed a text titled <em>Pata Khazana </em>(1728-1729), “The Hidden Treasure.” It was a collection of Pashto poetry from the 700s to the mid-18<sup>th</sup> century. Khushhal Khan Khatak was known as the national poet of Afghanistan, living from 1613-1694. He wrote powerful, yet impulsive poetry with a lot of charm. Several years later, his grandson, Afzal Khan, was a well-respected and known author of the history of Pashtun. Other than this, the Pashtuns are well known for their oral literature, including stories and poems that were passed down from generation to generation through rich storytelling.','Pashto Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Pashto interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9646,9646,1,'Pashto Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','547a1010-760b-4824-bf6c-8de64103605e','<h2>Pashto interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Pashto interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pashto language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pashto language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pashto language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pashto language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pashto people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Pashto Language</h2>\nThe Pashto language, or Pukhto, is an Eastern Iranian language belonging to the Indo-European language family. It is also known as Afghani or Pathani. Those who speak the language are sometimes referred to as Pashtuns, Pakhtuns, Pathans or Afghans. There are about 55 million native Pashto speakers worldwide. Pashto, along with Dari, is the official language of Afghanistan and became the official language in 1936 by King Zahir Shah. It is also spoken in Pakistan and is the second-largest regional language of the country. Additionally, there are smaller communities of Pashto speakers in Iran, Tajikistan, the UAE and the UK.\n<h2>Origins of the Pashto Language</h2>\nThere are debates as to where Pashto originated from. There are many commonalities with other languages such as Greek, Saka, Parthia and Persian along with some Indian languages such as Prakrits, Balochi and Sindhi. In Pashto, there are about 5,500 loanwords. There are two main dialects in the Pashto language: southern (more ancient <em>sh</em> and <em>zh</em> sounds) and northern (<em>kh</em> and <em>gh</em> sounds). Central Pashto is another, less popular dialect spoken primarily in Pakistan.\n<h2>Grammar and Literature of Pashto</h2>\nThe grammar and literature of the Pashto language can be quite similar to Hindi. In Pashto, pronouns come after the adjective. The verb will agree with the subject in transitive and intransitve tenses. The Pashto language is written in the Naskh Arabic alphabet, although it is modified slightly. The Pashto alphabet has forty-four letters as opposed to standard Arabic, which only has twenty-eight letters.\n\nThe earliest form of recorded Pashto literature was poetry. Mohammad Hotak composed a text titled <em>Pata Khazana </em>(1728-1729), “The Hidden Treasure.” It was a collection of Pashto poetry from the 700s to the mid-18<sup>th</sup> century. Khushhal Khan Khatak was known as the national poet of Afghanistan, living from 1613-1694. He wrote powerful, yet impulsive poetry with a lot of charm. Several years later, his grandson, Afzal Khan, was a well-respected and known author of the history of Pashtun. Other than this, the Pashtuns are well known for their oral literature, including stories and poems that were passed down from generation to generation through rich storytelling.','Pashto Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Pashto interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),(9647,9647,1,'Pennsylvania German Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','9d22d4ef-65dd-49e3-91c7-42af4befafe0','<h2>Pennsylvania German (Dutch) interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Pennsylvania German interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pennsylvania German language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pennsylvania German language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pennsylvania German language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pennsylvania German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pennsylvania German people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Pennsylvania German Language</h2>\nPennsylvania German, also known as Pennsylvania Dutch, is spoken by about 250,000 people in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana along with Ontario, Canada. It is a variety of the German language. Pennsylvania German came to the United States, particularly Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina in the late 1600s and early 1700s, carried by immigrants from Germany, France and Switzerland. In the early 1900s, the Pennsylvania German language was not used as much anymore, especially in urban areas. After World War II, the same occurred in rural areas and the use of the Pennsylvania German language declined as well. Today, Pennsylvania German is used largely in Amish and Mennonite communities. However, most Pennsylvania Germans who have assimilated. Even with this, they still hold on to several cultural identities, such as cooking and decorative traditions. There are some identifying factors in the Pennsylvania Germans, particularly in the Amish. For example, clothing are plain and modest. Women will wear head coverings whereas men will wear beards (but not a mustache) once married. They will travel in horse-drawn buggies and live a strict, religious lifestyle.\n\nPennsylvania Germans had been persecuted in their homeland. This is what drew them to Pennsylvania: the ability to live more freely under tolerance in William Penn’s land. The first Pennsylvania German immigrant was Francis Daniel Pastorius, who directed a group of German Quakers to Philadelphia in 1683. There, they settled land and named it Germantown. Not long after were the newly arriving immigrants mainly from the Lutheran and Reformed churches. By the time the American Revolution had struck, the Pennsylvania German population had risen to be 1/3 the population of Pennsylvania.\n\nPennsylvania German comes from the Palatinate German language. There are several similarities between the two. Today, there is still a Pennsylvania German newspaper, titled <em>Hiwwe wie Driwwe,</em> which is published biannually, containing poetry and prose in Pennsylvania German. There are two main writing systems in Pennsylvania German. The first is based on American English, including standard American English spellings. Another way of spelling in Pennsylvania German is through Standard German rules of spelling. The spelling system, or orthography, is based on the Buffington-Barba system. There are several loan words in Pennsylvania German from English.','Pennsylvania German Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Amish (Pennsylvania Dutch) interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours.',NULL),(9648,9648,1,'Pennsylvania German Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','90803dd8-8c2c-49a5-911f-987bdfc4ba1f','<h2>Pennsylvania German (Dutch) interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Pennsylvania German interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Pennsylvania German language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Pennsylvania German language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Pennsylvania German language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Pennsylvania German language, as well as of the culture and history of the Pennsylvania German people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Pennsylvania German Language</h2>\nPennsylvania German, also known as Pennsylvania Dutch, is spoken by about 250,000 people in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana along with Ontario, Canada. It is a variety of the German language. Pennsylvania German came to the United States, particularly Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina in the late 1600s and early 1700s, carried by immigrants from Germany, France and Switzerland. In the early 1900s, the Pennsylvania German language was not used as much anymore, especially in urban areas. After World War II, the same occurred in rural areas and the use of the Pennsylvania German language declined as well. Today, Pennsylvania German is used largely in Amish and Mennonite communities. However, most Pennsylvania Germans who have assimilated. Even with this, they still hold on to several cultural identities, such as cooking and decorative traditions. There are some identifying factors in the Pennsylvania Germans, particularly in the Amish. For example, clothing are plain and modest. Women will wear head coverings whereas men will wear beards (but not a mustache) once married. They will travel in horse-drawn buggies and live a strict, religious lifestyle.\n\nPennsylvania Germans had been persecuted in their homeland. This is what drew them to Pennsylvania: the ability to live more freely under tolerance in William Penn’s land. The first Pennsylvania German immigrant was Francis Daniel Pastorius, who directed a group of German Quakers to Philadelphia in 1683. There, they settled land and named it Germantown. Not long after were the newly arriving immigrants mainly from the Lutheran and Reformed churches. By the time the American Revolution had struck, the Pennsylvania German population had risen to be 1/3 the population of Pennsylvania.\n\nPennsylvania German comes from the Palatinate German language. There are several similarities between the two. Today, there is still a Pennsylvania German newspaper, titled <em>Hiwwe wie Driwwe,</em> which is published biannually, containing poetry and prose in Pennsylvania German. There are two main writing systems in Pennsylvania German. The first is based on American English, including standard American English spellings. Another way of spelling in Pennsylvania German is through Standard German rules of spelling. The spelling system, or orthography, is based on the Buffington-Barba system. There are several loan words in Pennsylvania German from English.','Pennsylvania German Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Amish (Pennsylvania Dutch) interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours.',NULL),(9649,9649,1,'Polish Language Interpreters and Translators','2022-08-27 20:59:13','2022-08-27 20:59:13','8d30485f-ea4e-43ac-b4aa-0d03e9527b7b','<h2>Polish interpreters and translators</h2>\nCIT offers Polish interpreters and translators with legal, medical and specialty experience, including criminal and civil matters, employee meetings, engineering, patent cases, labor disputes, immigration and more.\n\nAlthough based in Los Angeles, CIT offers comprehensive Polish language services including interpretation, translation and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, have provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and the Polish language through means such as lectures, conferences, and travel. CIT’s Polish language interpreters and translators possess in depth knowledge of the Polish language, as well as of the culture and history of the Polish people, allowing them to provide informed and complete interpretation and translation.\n<h2>The Polish Language</h2>\nThe Polish language,  part of the Indo-European language group and in the West Slavonic language family, is spoken mainly in Poland by around 36.5 million Polish people. Outside of Poland, another estimated 4 million people speak Polish in German, the UK, Lithuanian, the US, France, Canada, Ireland, Israel, Russia, Czechia and Austria. The Polish language is quite similar to Kashubian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, Czech and Slovak. It is also known as Polski, Jezyk Polski (meaning “the polish language”) or Polszczyzna.\n\nThe first recording of Polish writing was in 1136, with the text titled “Gniezno papal bull” including 410 Polish names. It was issued by Pope Innocent II, given to the archbishop of Gniezno. This was in order to translate Latin prayers and sermons, in order that only the religious and those who were faithful would be able to understand the prayers. The first two sentences written in Polish were in 1270: one sentence was said by a peasant and one was said by a ruler. Notable Polish poets include Kan Kochanowski (1530-1584) and Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855), the author of the epic, Pan Tadeusz. The most famous Polish writer, Joseph Conrad (originally known as Konrad Korzeniowski, living from 1857 to 1924), wrote in English and was initially a sailor. Literature written in the Polish language has been done using several dialects, including Gneizno, Cracow and Warsaw dialects.\n\nPolish is written in Roman, or Latin, alphabet, brought on by Christianity. The Polish language has several borrowed words from Italian, English, French, Czech, German, Latin, Belarusian and Ukranian. Especially in post-communist Poland, more loanwords in English were adapted in Polish. The words will try to mascarade as Polish words but are still easily detected as English. For example, the word <em>computer</em> will be known as <em>komputer</em> in Polish. In the pronunciation of words in the Polish language, the stress falls with a fixed stress accent. Many believe that the Polish language is one of the hardest languages in the world to learn.\n\nThe reason for this is a difficult pronunciation, complex gender system, the seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumental and locative) and difficult grammar, including verbs and Polish words. Consonants, however, are very similar to those in English and the stress of a word is always on the second to last syllable. The Polish language has 10 vowels and 35 consonants. Learning Polish will give you additional benefits when it comes to learning other languages. Once someone learns Polish, other West Slavic languages, such as Czeck, Slovak and Sorbian are much easier to learn. And in case you were wondering, the longest word in Polish is a whopping 54 letters!','Polish Language Interpreters and Translators','Professional Polish interpreting services, or certified translation. No minimum document sizes. Available 24 hours. 888.737.9009',NULL),